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1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2183 Quality Analysis of Connecting Rod for Axial Misalignment: Bend Generated while Machining Dipti Patil1, A. M. Mulla2 1M. Tech student, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, R. I. T. Rajaramnagar, Maharashtra, India 2Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, R.I.T. Rajaramnagar, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract – This study aimed to identify the causes of axial misalignment generation between pin end boreandcrank end bore of connecting rod. Validation of potential causes enlisted in cause and effect diagram has given the input independent parameters for Regression analysis. Linearregressionanalysis is performed to find out the parameters which impact onbend generation in connecting rod. The results of regression analysis showed that four independent parameters succeed to reject the null hypothesis. Customized full factorial design is employed to evaluate the output of regression. Based on the results of factorial design it is interpreted that only Big end bottom side ovality is responsible for generation and bend in connecting rod. Fault tree analysis is done to derive the likelihood of ovality generation. The FTA results suggest that locating fixture wear out, improper clamping pressure and clamping sequence, inadequate coolant supply, change in machining parameters and faulty semi-finished connecting rod are the main elements need to be validated. Key Words: Connecting rod, Axial misalignment, Bend, Regression analysis, Cause and effect diagram, Fault tree analysis. 1. INTRODUCTION Connecting rod is the important part of internal combustion engine. The function of connecting rod is converting rotary motion of crankshaft into reciprocating motion of piston- cylinder. It has quite distinctive shape. It seems like rod joining two circles at its both ends. Small end denoted as pin end which is fitted in piston and Larger end called as Crank end is connected to crankshaft. During performance connecting rod deals with alternative tensile and compressive type stresses. Power stroke generates higher compressive stress. While suction stroke connecting rod is subjected to partial tensile stress. In compression stroke when piston goes from bottom dead centre to top dead centre connecting rod is exposed to partial compressive stress. This partial compressive stress increased to the high compressive stress in power stroke. On forged semi-finish connecting rod, various machining operations are carried out to make it fit for use. Boring, facing, chamfering, grinding, milling and deburringare most common machining methods in current practise. 1.1 Axial and Angular misalignment of connecting rod Axial and Angular misalignment of connecting rod is nothing but ‘Bend’ and ‘Twist’. Pin bore axis and crank bore axis of connecting rod need to be perfectly parallel with each other. When there is misalignment between axis in same plane it is called as bend (Axial Misalignment). [1] If misalignmentisby angle it is defined as twist (Angular Misalignment). For the sake of manufacturing, misalignment is tolerable up to allowable limit. Fig-1 shows the bend and twistofconnecting rod. Fig -1: Bend and Twist 1.2 Impact of Bend Presence of axial misalignment in connecting rod makes major impact Scoring of piston cylinder contact surface. Bearing failure due to uneven loading. Side thrust and irregular loading on piston. Premature failure of connecting rod. When bend exists in the connecting rod,squeezingofoil hole clearance on one side of rod bearing will happen, and this will create the further tapered oil clearance problem. Which can ultimately lead to premature rod failure as unwanted forces acts on uneven manner. Many methods are available for checking bendofconnecting rod. Each method has its own benefits and drawback. CMM (Coordinate measuring machine) is one of the best method to measure bend. It gives accuracy to minute level. But it can’t be used for 100% inspection as it incurs cost and time.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2184 Generally, special purpose multigauge is used as inline inspection device for inspectingbend,twist, width,diameter, ovality, taper and other critical parameters. [8] One can check bend by using two pins and v block. In this method, two pins with exactlysamediameterofpin bore and crank bore are used. Length of pinsshouldbelongerthan the width of connecting rod and both the pins should be of same length. Connecting rod is rested on v block. With the help of vernier height gauge height of extended length is measured. Deviation in height at various points need to zero. If it deviates from zero then there is bend present in the rod. Major drawback of this method is result accuracy, which depends on the operator skill. 2. Cause and Effect Diagram To find out the possible causes of generation of bend in connecting rod the detailed study of machining process is done. Fig. 2 shows the cause and effect diagram. Fig -2: Cause and effect diagram Validation of possible causes is done after plotting cause and effect diagram. One lot of Semi – finished forged rods is checked to ensure that input is free from bend. After that cleaning cycle study is taken out. Concerntration of cleaning solution, spraying pressureand position ofcleaningsolution, coolant supply, condition andperformance of cleaningbrush these major things validated and assured timely preventive maintainance. Burrisfoundonthelocatingfixture,becauseof that component did not rested on pad properly. For that pneumatic pipe connections are given so that there will not be any burr/chipsoncomponentrestingpad.Generallycrank end and pin end boring is carried out on Horizontal machiningcentre. At input stage, connecting rod is loadedon machineinhorizontalcondition.Afterresting,locatingfixture rotates through right angle. The varition between this angle with respect to spindle, results in axial misalignment. After validation and fixing of inputs from cause and effect diagram. Ten parameters are considered for Regression analysis. Theregressionanalysismethodologyisbasedonthe equation ‘y = a + bx’. Where x is independent variableandyis dependent variable. 3. Regression Analysis Regression analysis method is used to find out that independent parameters which impacts on dependent parameter.[9] In this study, bend is treated as dependent paramter, is also called as response variable. And other eight independentparametersarepredictorvariables.Theanalysis is done by using MINITAB software. As number of input parameters is 8. For getting accuracy in interpretation of results around 100 components are considered for study. MINITAB’s multiple regression analysis tool is used in this case. Centre distance between two bores, top and bottom side ovality of BE and SE (Big end and small end), X side taper of BE and SE and width of big end are eight input parameters taken fot study. Analysis is carried out in three iterations. Infirstiterationthe continuous data is considered forstudy. For second iteration only second shift data is taken. Third iteration included third shift data. After analyzation, values of R Square, Adjusted R Square and standard error are checked forselectionofbetter model to interpret the results. Table:1 Output summary of iterations Iteration’s Summary output Iteration R Square Adjusted R Square Standard Error Continuous Data 56.35% 52.47% 0.0234318 Second shift Data 54.17% 50.26% 0.0242376 Third shift Data 53.48% 49.39% 0.0220936 Table 1 shows that the R Squre value is maximum for first iteration. More the value of R Square, better the model to interpret the accurate results. Hence, considered first model forinterpretation of regression analysis.Fromthecoefficient table generated in result it is seen that 4 parameters are having P- value <0.05, they succeed to reject null hypothesis. Null hypothesis says that there is no significant relation between dependentandindependentparameter.Asshownin fig. 3 ovality of big end bottom side, taper of big end x side, ovality of small end bottom side and width are the parameters which were highly impacting on generation of bend in connecting rod. From table it is observed that the value of coefficient for width is negative. Negative coefficientconcludedthatthereis negative correlation between bend and crank end width.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2185 When one parameter increases as other decreases, it shows negative correlation. Fig -3: Result coefficients VIF (Variance inflation factor) iscriteriaformulticollinearity. When VIF factor > 5, it indicate that predictors parameters highly correlates with each other. In this case VIFs are in accepatable range and the considered data is suitable to predict the correct results and model is reliable. Fig -4: Regression equation Regression equation is shown in fig. 4. It is algrebric representation of regressionline. Itdectatescoefficientvalue with their relation with dependent variable. The regression equation with more than 1 independent parameters follow following form : Fig -5: Multiple linear regression equation form The form used of regression equation is as given in fig. 5. From the equation ‘y’ is usedtodenotetheresponsevariable. ‘a’ is constant. ‘b1, b2, …, br arethe coefficients. Andx1,x2,…,xr are the predictor terms. Fig -6: Residual plots Histogram of residual plot shows distribution of residuals. It is mainly used to verify the data foroutliersand skewness.In this case, it is observed that no skewnessispresentasthereis no any long tail in one direction.Nogappresentsbetweenthe bars hence the data is free from outliers. From normal probability plot is is seen that distribution is normal, as residuals followed apporoximatelythestraightline.Inversus fit plot, points fell on both the side of 0. Pattern of versus order is also evenly distributed about the centre line. The graph of versus fitsand versus order ensuredthatmodelisfit for use. 4. Factorial analysis To reach towards the exact impactingparameter,2kfactorial design is carried out for the 4 output parameters of regression. Output parameters are measurands. Because of that setting the levels and taking trials for analysis was not possible. For the analysis purpose customized design model is created by converting input data values into quanlitative type. For converting the statical values into qualitative type mean value is considered as basic criteria.Twolevelsdefined as ‘greater’ and ‘less’. The value which is more than that of mean value is treated as greater. When value is lower than respected mean isconsidered as less. The customized design matrix generated in minitab is asshowninfig.7.Fullfactorial design matrix is formed. In this case, design is formed for 16 con rod as 4 factors with 2 levels are taken for study. Fig -7: Customized design matrix For analyzation purpose, value of bend respected to that con rod is taken. Analysis id carried out by considering different terms. Fig -8: Pareto chart of main parameters
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2186 When analysis is carried out only by considering main parameters without consideing any interaction between them, result showed that only big end bottom side ovality is made impact on bend generation in connecting rod. The pareto chart from in fig. 8 clearly indicted that only BE bottom side ovality made significant impact by crossing the standardized effect line. Fig -9: Pareto chart of interacting terms Further analysis is done for the interactions between main terms to examine the impact of parameters interactions. As shown in fig. 9 it is concluded that no in between interaction terms are impacted on bend value. Factorial analysisimpliedthatonlyreasonofbendgeneration is ovality of big end bottom side. Fault tress analysis is constructed for ovality problem. Fig -10: FTA of ovality Fault tree analysis is plotted by process study, conducting brainstorming sessions on respected station. The first input from FTA is regarding clamping of connecting rod. If clamping is doneirrespectivetopresenceofburr/metalchips under the rod; there will be generation of ovality while machining. Clamping force variation and wrong clamping sequence may help to build ovality in connecting rod. Fig. 10 given detailed description of various elements. Change in machining parameter is main concern. When depth of cut increased irrelevant to speedandfeed,ovalitywilltakeplace. With respect to that if changes are carried out in speed and feed irrespective with depth of cut, ovality will build up. Balancing of rotating spindle is another important element need to be consider. If there is runout it will automatically generate ovality. In this study analysis of connecting rod for axial misalignment (bend) is performed. In first part of analysis detailed process study is carried out and on the base of that cause and effect diagram is formed. After validation of cause and effect diagram, the points which are excluded invalidation are considered as input independent parameters for regression analysis. Multiple regression analysis is given the parameters which made bend generation in connecting rod. For further study of output of regression analysis 2k factorial analysis is performed. Factorial analysis cleared that only ovality of bigendbottom side is responsible for bend generation in connecting rod. To explain the reason of ovality generation, Fault tree analysis is formed. Fault tree analysis has given the parameters for validation as below: Locating fixture’s condition Cleaning cycle efficiency, cleaning brush condition and coolant concentration Clamping sequence and clamping pressure Machining parameters Spindle balancing/ runout Tool life Semi-finished rod Inspection gauge Above points validation will help to reduce ovality generation in connecting rod. When rod will free from ovality, there will be less chances of axial misalignment generation in connecting rod. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We thank Vinayak Joshi and Namrata Jadhav for giving continuous support during study. REFERENCES [1] Sunilkumar Sureshchandra Sonigra. “Implementation and Computation of Performance Excellence in Connecting Rod Manufacturing Industries.” P.Hd final thesis. Gujarat technological university, Ahmedabad. February 2017. [2] Leela Krishna Vegi and Venu Gopal Vegi. “Design And Analysis of Connecting Rod Using Forged steel.” International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 6, June-2013. 2081 ISSN 2229-5518. 5. Result and discussion 6. CONCLUSION
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2187 [3] Hongyu Yang, Shuqing Kou, Wenqiang Gao and Peng Zhang. “Analysis on technology and defects of fracture splitting of automobile engine connecting rod.” Roll Forging Research Institute, Jilin University, Changchun, China, 19 May 2014. [4] Prof. N.P.Doshi and Prof .N.K.Ingole. “Analysis of Connecting Rod Using Analytical and Finite Element Method.” International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER). Vol.3,Issue.1,Jan-Feb.2013pp-65-68 ISSN: 2249-6645. [5] Robert V. Kohn and Ethan O’Brien. “On the bending and twisting of rods with misfit.” Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University,New York, NY 10012, USA. [6] Prof. Vivek C. Pathade and Dr. Dilip S. Ingole. “Stress Analysis of I.C.Engine Connecting Rod by FEM and Photoelasticity.” IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE). e-ISSN:2278-1684Volume6, Issue 1 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 117-125. [7] P. Maspeyrot and J. Frene, “Shape defects and misalignment effects in connecting-rod bearings.” [8] H. W. Zimmerman. “Connecting rod alignmentgauge.” 6 april 1933. [9] Tushar Y. Badgujar, Vijay P. Wani. “Stamping process parameter optimization with multiple regression analysis approach.” Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 4498–4507. 2214-7853© 2017 Elsevier Ltd.M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989. [10] Tushar Y. Badgujar, Vijay P. Wani. “Stamping process parameter optimization with multiple regression analysis approach.” Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 4498–4507.2214-7853© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. [11] S. Debnath, R.N.Rai, G R K Sastry. “A Study Of Multiple Regression Analysis On Die Sinking Edm Machining Of Ex-Situ Developed A1-4.5 Cu-sic Composite.” 2214- 7853© 2017 Elsevier. Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 5195–5201. [12] S.K. Malave, Aditya Chitari, Amla Patil, Yash Agrawal, Sakshi Shah., “Design and Manufacturing of Hydraulic Fixture for Connecting Rod Bush Boring.” International Conference on Ideas, Impact and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering (ICIIIME 2017). Volume:5 Issue:6.
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