This document outlines a course on natural gas resources, covering topics such as types of natural gas, unconventional gas reservoirs, and processes involved in natural gas extraction and treatment. It aims to familiarize students with natural gas, its environmental impacts, and its geological context, along with providing an overview of the natural gas industry and its value chain. Key points include the historical development, composition, uses, and global production trends of natural gas, emphasizing the growing significance of shale gas and the secure supply of natural gas resources.

1. @Hassan Harraz 2018
Nature Gas
Prof. Dr. Hassan Z. Harraz
Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University
hharraz2006@yahoo.com
Spring 2018

2. Outline of Lectures:
Topic 1: Natural Gas (Overview).
Topic 2: Unconventional Gas Reservoir
Topic 3: Shale Gas
Topic 4:Coalbed Methane (CBM)
Topic 5: Tight Reservoir
Topic 6: Gas Hydrates
Topic 7: Hydraulic Fracturing.
Topic 8 : Separating and Treating Well Fluids
Topic 9 : Natural Gas Processes
Topic 10 : Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Life Cycle Overview.
Topic 11 : Egyptian Natural Gas Resource (Overview).
@Hassan Harraz 2018
Nature Gas
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3. Course objectives:
 The objectives of this course in Natural Gas Resources
are:
(i) acquainting students (majors and non-majors) with
the basic tools necessary for studying Natural Gas
deposits,
(ii) understanding the different types of Natural Gas,
(iii) understanding the processes of Natural Gas,
(iv) understanding the relationship between the
distribution of Natural Gas, and Plate Tectonics,
and
(vi) gaining some knowledge of the environmental
problems associated with the extraction and
utilization of Natural Gas Resources.

4. Introduction
 An Introduction to Natural Gas Deposits is to
geologists.
 This course provides a non-technical introduction to
the basic concepts of:
 Natural Gas Resources in :
 Natural Gas Accumulation Types
 Associated and Non-associated Gas
 Sweet and Sour Natural Gas
 Natural Gas Industry Value Chain
 Various Products of Raw Gas
 Natural Gas Supply
 Global Natural Gas Production
 With numerous examples, figures and images.
 Also included are some key aspects of the Liquefied Natural
Gas (LNG) Life Cycle Overview

5. Keywords:
Natural Gas
Unconventional Gas Reservoirs: Shale Gas; Coalbed
Methane (CBM); Tight Reservoir; Gas Hydrates
Hydraulic Fracturing.
Natural Gas Processes; Separating and Treating Well
Fluids
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Life Cycle Overview.
Egyptian Natural Gas Resource (Overview).

6. Follow me on Social Media
http://facebook.com/hzharraz
http://www.slideshare.net/hzharraz
https://www.linkedin.com/in/hassan-harraz-3172b235

7. Hassan Z. Harraz
hharraz2006@yahoo.com
Spring 2018
@Hassan Harraz 2018
Nature Gas
7

8. OUTLINES LECTURE
• This Introduction to Natural Gas overview includes:
@Hassan Harraz 2018 Nature Gas
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 NATURAL GAS
 Historical Perspective
 What is Natural Gas?
 Natural Gas Composition
 Characterization NaturalGas
 Types of Natural Gas
 Types of Natural Gas Liquids
 Condensate Natural Gas
 Types of NaturalGas Resources
 Resources vs. Reserves
VARIOUS PRODUCTS (or FRACTIONS) OF RAW GAS
USES OF NATURAL GAS
UNIT CONVERSION
 SUPPLY
 Evolution of Global Reserves by Region
 NaturalGas Resources
 Global Production
 NATURAL GAS VALUE CHAIN

9. INTRODUCTION
• ENERGY SCENARIO:
World’s marketing energy expanded from:
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 Liquid Fuel, Natural gas and coal account for 78% of total energy.
 Consumption of oil is predicted to fall in future.
Source-InternationalEnergyOutlook

10. Transformation in Energy Demand
• Oil consumption is predicted to fall from 33% to 30% in coming 10 years.
• Natural Gas and Non- Renewable sources dominating.
• Natural gas use increase but 1.9% per year
• Shale gas playing measure role.
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Why GAS HYDRATES for Natural Gas?
 As of 31 December 2013, 6846 Tcf of gross Natural gas
reserve estimated.
 Methane Hydrates is believed to be larger HC resource
than oil, or any natural gas.
 Estimated potential is from 500 years to 1500 years, as
per current consumption rate.
Source- British Petroleum Statics

11. First U.S. Natural Gas Well
In 1821, William Hart dug the first natural gas well in Fredonia, NY.
It was just 27 feet deep,
quite shallow compared
to today’s wells.
HISTORY OF NATURAL GAS
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12. Where does Natural Gas come from?

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15. 1) NATURAL GAS
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Benzene Methane Ethane Buthane Propane

16. 1.1) What is Natural Gas?

19. Main Components of Natural Gas
Methane Ethane
Principal Components
Heavier Hydrocarbons
Pentane Propane Butane
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20. Natural Gas Composition

22. Natural Gas: Dry vs. Wet
Do you know the difference between dry and wet natural gas?

23. 1.3) Types of Natural Gas
 Dry Gas.
 Wet Gas
 Condensates
 Natural gas liquids (NGLs)
 Sweet Gas
 Sour gas
 Acid gas
 Casinghead gas
 Residue Gas
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24. 1.3) Types of Natural Gas

25. Sweet and Sour Natural Gas

26. Raw Natural gas
 Raw natural gas may come from any one of three
types of gas wells:
Crude oil wells:
Dry gas wells:
Condensate wells:
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27. 27
Types of Natural Gas Liquids
 Commercial Propane:
 Commercial Butane:
 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG):
 Natural Gasoline:

28. Geology of Natural Gas Resources
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1.5) Types of Natural Gas Resources

29. Natural Gas Accumulation Types
Schematic showing the Geometryof Conventional and Unconventional Natural Gas Resources
Low permeability reservoirs contain GIP only in pervasive gas saturated regimes
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30. Types of Natural Gas Resources

31. Natural-gas Condensate/ Condensates

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??? Methane Hydrate

33. 1.7) Resources vs. Reserves
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RESOURCES RESERVES
Resources are estimated volumes of natural gas -
discovered or undiscovered
 Natural gas reserves have high
certainty estimates of volumes
that are recoverable, under
existing technological and
economic conditions.
 Reserves are accessible through
existing pipelines and markets.
Discovered resources Undiscovered resources
Estimates of discovered
resources are quantities of
gas in known reservoirs,
that may be remote from
existing pipelines and
markets.
Undiscovered resources
are estimates based on
geological data of gas
volumes thought to be
recoverable under current
or anticipated techno-
economic conditions.

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35. 2) VARIOUS PRODUCTS (or FRACTIONS) OF RAW GAS

36. Compare Natural Gas with Oil

37. Comparison between fuels-Petrol, Diesel, Natural gas, LPG and Electricity

38. 4) USES OF NATURAL GAS
What is Natural Gas used for?

39. Natural Gas Uses - Residential
• Residential sector natural gas uses include heating,
cooking, and fueling appliances such as water
heaters and clothes dryers.
Water Heaters & Clothes DryersCookingHeating
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40. Data: Energy Information Administration
Residential
38%
Commercial
10%
Industrial
26%
Transportation
2%
Electric
24%
Natural Gas Consumption by Sector of the Economy,
2011

41. 5) UNIT CONVERSION
• Natural gas can be measured in metric or imperial units:
• by energy content: Gigajoules (GJ) or Million British Thermal
Units (MMBtu)
• or by volume: Cubic Metres (m3) or Cubic Feet (cf)
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42. 6) NATURAL GAS
SUPPLY
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43. 6.1) Evolution of Global Reserves by Region
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44. 8.1) Evolution of Global Reserves by Region
The supply of natural gas is secure, accessible and affordable for
the foreseeable future.
Natural gas is a fuel that performs strongly on security of supply
considerations:
There are sufficient global deposit volumes to meet projected demand.
Deposits are geographically diverse.
Access is greater than it has ever been with the advances in LNG shipping
technologies and evolving business models.
“The remaining resources of natural gas are sufficient to
comfortably meet the projections of global demand growth to
2040 and well beyond.” (IEA,2017).
At the end of 2016, proven reserves were about 215 trillion cubic
meters (tcm), equal to around 60 years of production at current
output rates.
Global resources of natural gas are estimated at nearly 800 tcm,
around 45% of which are unconventional gas (tight gas, shale gas,
CBM), deposits of which are geographically more widespread
than conventional resources. (IEA,2017).
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46. 6.2) Natural Gas Resources

47. Gas Resource Pyramids
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48. 6.2) Natural Gas Resources
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The most
pronounced trend in
the evolution of
world’s proven
resources is the
divergence between
conventional and
unconventional
resources.

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Shale has been visibly growing, while the
conventional base is slowly reducing.

50. @Hassan Harraz 2018 Nature Gas 50

51. 6.3) Global Production
The world’s top six natural gas
producers are (2016):
1) United States (749 bcm)
2) Russia (579 bcm)
3) Iran (202 bcm)
4) Qatar (181 bcm)
5) Canada (152 bcm)
6) China (138 bcm)
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52. Gas Supply By Region
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53. Top 10 global gas developments in 2017
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55. Natural gas 2016 proven reserves and production by region (TCM)
Gas reserves are concentrated in Middle East and CIS, while
production is widely distributed globally
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56. Material new plays of the past decade – all Deepwater
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Global trends influencing exploration

57. 7) NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY VALUE CHAIN

58. LNG industry and Technology (or LNG Value Chain)
1)Exploration and
Production
2)Liquefaction
3)Transportation
3.1)Pipe
3.2) Shipping
3.3) Tanker
4) Regasification
5) Storage
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59. References
Masters JA (1979): “Deep Basin Gas Trap, Western Canada,” AAPG Bulletin
63, No. 2: 152.
Rogner H-H (1996). “An Assessment of World
Hydrocarbon Resources,” IIASA, WP–96–26, May
1996.
IGU World LNG Report – 2015 Edition
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