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IRJET- Effect of Bracing and Unbracing in Steel Stuctures by using ETabs
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1488 EFFECT OF BRACING AND UNBRACING IN STEEL STUCTURES BY USING ETABS Ketan Chaudhary M.TECH (RADHA GOVIND GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS MEERUT UTTAR PRADESH 25001) ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - The strengthening and stiffening of the system are most common dynamic performance improvement methods used for buildings to resist lateral forces. Bracing system is one of the effective structural system which plays a vital role in the structural behavior during earthquake. In the present study, modeling of the steel frame is done under the analysis mentioned above using E-TABS software is and the results so obtained for different bracing systems(X- bracing, Diagonal bracing) are compared. Conclusions are drawn based on the tables and graphs obtained. It’s found out that steel frame with X-bracing is most suitable configuration as it shows Maximum stiffness and lower drift in compare to frame with diagonal or V-bracing. Key Words: Bracing System, displacement, drifts, shear force, Bending moments, E TABS 2015. etc. 1. INTRODUCTION In the beginning, people needed shelter to protect themselves from sun, rain and wind. They used to construct single dwelling houses with one or two storey’s using mud blocks, timbers, stones etc... Gradually, the desire for better shelter increased which lead to the new invention and development in the field of civil engineering and nowadays cutting edge trend is towards more tall and slender buildings. In this way, the impacts of lateral loads on tall buildings are gaining importanceconsequentialityand every structural engineer is challenged with the quandaries of providing satisfactory strength and stability. Thus it is important to give satisfactorysolidnessandsoundnessinthe structure with a specific end goal todiscoverimperviousness to horizontal loads instigated by the wind or seismic powers in tall structures. One simple solution is adopting steel braces in the RC frames. The blend of reinforced concrete frame with steel bracing enhances the behavior and performance of the structure and results in improvement of stiffness and strength of the structure. The outline of tall structures includes a theoretical plan, surmised investigation, preparatory outline and streamlining, to securely convey gravity and horizontal burdens. The plan criteria are quality, serviceability, strength and human solace. Quakes have turned into a regular occasion everywhere throughout the world. It is exceptionally hard to anticipate the force, area, and time of event of tremor. Structures sufficiently intended for normal burdens like dead, live, wind and so on may not essentially protected against quake stacking. It is neither down to earth nor monetarily reasonable to configuration structures to stay inside flexible farthest point amid quake. The outline approach embraced in the Indian Code IS 1893(Part I): 2002 'Criteria for EarthquakeResistantDesign of Structures' to guarantee that structures have no less than a base quality to withstand minor seismic tremorhappening much of the time, without harm oppose direct quakes without noteworthy auxiliary harm however, some non- basic harm may happen andpointsthatstructures withstand significant seismic tremor without fall. Structures need appropriate tremor safe elements to securely oppose vast parallel strengths that are forced on them amid incessant quakes. Common structuresforhousesaregenerallyworked to securely convey their own particular weights. 1.1 Bracing Systems Bracing is an effective and economical method of resisting horizontal forces in a framed structure. Braced frame systems are utilized both in RC as well as in steel buildings. Normally, the structure comprises of column and beams whose basic purpose is to transfer gravity load. When bracings are fixed to it, the total set of members forms a vertical cantilever truss like structuretoresistthehorizontal forces. Bracing members are utilized in the building as a horizontal load resisting system to improve the stiffness of the frame for seismic forces. Braces can be connected withfixed-ended or pin ended connection. In thecaseofpin endedconnection, it will be subjected to axial forces and it normally fails under compressive load by global buckling. Once the buckling occurs, its strength gets reduced in the succeeding cycles. But there will not be many changes in maximum tensile strength in subsequent cycles. The main advantage of using braces is that they dissipate the energy without damaging the building and also it can be replacedwithoutanydifficulty when it gets damaged. 1.2 TYPES OF BRACING ● Horizontal bracing: Bracing in every floor level gives a load path to transfer the horizontal forces to the planes of vertical bracing. The floor systems that are provided may themselves act as braces to provide resistance.
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1489 ● Vertical bracing: Bracinginvertical planes(betweenlines of the column) provides load paths for transferring horizontal forces to ground level and provide a stiff resistance against overall sway. This thesis work mainly deals with vertical bracing systems and therefore emphasis is given more to the vertical bracing system. 2. LITERATURE REVIEWS Karthick S (2016) [1]: Explains the analysis of RC building for seismic analysis using different type of structural systems. Shear walls and bracing systems are the most appropriate structural forms in the recent decades. A shear wall is a wall that is designed to resist shear i.e. the lateral force that causes bulk damage to the structures during earthquakes. Bracingisalsoa highlyefficientandeconomical method of resisting horizontal forces in a frame structures. P. V. Srivardhan et al (2016) [2]: A typical 20 and 30 storeyed buildings are considered with four distinct plan shapes such as square, rectangle, plus and a T shape within an area of 40m x 40m having a span of 4m. Each building is analysed for Wind and Earthquake loads using the load combinations provided in IS code book. Three bracingtypes, a concrete shear wall system, steel X-bracing system and a combination of both shear wall and X-bracing for lower and upper half of the structure are used A deflection for rectangular building is lesser than square building along shorter base dimension and is higher alonglonger baseside. Raghavendra et al (2016) [3]: The present study made an attempt to understand the effect of earthquake on building frames resting on sloping ground with shear walls and bracings under severe zone. The computation models of ordinary moment resistingframewasdevelopedinSAP2000 as 3D space frame to carry the seismic analysisasperIS1893 Part (I) -2002. This study may help to understand the effect of buildings on sloping ground under seismic forces to suggest the efficient lateral force resisting configuration based on parametric study. 2.1 METHODOLOGY In the present study, G+10 storey buildings are analyzed with and without braces. The plan consists of 5 bays of 5m center to center each in both X & Y directions and height of each storey being 3m. The plan of the building remainssame for all the floors. The study is carried out for different types of bracing systems with different configurations using Response Spectrum method of analysis in ETABS 2015. Different types of models considered for analysis 1. Building without bracings 2. Building with X-Bracing 3. Building with V-Bracing 4. Building with Inverted V-Bracing 5. Building with Diagonal Bracing 6. Building with K-Bracing Table -1: Description of the model Plan dimension 25m x 25m No of grids 5 along both X & Y direction Width of each bay 5.0 m Height of each storey 3.0 m Material Properties Concrete ● Columns: M-30 ● Beams: M-25 ● Slabs: M-25 Steel ● Main bars: Fe-500 ● Confinementbars:Fe-415 Section Properties Column section ● 0.50m x 0.50m Beam section ● 0.23m x 0.550m Slab thickness ● 150 mm Braces section(Isection) ● ISMB 600 Loads ● Live load: 3kN/m2 ● Floor finishes: 1.5kN/m2 Table -2: Load combinations Load Combination Dead Load Live Load Earthquake Load TDL + TLL 1.5 1.5 - TDL + WL 1.5 or 0.9* - 1.5 TDL + TLL + WL 1.2 1.2 1.2 TDL + EQ 1.5 or 0.9* - 1.5 TDL + TLL + EQ 1.2 1.2 1.2
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1490 Fig. 1: Plan of the building. Fig. 2: G+10 RC framed building with X-bracings for different configurations. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The displacement of the structure is reduced after application of braces compared to the bare frame. The maximum reduction in storey displacementisobservedinX- braced frame i.e. 85.40% for Configuration 3 and minimum reduction is for K-braces i.e. 47.28 for Configuration 2. Fig. 3: Lateral displacements (mm) forG+10storeybuilding. Fig. 4: Base shear (kN) of bracing system for different Configurations. The Base shear for the bare frame is 4992.441kN in X and Y- direction respectively. It is found that base shear increases after application of bracings. The increase in base shear is more for X-braces compared to other bracing systems, as base shear mainly depends on the weight of the structure. The time period for a bare frame is 1.745sec. The maximum reduction is 60.92% in X braces for configuration 3. After incorporation of braces, there is a reduction of the time period of the structure. This reduction is due to the fact that there is an increase in stiffness of the structure after application of braces. Therefore, bracesinfluencetheoverall performance the structure. Fig. 5: Time Period (Sec) values for different bracing system
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1491 Figure 6 : Comparison of storey drift in different heights. Figure 7: Story Drift of unbraced, X braced, V braced and eccentric braced structures. 3. CONCLUSIONS ● After introducing bracing to bare frame lateral displacement is found to reduce. ● Maximum reduction in lateral displacement is observedin inverted V braced frame and X braced frames. ● Inverted V-braces and X-braces shows better resistance to storey displacement. Hence, it can be recommended. ● Increase in base shear is observed after application of bracing. The minimum increaseinthe baseshearisobserved in the frame with X-bracing for all the configurations. ● The time period of the structure decreases with incorporation of braces as the stiffnessofthebuildingwill be increased. REFERENCES : 1. Pravin S. Kamble et.al, Lateral load analysis of a building with & without knee bracing, journal of Engineering Research and Application, ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 5, (Part – 4) May 2016, pp. 13-22. 2. Sachindra Kumar Chadhar, Dr. Abhay Sharma, Analysis of Seismic Behavior of RC Building Frame with Steel Bracing System UsingVariousConfigurations,International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), ISSN: 2395- 0056, Vol. 02, Issue 5, Aug 2015, pp 479- 483. 3. Abhijeet Baikerikar and Kanchan Kanagal, Seismic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frame with Steel Bracing, International journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-0181, Vol. 3, Issue 9, Sep 2014, pp 1236- 1239. 4. M. D. Kevadkar and P.B.Kodag, Lateral Load Analysis of RCC Building, International journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), ISSN: 2249-6645,Vol.3,Issue3,May-June 2013, pp 1428-1434. 5. Hendramawat A Safarizkia, et.all, Evaluation of the Use of Steel Bracing to Improve Seismic PerformanceofReinforced Concrete Building, Proc. 2nd International Conference on Rehabilitation and Maintenance in Civil Engineering, ELSEVIER, 2013, pp 2899-2905. 6. A.Massumi and M. Absalan, Interaction between Bracing System and Moment Resisting Frame in Braced RC Frames, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering,ELSEVIER,Jan 2013, pp 260-268. 7. A. Kadid and D. Yahiaoui, SeismicAssessmentofBraced RC Frame, Proc. 12th Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction, ELSEVIER, 2011, pp 2899- 2905. 8. Cengizhan Durucan and Murat Dicleli, Analytical Study on Seismic Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Using Steel Braces with Shear Link, EngineeringStructures,ELSEVIER,May2010,pp2995-3010. 9. M. A. Youssef, et.al, Seismic Performance of RC Frames with Concentric Internal Steel Bracing, Engineering Structures, ELSEVIER, 2007, pp 1561-1568.
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