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IRJET- Analysis of Electroencephalogram (EEG) Signals
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1795 Analysis of Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals Shayela Nausheen Aziz1, Naveen Kumar Dewangan2 , Vinni Sharma3 1,2,3Dept of Electronics Engineering, BIT, Durg, C.G., India --------------------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract: The electroencephalogram (EEG) popularly known as brain waves represents the electrical activity recorded via electrodes on the scalp. The pattern of electrical activity is useful for diagnosing a number of conditions that affect the brain. The conditions may be epilepsy, dementia, brain tumour etc. In this project EEG signals are analyzed on the real time basis. The signals are extracted from 30 people. The people were of 18 to 25 years of age group with no abnormalities, illness or any disease. The signals for each of the emotions is taken from every person at different time interval. The EEG waves are extracted using the device called Neurosky Mindwave sensor. This sensor captures the brain waves through the electrodes attached to it. This is the four electrode device. The captured data is sent to the ATMEGA 328 where the incoming analog data is converted to digital form to make it compatible with the computer so that it can be further processed. The signal values lies in the range of microvolts. The extracted datas undergoes feature extraction process. The parameters that are used for feature extraction are continuous wavelet transform coefficient (CWT), probability distribution function (PDF), peak plot, and fast Fourier transform (FFT). The extracted EEG signals are displayed and the feature extraction process is done in the LabVIEW software. The accuracy yielded is 90.69% and sensitivity obtained is 85.55%. KeyWords: EEG, analysis, continuous wavelet transfer coefficient (CWT), probability distribution function (PDF), peak plot, fast Fourier transform (FFT) I. INTRODUCTION The Electroencephalogram popularly known as the brain waves is the electrical activity of the brain. Physiological control processes, thought process and external stimuli generate signals in the corresponding parts of the brain that may be recorded at the scalp using surface electrodes.[15] EEG potentials have random appearing waveforms with peak to peak amplitudes ranging from less than10µV to over 100µV.The bandwidth of the EEG signal is from below 1Hz to 100Hz.[8],[25] The brain wave is extracted and the signal undergoes various processes like data acquisition, filtering, feature extraction and then analysis for analysing the signal in any of the aspect. In data acquisition the recorded signals are converted in the form that can be further processed. Any signal other than that of interest could be termed as noise. These are removed using filters. The EEG is a non-stationary signal the feature extraction from the filtered data is done either in time domain or in frequency domain. Ones the feature is extracted the signals are studied and compared with the normal EEG signal. After undergoing the above processes the brain waves can be compared and detected in any of the perspective. Bioelectric events are picked up from the surface of the body before they can be put into the amplifier for subsequent record or display. This is done by using electrodes.[15]. In this project the classification of EEG signals using an experimental setup is done. The analysis of EEG signal is done on real time basis. This system uses four electrode system. This will be done by placing the electrodes on the forehead, above the ears and placing the ear clip on the left ear of the person whose EEG signal is going to be analysed. These electrodes extract the waves from the brain and sends analog value to controller which is ATMEGA 328 which processes the data of electrodes and makes it compatible to be worked further on the computer. The data from the ATMEGA 328 is fed in the LabVIEW using USB to TTL converter in which this data is compared and analysed to determine the emotion of person. Table 1.1: Components of brain waves S no. Brainwave Type Frequency Spectrum (Hz) Amplitude (µV) 1. Delta 0-3 100-200 2. Theta 4-7 <30 3. Alpha 8-12 30-50 4. Beta 13-30 <20 5. Gamma 30-50 <10
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1796 II. METHODOLOGY The aim of the project is to do analysis of EEG signals for detection and comparison of brain waves for different emotions i.e. neutral, happy and sad. In order to accomplish this brain waves are extracted from the person using electrodes. The electrodes extract the brain waves and pass this analog signal to the ATMEGA 328 which process the data of the electrodes and makes it compatible to be worked on the computer. The ATMEGA 328 performs analog to digital conversion. This converted data is fed to the computer using USB to TTL converter. The data is fed to the LabVIEW software where the signal of the brain is displayed. The signals displayed are in terms of the micro Volts (µV). The wave ranges from less than 10µV to over 100µV. The values depend on the kind of signal generated by brain. The waves generated by brain for a sad person are in the lower range.[8] For a neutral or normal person the value lies in the mid-range and for a happy person the data is extracted in the higher range of microvolts. The block diagram of the experimental setup is shown below in figure 2.1 and figure 2.2 depicts the experimental setup. Figure 2.1: Block Diagram Figure 2.2: Experimental Setup The extracted datas are stored in the .csv format in the excel sheet. For further processing the data is converted to the .tdms format. Ones the datas are stored the further processing is done of feature extraction. Feature extraction techniques are applied to get features that will be useful in classification. Following are the methods that are used for feature extraction: Continuous Wavelet Transform Probability Distribution Function Peak plot Fast Fourier Transform Continuous Wavelet Transform: The following equation defines CWTs (a,τ) = * ∫ Ψo*( Where S (t) is the signal, Ψo (t) is the mother wavelet function, a and τ are the scale and shift of the wavelet respectively. User defined scales are used to specify the scales, a can be any positive and real value. If not specified the VI selects a as 1, 2, 3…, scales and τ as 0, dt, 2dt, 3dt,..Ndt where dt is time step and N is approximately equal to the signal.
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1797 Figure 2.3: Block of CWT coefficient Probability Density Function: In probability theory, a probability density function (PDF) is defined as a function whose value at any given sample or point in the sample space can be interpreted as providing a relative likelihood that the values of the random variable would equal that sample. The PDF is used to specify the probability of the random variable falling within a particular range of values as opposed to taking on any one value. Figure 2.4: Block of PDF Peak Plot: Peak defines the maximum value that a signal attains. Plotting of the peaks defines the interval at which the peak is attained by the following signal. Figure 2.4: Block of Peak Plot Fast Fourier Transform: Fast Fourier Transform is an algorithm that samples a signal over a period of time or space and divides it into its frequency components. These components are single sinusoidal oscillations at distinct frequencies each with their own amplitude and phase. The FFT is given by following equation. ϒk = ∑ n for n= 0, 1, 2……, N-1 Figure 2.5: Block of FFT
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1798 2.1 Components Used 2.1.1 Hardware Components: Table 2.1.1 Hardware Components S. No. Equipment Device Quantity 1. Electrodes / Brainwave Sensor Neorosky Mindwave Sensor 1 2. ATMEGA 328 Arduino UNO 1 3. Cable USB to TTL Converter 1 4. P.C. Laptop 1 2.1.2 Software Components: Table 2.1.2: Software components S. No. Software Used Purpose 1. LabVIEW Display of signal and feature extraction 2. Arduino IDE Programming of ATMEGA 328 3. MS Excel Data Storage 2.2 Component Description: 2.2.1 Neurosky Mindwave Sensor: Device consists of two sensors which are used to detect and filter EEG signals. One sensor is placed on forehead and is used to detect electrical signals. This sensor also collects noise from environment generated by human muscle, computers, light bulbs, etc. Other sensor is clipped on ear and is used as ground and reference to filter out the electrical noise. 2.2.2 Arduino Uno: The Arduino UNO is a widely used open-source microcontroller board based on the ATMEGA 328 microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. It is programmable with the ArduinoIDE (Integrated Development Environment) via a type B USB cable. 2.2.3 USB to TTL Converter: USB to TTL Level Serial Converter Board, which provides a way to link from USB port on computer to connect 5V or 3.3V TTL level serial interface devices. 2.2.4 LabVIEW: LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench), created by National Instruments is a graphical programming language that uses icons instead of lines of text to create applications. LabVIEW is consisted of Front Panel window and Block Diagram window. Front Panel window consists of controls and indicators that is, input and output/display, respectively. Block Diagram window consists of Terminals or Icons corresponding to front panel controls and indicators, as well as constants, function, SubVIs, structure, and wires that connect data from one object to another. 2.3 Program 2.3.1 LabView program for displaying the brain EEG signal Figure 2.3.1.1: Front Panel for displaying the EEG signal
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1799 Figure 2.3.1.2: Block Diagram for displaying the EEG signal 2.3.2 LabVIEW program for conversion of .csv file to .tdms file 2.3.2.1 Front Panel for conversion of .csv file to .tdms file 2.3.2.2 Block diagram for conversion of .csv file to .tdms file 2.3.3 LabVIEW program for feature extraction of the EEG signal 2.3.3.1 Front Panel for Feature Extraction
6.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1800 2.3.3.2 Block diagram for feature extraction III. RESULT 3.1 Values of the signal generated by brain: The EEG signals of 30 people are extracted. Brain waves for all the three emotional states i.e. neutral, happy and sad are extracted from each of the persons in different time interval. After the analysis following are the values that has been extracted Table 3.1.1: Values of signal generated by brain for different emotions S. No. Emotions Range (in microvolts) 1. Neutral 23-30 2. Happy 40-72 3. Sad 14-19 3.2 Feature Extraction: The following parameters for feature extraction has been applied on data extracted of one person for each of the emotional states. For each of the states there are 200 datas after removing zeroes. 3.2.1 CWT Coefficient With time step as -1, at 64 scales and no error, wavelet function db02 is taken which yields the following output for different states For Neutral State- 0.29 For Happy State- 0.17 For Sad State- -0.18 3.2.2 Probability Distribution Function Number of bins taken is 0 with wavelet function and no input error. The PDF obtained for three different emotional states are as follows For Neutral State- A valley is obtained at f(x) = 0.33, x = 2 For Happy State- A constant plot at f(x) = 2 For Sad State- A constant plot at f(x) = 0.182 The plot for PDF of three different states is given below. Figure 3.2.2.1 PDF for Neutral State
7.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1801 Figure 3.2.2.3 PDF for Happy State Figure 3.2.2.4 PDF for Sad State 3.2.3 Peak Plot: Threshold is kept at 0, width is 8 and without any input error following are values obtained for the peak plot for different emotional states For Neutral State- Peak Amplitude = 4 at Time = 2 For Happy State- Peak Amplitude = 2 at Time = 1 For Sad State- Peak Amplitude = 13 at Time = 1 The plot is shown below Figure 3.2.3.1 Peak Plot for Neutral State Figure 3.2.3.2 Peak Plot for Happy State Figure 3.2.3.3 Peak Plot for Sad State
8.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1802 3.2.4 Fast Fourier Transform: Figure 3.2.4.1 FFT for Neutral State Figure 3.2.4.2 FFT for Happy State Figure 3.2.4.3 FFT for Sad State 3.3 Parameter Estimation: Table 3.3.1: Testing Confusing Matrix Emotion States No. of testings Normal Happy Sad Normal 30 N N N H N S Happy 30 H N H H H S Sad 30 S N S H S S True Positive (TP), False Positive (FP), False Negative (FN) and True Negative (TN) obtained for different states are: Normal State: TP = ( N N ) FP = ( H N) + ( S N ) FN = ( N H ) + (N S ) TN = ( H H ) + ( H S ) + ( S H ) + ( S S ) Happy State: TP = ( H H ) FP = ( N H) + ( S S ) FN = ( H N ) + (H S )
9.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1803 TN = ( N N ) + ( N S ) + ( S N ) + ( S S ) Sad State: TP = ( S S ) FP = ( N S ) + ( H S ) FN = ( S N ) + ( S H ) TN = ( N N ) + ( N H ) + (H H ) + (H N ) Accuracy (Acc) = {( TP + TN ) / ( TP + TN + FP + FN )} * 100 Sensitivity (Se) = { TP / (TP + FN) } * 100 Table 3.3.2: Parameters Emotion States TP FP TN FN Se (%) Acc (%) Normal 25 7 53 5 83.3 86.6 Happy 26 4 58 4 86.6 92.3 Sad 26 2 58 4 86.6 93.3 Average accuracy obtained is 90.69% and average sensitivity obtained is 85.55%. IV CONCLUSION Electroencephalogram (EEG) opens a window for exploring neural activity and brain functioning. Changes in brain electrical activity occur very quickly and extremely high time resolution is required to determine the precision at which these electrical events take place. By analyzing the EEG signal we can get the knowledge about the kind of signals generated in brain for different emotions, in case of brain injury or in case of any brain disease and compare it from normal EEG signal. Today’s EEG technology can accurately detect brain activity at a resolution of a single millisecond. Careful analysis of the EEG records can provide valuable and improved understanding of the brain electrical mechanisms. In this work the EEG signals from 30 people have been taken and classified into three emotional states i.e. happy, neutral and sad. These signals for different emotional states have been taken from each of the person at different time interval. The features of these classified signals are extracted using CWT coefficient, PDF, peak plot and fast fourier transform. The accuracy yielded is 90.69% and sensitivity obtained is 85.55%. Future Scope: The method described by using the NeuroSky Mindwave Sensor will be helpful in governing the mental state of the ADHD patients and also of the patients in coma. This can be also used for detection and comparison of brain waves for any kind of brain injury or mental illness. By using the NeuroSky Mindwave Sensor a Brain Computer Interface can be developed which will be helpful for the paralytic patients who cannot move. V ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to give my sincere gratitude to my guides Dr. Naveen Kumar Dewangan sir and Mrs. Vinni Sharma Ma’am for their guidance and support for completion of this work.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1804 REFERENCES 1) Andrey V. Bocharov, Gennady G. Knyazev, Alexander N. Savostyanov, 2017, “Depression and implicit emotion processing: An EEG study, Neurophysiologie Clinique”, Elsevier. 2) Andrew T. Campbell, Tanzeem Choudhry, Shaohan Hu, Hong Lu, Matthew K. Mukerjee, Mashfiqui Rabbi, Rajeev D.S. Raizada, “NeuroPhone: Brain-Mobile Phone Interface using a Wireless EEG headset”. 3) Chee-Keong Alfred Lim and Wai Chong Chia, “Analysis of Single-Electrode EEG Rhythms Using MATLAB to Elicit Correlation with Cognitive Stress”, International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 2, April 2015. 4) D C Reddy, Biomedical Signal Processing principles and techniques, First edition The McGraw-Hill Companies. 5) Dan Nie, Xiao-Wei Wang, Li-Chen Shi and Bao-Liang Lu Senior member IEEE, “EEG based Emotion Recognition during watching movies”, SaC1.1, Proceedings of the 5th International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, 978-1-4244-4141-9/11 IEEE 2011. 6) Emir Džaferović, Sabahudin Vrtagić, Lejla Bandić, Jasmin Kevric, Abdulhamit Subasi, Saeed Mian Qaisar, “Cloud- based Mobile Platform for EEG Signal Analysis”, 978-1-5090-5306-3/16 ,2016 IEEE. 7) Hyunho Chu, Chun Kee Chung, Woorim Jeong, Kwang-Hyun Cho, 2017, Predicting epileptic seizures from scalp EEG based on attractor state analysis, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 143(2017)75-87 , Elsevier. 8) J. Katona, I. Farkas, T. Ujbanyi, P. Dukan, A. Kovari, “Evaluation Of The Neurosky MindFlex EEG Headset Brain Waves Data”, IEEE 12th International Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics 2014,978-1- 4799-3442-3/14, IEEE. 9) Kwang-Eun Ko, Hyun-Chang Yang and Kwee-Bo sim, “Emotion Recognition using EEG signals with relative Power values and Baseyian Network”, Springer, International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems (2009) 7(5):865-870. 10) Mineyuki Tsuda, Yankun Lang, Haiyuan Wu, 2014, “Analysis and identification of the EEG signals from visual stimulation”, Procedia Computer Science 35(2014)1292-1299, Elsevier. 11) Murugappan Murugappan, Nagarajan Ramachandran and Yaacob Sazali, “Classification of human emotion from EEG using discrete wavelet transform”, JBiSE, Biomedical Science and Engineering,3, 390-396, 2010. 12) Nick Kane, Jayant Acharya, Sandor Benickzy, Luis Caboclo, Simon Finnigan, Peter W. Kaplan, Hiroshi Shibasaki, Ronit Pressier, Michel J.A.M. van Putten, “A revised glossary of terms most commonly used by clinical electrophalographers and updated proposal for the report format of the EEG findings”, Revision 2017, Clinical Neurophysiology Practice, Elsevier (2017)170-185. 13) Panagiotis C. Petrantonakis, Student Member, IEEE and Leontios J. Hadileontiadis member IEEE, “Emotion recognition from EEG using Higher Order Crossings”, IEEE Transctions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, Vol-14, No.2, March (2010). 14) Panagiotis C. Petrantonakis, Student Member, IEEE and Leontios J. Hadileontiadis member IEEE, “Novel Emotion Elicitation Index using Frontal Brain Assymetry for enhanced EEG based emotion recognition ”, IEEE Transctions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, Vol-15, No.5, September (2011). 15) Rangaraj M. Rangayyan, Biomedical Signal Analysis A Case Study Approach, First edition, Wiley Interscience, SAMI 2014, IEEE 12th International Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics, January 23-25, 2014, Herl’any, Slovakia, 2014.
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of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1805 16) Richa S. Wadekar, Prashant V. Kasambe, Surendra S. Rathod, “Development of LabVIEW Platform for EEG Signal Analysis”, International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control (I2C2),2017. 17) Saadat Nasehi and Hossein Pourghassem, “An optimal EEG based emotion recognition algorithm using Gabor Features”, WSEAS Transactions on Signal Processing, Issue 3, Volume 8, July (2012). 18) Shakshi, Ramavtar Jaswal, “Brain Wave Classification and Feature Extraction of EEG Signal by Using FFT on Lab View”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)”, Volume: 03 Issue: 07, July-2016. 19) Seda Guzel Aydin,Turgay Kaya, Hasan Guler, “Wavelet based study of valence arousal model of emotions on EEG signals with Labview”, CrossMark, Brain Informatics (2016)3:109-177. 20) Shivnarayan Patidar, Trilochan Panigrahi, 2017, “Detection of epileptic seizure using Kraskov entropy applied on tunable-Q wavelet transform of EEG signals”, Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 34 (2017) 74-80, Elsevier. 21) Sravanth Kumar, Vivek Kumar and Bharat Gupta, “Feature Extraction from EEG Signal through One Electrode Device for Medical Application”, 2015 1st International Conference on Next Generation Computing Technologies (NGCT-2015) Dehradun, India, 4-5 September 2015. 22) Suwicha Jirayucharoensak, Setha Pan-Ngum and Pasin Israsena, “EEG based emotion recognition using Deep Learning Network with Principle Component based Covriate Shift Adaptation”, Hindawi, Hindawi Publiction Corporation The scientific World Journal, Volume 2014, Article Id 627892. 23) Tina Thomas1, Mareena James2, Roshmi Rose Shaji3, Binu C Pillai4, “Interpretation of Human Stages from EEG Signals Using LabVIEW”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 5, Issue 3, March 2016. 24) Vijay Raghav Varada, Deepshikha Moolchandani, Asil Rohit, “Measuring and Processing the Brain’s EEG Signals with Visual Feedback for Human Machine Interface”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 4, Issue 1, January-2013. 25) W.O.A.S. Wan Ismail, M. Hanif, S.B.Mohamed, Noraini Hamzah, Zairi Ismael Rizman, “Human Emotion Detection via Brain Waves Study by Using Electroencephalogram (EEG)”,International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology, Vol.6 (2016) No. 6 ISSN: 2088-5334, 2016. 26) X. Liu, G. Wang, J. Gao, Q. Gao, 2016, “A quantitative analysis for EEG signals based on modified permutation entropy”, IRBM 38(2017)71-77, Elsevier Masson. 27) You-Yun Lee and Shulan Hsieh, “Classifying different emotional states by means of EEG based functional connectivity patterns”, PLOS ONE, Volume 9, Issue 4, April (2014). 28) Yuan-Pin Lin, Chi-Hong Wang, Tzyy-ping Jung, Senior member, IEEE, Tien-Lin Wu, Shyh-kang Jeng, Jeng-Ren Duann, member IEEE and Jyh-Horng Chen, member IEEE, “EEG based Emotion Recognition in Music listening”, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 57, No.7, July (2010). 29) Zirui Lan, Olga Sourina and Lipo Wang, “Stability of features in Real time EEG based Emotion Recognition Algorithm”, CPS, International Conference on Cyberworlds, 978-1-4799-4677-8/14, IEEE, 2014. 30) Zhiyong Liu, Jinweisun, Yan Zhang, Peter Rolfe, 2016, Sleep staging from the EEG signal using multi domain feature extraction, Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 30 (2016) 86-97, Elsevier.
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