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Designing a microstrip patch antenna - operating at 1.518Ghz.
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Designing a microstrip patch antenna - operating at 1.518Ghz.
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1609 DESIGNING A MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA - OPERATING AT 1.518GHz. N.Geeth Krishna1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT: In this paper we stimulate a simple microstrip patch antenna consistingof substrate andgroundplane, at an operating frequency of 1.518GHz. Itisusedprimarilyfor military purposes and wireless-lan. The working of antenna is described in terms of VSWR, Radiation pattern,S-parametermagnitudeandgainoftheantenna using CST microwave studio software. KEYWORDS: Microstrip-patch antenna, VSWR, S- Parameter magnitude, Polar plot… INTRODUCTION: Microstrip patch antennas are becoming more augmenting and useful because they can be easily printed directly on to a circuit board. Microstrip patch antennas are becoming widespread with in mobile communications. For an efficient antenna, it can be epitomized as thick substrates whose dielectric constant is extremely lower because they provide greater efficiency,highbandwidth,looselyboundfields for radiation into space. And thin substrates with higher dielectric constants are suitable for microwave circuits as they require adamant bounded fields to disaugment undesiredradiationandcoupling,andlead to compact element sizes. Consider a microstrip patch antenna transmission line and ground plane are made of same material that is highly conductive metal (copper annealed). The radiating patch could be square, rectangular, circular, elliptical, triangular, or any other shape which possess higher directivity. Arrays of microstrip elements, with single or multiple number feeds are used to achieve higher directivities. There are many techniques to feed microstrip antennas. The most faddish techniques are microstrip line, coaxial probe, aperture coupling, and proximity coupling. One of the most swanky or faddy technique used for feeding iscoaxialprobe.Couplingof power to the patch antenna through a probe is very austere, cheap, and effective way. If the designer adjusts the feed point of impedence of 50Ω, so he just needs to use a 50Ω coaxial cable with N-type coaxial connector. The N-coaxial connector is coupled to the back side of the microstrip antenna (the groundplane) and the center connector of the coaxial probe will be passed through the substrate and will be soldered to the patch. It is the fringing field that is onus for the radiation. The fringing fields at the surface of thepatch antenna that are along the +y direction. Therefore, the fringing E-fields on the edge of the microstrip patch antenna add up in phase and produce the radiation of the microstrip patch antenna. So, as to enhance the performance of antenna having low desired dielectric constantwhichaugmentsthebandwidth,efficiencyand gain of the microstrip antenna. The effective dielectric loading of a microstrip antenna affects both its radiation pattern and impedence bandwidth. As the dielectric constant value of the substrateincreases,the antenna bandwidth accordingly decreases and accordingly it increases theQ-factoroftheantennaand therefore it decreases the bandwidth. The patch of length L and width is of W, placing on top of the substrate of thickness h with permittivity . For a rectangular microstrip patch antenna, the dielectric constant is in the range of 2.2 The height of the dielectric substrate is in the range of 0.003λo The length of the patch is usually 0.3333λo < L < 0.5λo. This sort of patch antennas are mainly used in
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1610 [1] RADAR applications: It is used for identifying moving targets like vehicles and people as it requires low profile and low weight. [2] RECTENNA applications: It is used to convert microwave energy into DC power. antenna, the dielectric constant is in the range of 2.2 Theheightofthedielectricsubstrateisin the range of 0.003λo The length of the patch is usually 0.3333λo < L < 0.5λo. This sort of patch antennas are mainly used in [1] RADAR applications: It is used for identifying moving targets like vehicles and people as it requires low profile and low weight. [2] RECTENNA applications: It is used to convert microwave energy into DC power. [3] Medicinal applications of patch: It is used for treatment of malignant tumors, the microwave energy is said to be the most effective way. [4] Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): RFID is primarly used in mobile communication, manufacturing, transportation and health care. The electric field intensity E due to theta( : The electric field intensity due to phi( : W=width of the substrate. L=length of the substrate. The resultant electric field is given by the below equation: PROPOSED ANTENNA DESIGN: For designing a microstrip patch antenna, we have to select the resonant frequency and a dielectricmedium. The parameters to be calculated are as below. Width (W): The width of the patch is calculated using the following equation W = W = Width of the patch. c = Speed of light. = value of the dielectric substrate. =1.8GHz, we get the values of length and width L=38mm,W=50.5mm. FIGURE 1: STRUCTURE OF RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA. The figure 1 describes the design and delineate of the microstrip patch antenna which is operated at a frequency of 1.518GHz. The effective refractive index value of a patch is an important parameter in the designing procedure of a microstrip patch antenna. The radiations coming out from the patch passes through the ground plane, air and also through the substrate (knownasfringingfield line). We know that both air and the substrates have differentdielectricvalues,thereforeinordertoaccount this we have to find the value of effective dielectric
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1611 constant. The value of the effective dielectric constant is calculated by = LENGTH: Due to fringing effect, electrically the size of the antenna is increased by an amount of (ΔL). Therefore, the actual increase in length (ΔL) of the patch is to be calculated using the following equation Where ‘h’= height of the substrate. The length (L) of the patch is now to be calculated using the below mentioned equation. Length (L) and width (W) of ground plane: The length and width of a substrate is equal to that of the ground plane. The length(L) and width(W) of a ground plane are calculated using the equations mentioned above. The width (W/2) and length (L/2) of the patch at a resonant frequencyof1.518GHzarefoundtobe19mm and 25.25mm. Theheightofthesubstrate(h)is4.5mm. For ground plane, the length (L) and width (W) are calculated to be 50.5 mm and 38 mm . A rectangular strip is isolated from the patch, of length and width 16.7mm and 22.5mm. Another rectangular strip is isolated from the previously isolatedstripwithagapof 1mm, of length and width 15.375mm and 2.125mm. And the length (Lf) and width (Wf)oftransmissionline is This is done so as to aggrandize the performance of microstrip patch antenna. Thus, this simulation is performed out in CST Microwave Studio software. The resultant radiation patterns and polar plots are given below. STIMULATION AND RESULTS USING CST MICROWAVE STUDIO SOFTWARE: FIGURE 2: The figure set forth in 3-D view tells us about gain pattern in the farfield radiation. And it resembles the direction of maximum gain of the antenna. FIGURE 3 POLAR PLOT( : The figure 3 resembles 2-D view and it describes about polar plot of the microstrip patch antenna with respect to the ( variation. FIGURE 4: POLAR PLOT( ) The above figure 4 set forth in 2-D view tells us about the polar plot of the microstrip patach antenna with respect to ( ) variation.
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1612 FIGURE 5: FAR FIELD RADIATION The above figure 5 describes about the farfield radiation pattern of the microstrip patch antenna and total gain of the antenna, when the antennaisoperated at a resonant frequency of 1.518GHz. FIGURE 6: S-PARAMETER MAGNITUDE. The above figure 6 describes about the S-parameter magnitude S11 having a return loss gain of -43.88dBat a resonant frequency of 1.518GHz. FIGURE 7: Voltage standing wave ratio. The above figure7describesaboutstimulatedVSWRof rectangular microstrip patch antenna at 1.518GHz. COCLUSION: In this paper, microstrip patch antenna is successfully designed at an operating frequency of 1.518GHz. The gain obtained at this frequency is 3.367dB, VSWR is 1.012 and S-parameter magnitude is -43.886dB. REFERENCES [1]. C. A. Balanis, “Antenna Theory-Analysis & Design”, Wiley Inter-science Publication, Third Edition, 2005 [2]. R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. Bahl & A. Ittipiboon, “Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook”, Artech House Publication, 2000 [3]. Alak Majumder, “Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna using Coaxial Probe Feeding Technique to Operate in S-Band”, International Journal of Engineering Trends &Technology,Vol.4,Issue4,2013, pp.1206-1210. [4]. Girish Kumar, K.P.Ray, “Broadband Microstrip Patch Antennas”, Artech House Publication, 2000. [5]. K.D.Prasad, Antenna and wave propagation. [6]. John D.Kraus and Ronalatory Marhefka, "Antennas", Tata McGraw-Hill Book Company, 2002 [7] Dr. Max Ammnan, “Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas for the 2.4 GHz Band” Dublin Institute of Technology. [8] J. Huang (1983) The finite ground plane effect on the Microstrip Antenna radiation pattern, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagate, vol. AP-31, no. 7, pp. 649- 653. [9] Thomas A. Milligan, (2005) Modern Antenna Design, 2th edition, IEEE Interscience Press New York, chpp. 2, 6.
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