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Effect of Stone Crusher on Ambient Air Quality
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2640 Effect of Stone Crusher on Ambient Air Quality A. C. Chougule1, P. A. Chougule2, C. K. Kumbhoje3 1,3 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Sharad Institute of Technology, College of Engineering, Yadrav-Ichalkaranji, Maharashtra, India 2Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Mechanics, Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - As increase in demand of construction material there is highly increment in use of coarse and fine aggregates. The coarse aggregates and artificial fine aggregates are crushed in stone crusher. Stone crushercreateslotofnoiseand it emits dust particles in environment. Because of more concentration of dust particles in environment (air), itcreates pollution. This pollution creates diseases in human and animal’s life like asthma, skin diseases, eyeirritationetc. andit effects on vegetation. Measurements of different air quality parameters were carried out at Jaysingpur stone crusher site and analysis was done on the basis of central pollutioncontrol board (CPCB). Key Words: Stone Crusher, RSPM, TSPM, SOx, control measures, air quality 1. INTRODUCTION The stone crusher industry in India is basically a labor intensive small scale industry, where most of the operations are performed manually. Above 12000 stone crushers are working now in India (Comprehensive Industry Document Stone Crushers). “The air pollutionisdefinedasthepresence in the external atmosphere of one or several substances introduced by man to such extent as to affect health & welfare of human system & life in the atmosphere. These stone crushers (Fig. 1) are important for local economy but have adverse effect on air quality due to emission of dust particles in surrounding area. This results in respiratory diseases, low visibility in nearby area and reduction in growth of vegetation. Even though stone crushers are socio-economically important sectors yet they give rise to the quantity of fine dust emission which create health hazard to the workers as well as surrounding population. The dust also adversely affects visibility, growth of vegetation & aesthetic area. The various parameters on considered for the analysis of ambient air quality like Oxides of Sulphur, Oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter 2.5 & particulate matter 10. Fig -1: Stone Crusher. (Photo: Dattatray Bandi, Engineering Student) 2. MATRIALS AND METHDOLOGY The work is done in India as well as in abroad is as per following literature’s R. Sivacoumar et al., (2006)[1], had studied “Particulate matter from stone crusher industry : size distribution & health effects.” The results presence of a high percentage of silica in the dust and the particle size distribution further suggest that the occupational environment of the workers and surrounding areas may be hazardous to human health. The air quality and the health survey conducted at the site that observes the dust may be producing significant damage to respiratory health. The dust was collected on whatman (size 25.4cm 20.32cm) glass fiber filterpaperwithaporesize of 1m using high volume samplers (Envirotech APM 460 and 430, Envirotech, New Delhi,India), operating at aflow rate of 0.8-1.4. Ambient air quality monitoring (AAQM) was carried out for two seasons; during summer (April-May) and premonsoon (September-October) for 30 days continuously on an 8 hour basis and the concentration were averaged for 24 hour to facilitate comparison with the Indian standards. the dust concentration was calculated from the difference in weight of the filter paper before and after sample collections. Yashoda Saini et al., (2011)[2], had described the effect of marble dust on plants. Trees species growing in and around area were selectedandvariousmorphologicalcharacteristics were studied such as leaf area dry weight ratio (LADWR), Dust retaining capacity (DRC) andChlorophyllcontent.Inthe study the effects of marble dust on selected tree species was observed. Particulate matter produced during the marble
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2641 crushing is usually of relatively large size. In short dust pollution affects not only human health but also ecological health of region. The dust impairs visibility the particulate falling on leaves may cause foliar injuries, reduction in yield, change in Photosynthesis and transpiration etc. when these particulate matters are deposited on vegetation, the plant growth is adversely effected. Therefore it was necessary to study the effect of dust on plants around the stone crusher area. NAAQS Monitoring & Analysis Guidelines Volume – I (2011)[3], gives Guidelines for sampling and analysis of 1. Sulphur dioxide in ambient air. 2. Nitrogen dioxide in ambient air. 3. PM 2.5 & PM 10 in ambient air. Gajanan N. Supe et al., (2015)[3], The effect of dust pollution on plants is observed in this study as it has reduced the vegetation in study area. The formation of dustlayeronplantbodydamage plant tissue which may reduce rate of photosynthesis. Dust particles emitted from stone crushing activity reduces the pigmentation plant leaves. Depositionofdustparticlesexerts stresses on plant which reduces productivity of plants. G. S. Gupta & Anjali Gupta (2014)[5], The study represents monitoring of ambient air quality of stone crusher areas. Selected parameters were suspended particulate matter (PM10 & PM 2.5), sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and noise. The five sampling stations wereselectedfor sampling during winter. The concentration of particulate matter was found above the permissible limit in most of the sites while the concentrationofgaseouspollutantswasfound within the permissible limit as per the standards given by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB, 2009).particulate matter analysis indicated high amount of fine particles and silica content posing serious health problems to the people exposed forlonger duration.Thisstudyindicatesthatmostof the people whose living around the stone crusher area were suffering from ARI (Acute Respiratory Infection),bronchitis, asthma, skin disease, eye irritations and heart diseases. Pollution of leaf, which is prevented the process of respiration and photosynthesis. The ambient air sampling was done for 24 hours in winter season. Whatman glass microfiber filter paper were used for PM10 & PM2.5. Health survey was done with the help of questionnaire and interviews of local persons and workers. For observing the vegetation growth, plants of common occurrence were selected for chemical analysis within the township. The concentration of PM10 & PM2.5 was higher than the permissible limit at selected area. So the ambient air quality was polluted due to dust of stone crusher industries. On the other hand gases like sulpher oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were below than standard limit prescribed by CPCB. M. R. Sinha (2014)[6], studied that “Impact of stone crushing industries on leaf of woody plants.” The aim of this study was to evaluatethe effect of stone crushingindustryon physical damage of leaves due to dust pollution. They also noted that heavy deposition of dust particles on leaf surface. Due to the crushing operation of the stones the suspended particulate matter (SPM), depending on the size and weight of particles, remain in the air for varying length of time, get dispersed and diffused by the wind. Stone dust is primary aerosol and it is released directly from the surfaces. It has detrimental effect on people and environment like changed soil pH and productivity, formationofhazereducingvisibility in the surrounding areas, damages of natural resources like valuable vegetation’s and wild lives, promotion of spreading many diseases etc. This study investigates the status of particulateand gaseous pollution aroundstonecrusherunits and their effects on various foliar parameters of two plants Terminaliaarjuna and Madhucaindica. In this study the SPM was measured from an average distance of 20 meters from the crusher units concerned as per practical solution. It was noted that the SPM was highest in winter and lowest during rainy season. SPM recorded at was done with the help of a leaf area meter. Shashi Bhushan Sharma and Baidyanath Kumar, (2015)[7], have studied the effect of stone crushing dust pollution on the growth performanceand yield statusof Gram (Cicerarietinum L.).The results indicated that the germination frequency of seeds, shoot length, root length, chlorophyll content, total carbohydrateandproteincontents, and grain yield of Gram (Cicerarietinum) were severely affected by stone dust pollution. The plants that grown in control land area were healthy as compared to plants grown in the stone dust treated land areas. The result obtained in the study indicates that root length, shootlength,chlorophyll content, total carbohydrate and protein contents, and grain yield of gram (Cicerarietinum) were severely affected by stone dust pollution. The plants growing in control land area were healthy than the plants growing in the stone dust treated land areas.R.AmitshreeyaandR.B.Panda,(2012)[8], They studied that several stone crusher units are running without following CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board, India) norms to feed crushed stone for various health problems. To monitor the dust pollution level 5 monitoring stations were chosen and dust sample inside the unit and 100m away of the unit were monitored. In all the crusher units the concentration of SPM were much more than the permissible standard i.e., 500 μg/m3, whereas 100m away the concentration level fall down and were within the norm. However, a residential zone is 100 m away andthiscause health problem to the residents.The primary objectiveofthis study was to assess the dust concentration and its fallout in and aroundthe workplace. For this purpose an extensive air pollution survey was carried out in the study area. Ambient suspended particulate matter was measured out in each of 5 crusher units at two locations. So it was observed that inall the cases all the computed value were more than prescribed standard i.e., 500 μg/m3 similarly the standard deviation (SD) wascalculatedas85.77μg/m3,99.67μg/m3and114.25 μg/m3 respectfully insidethe crusher unit.SimilarlytheSPM were measured during the summer season inside crusher unit and 100m away from crusherunitandvalueofmeanand standard deviation (SD) were computed. It wasfoundthatall the mean value were well within the standardnormsofCPCB which may be due to settling of dust fall after moving away from the crusher unit. The dust generated from crushers duringoperationscontainsignificantamountoffineinhalable particulatematter. The contributionofindividualcrushersto
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2642 the SPM concentration is not constant. It is also marked that the concentration drastically falls down beyond 100m away from the crusher units. But still the concentration of dust is beyond the permissible limit as people are living around 100m away from the crusher units. Thus it is highly essential to take immediate remedial measures to reduce the dust pollution problem around the stone crusher area. S. Chaurasiya (2009)[9], studied that during the process of crushingstones fine aerosol of stone dust is generatedwhich cause environmentalhealthhazardsamongthestonecrusher workers. Environmental monitoring was carried out at the work place to access the suspended particulate matter, SOx and NOx, effect of SPM on stomata was Also observed and discussed. Stone crusher unitscreatesseveralenvironmental problems of pollution by fugitive emission from various sources, which adversely affects the ambient air quality and thereby affect the human health. A substantial percentage of air born emission are carried away by wind current and settles down the surrounding areas and vegetation. Deposition of particulate matter on leaves affects the stomatal opening and the rate of photosynthesis. 3. MATRIALS AND METHDOLOGY The ambient air sampling was done for 8 hours in High Volumesampler (Fig. 2). Fine particulates sampler APM860, EnvirotechNoida and Whatman glassfilterpaperswereused for Total suspended particulate matter & respirable suspended particulate matter PM10. Sound level meter used for sound level monitoring. The sulphur di-oxides are measured by using hydrogen peroxide method. All parameters are analyzedas per standard method ofNational Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Health survey was done with the help of questionnaires of workers and local persons. The concentration of RSPM & SPMwasmeasuredin microgram per meter cube. Fig -2: High Volume Sampler (Photo: Dattatray Bandi, Engineering Student) 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The suspended particulate matter was measured in stone crusher are as follows. The stone crusher had a significant effect on the growth of vegetation and human health. The 8 hours concentration of various pollutants recorded. Higher concentration of RSPMwasobservedanditis1987.64µg/m3 TSPM was observed around 2165 µg/ m3. The concentration of Sulphur oxide was also measured(Refer Table 1) which is within the limit of CPCB. Whereas the standard limit prescribed by CPCB for RSPM is 100 μg/m3 as shown in Table -2. The noise level monitoringalsodoneandresultsare within the limit of CPCB (Refer Table -3 and Table -4). Table -1: Results of Air Pollutants Sr.no. TSPM (µg/m3) RSPM (µg/m3) SO2 (µg/m3) 1 471.69 122.64 10.88 2 416.66 324.07 9.86 3 739.27 435.64 8.16 4 694.44 521.24 5.95 5 555.55 243.18 11.56 6 537.05 342.59 14.45 7 1928.10 1663.39 7.82 8 2165.12 1987.65 6.63 9 2152.24 1968 1.03 10 1176.66 943 15.98 Table -2: National Ambient Air Quality Standards Pollutants Time weighted average Concentrated In ambient air for Industrial, Residential, Rural area Concentrated In ambient air for Ecological, Sensitivearea Sulphur of oxides Annual 24 Hours 50 80 20 80 Nitrogen of oxides Annual 24 Hours 40 80 30 80 RSPM Annual 24 Hours 60 100 60 100 TSPM Annual 24 Hours 40 100 40 100
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2643 Table -3: Measurement of Noise Level at Working Stone Crusher Area. Sr.No. Day Time (dB) Night Time (dB) 1 58 25 2 56 28 3 62 35 4 65 29 5 75 30 6 67 24 7 70 39 8 73 19 9 70 34 10 68 36 Table -4: Ambient Air Quality Standards inRespectofNoise. Sr. No. Zones Day Time (dB) Night Time (dB) 1 Industrial zone 75 70 2 Commercial zone 65 55 3 Residential zone 55 45 4 Silence zone 50 40 5. IMPACT OF DUST 5.1 Impact of Dust on Human Health: The health survey was done with the help of questionnaires of workers and local persons. It is observed that people of this area and mostly the workers of stone mills are suffering from eye irritation, skin diseases, acute respiratory infection (ARI). 5.2 Impact of Dust on Vegetation: It was estimated that many plants & trees species growing near stone crusher havebecomedamagedbyincreasingdust. (Refer figure -3)Dust pollution affected plants in difference way. High dust fall causes visible damage physiological life process affecting growth of productivity of vegetation inthat area. Fig -3: Impact on Vegitation (Photo: Dattatray Bandi, Engineering Student) 6. CONTROL MEASURES 1. Construction of wind breaking walls by using cloth curtains around premises. 2. To reduce the drop height of dusty material. 3. Construction of paved road within the premises. 4. Provide dust masks & ear plugs to the workers. 5. Fine dust powder in the crushing area should be periodically removed. 6. Providegreen belt overthepremises(Rigorousplantation thought the border of premise). 7. CONCLUSIONS Due to dust of stone crusher industries, the concentration of respirablesuspendedparticulatematter(PM2.5&PM10)was higher than permissible limit which significantly degraded air quality parameters. It is observed that local people were suffering from allergic problems such as eye and skin irritation. The overall reduction in the growth of trees and plants are found. The various plants and trees are damaged due to high dust fall. REFERENCES [1] R. Sivacoumar and et all, “Particulate MatterFromStone Crusher Industry : Size Distribution & Health Effects.” Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 132 (3), 2006. [2] Y. Saini, N. Bhardwaj, R. Gautam, “Effect Of Marble Dust On Plants Around Vishwakarma Industrial Area (VKIA) In Jaipur, India”, J Environ Biol., 32(2):209-12, 2011. [3] NAAQS Monitoring & Analysis Guidelines Volume-I&II, CPCB, Delhi, 2011.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2644 [4] G. N. Supe, S. M. Gawande, “Effects Of Dustfall On Vegetation” International Journal of Science and Research, Vol.4 (7), 2015 [5] G. S. Gupta, A. Gupta, M. K. Gupta, “Assessment Of Ambient Air Quality Of Stone Crusher Industries AndIts Impacts On Human And Vegetation In And Around Bharatkoop Region, Chitrakoot (U.P.)”, 3rd World Conference on Applied Sciences, Engineering & Technology, 27-29 September 2014. [6] M. R. Sinha and et all, “Impact Of Stone Crushing Industries On LeafAnomolyArchitechOf WoodyPlants”, IndianJ.Sci.Res.4 (1):127-133, 2014 . [7] S. B. Sharma and B. Kumar, ‘The Effect OfStoneCrushing Dust Pollution On The Growth Performance And Yield Status Of Gram (Cicerarietinum L.)”, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences Vol 4 (3) pp. 971-979, 2015. [8] R. Amitshreeya and R.B.Panda, “Dust Pollution In Stone Crusher Units In And Around Balasore, Orissa, INDIA”, Jr. of Industrial Pollution Control 28(1), pp 41-44, 2012 [9] S. Chaurasiya, R. Singh and V. Pathak, “Environmental Study of Stone Crusher ”, IJEP, 29(7), 653-656, 2009. [10] A. K. Singhdeo and N. Suna, “Monitoring of sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen oxides and PM10 andTSPMpresent in ambient air in NIT ROURKELA”, NIT, Rourkela, 2009 [11] S. Gokhale, “Air Pollution Sampling And Analysis.” 2009 [12] N. Wagner, M. Nithiyananthan,L.Farina, “Apractical manual for safety and health in the stone crusher industry.”, 2009 [13] G. N. Supe and S. N. Gawande, “Impact Analysis Of Dust Pollution Within Katraj.”, 2015 [14] Ministry of Environment and National Development Unit, “EIA GuidelinesForProposedStoneCrusherPlant”, 2005 [15] K. K. Panda, “Distribution of respirable suspended particulate matter in ambient air and its impact on human health and remedial measures in joda-barbil region in odisha”. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol.18, no. 1, pp 18-29., 2008. [16] M. N. Rao, H.V.N. Rao, “Air Pollution”, Khanna Publishers, 406-471, 1977. [17] S. K. Garg, “Sewage Disposal and Air Pollution engineering” Khanna Publishers, 406-471, 1977.
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