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Approaches to counselling
- 1. Approaches to counselling Shujaat Ali MEd. AKU-IED Visiting Lecturer Department of Educational Development KIU Skardu Campus
- 2. OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENTATION īļIntroduction īŽ Need of counselling īŽ Need of a framwork īļmain approaches used by professional counsellors, īļCognitive, Psychodynamic, Humanistic And Behavioural Approaches īļ There are many more approaches
- 3. Introduction īļ Counselling is to assist individuals in âĸ Learning about themselves âĸ Learning about environment around them âĸ Relationship of individual to environment īļ Conscious effort to help in learning about Role and responsibilities âĸ Not always remedial âĸ understanding the behaviour pattern âĸ Undesirable pattern and change in behaviour âĸ Emotional and interpersonal adjustment
- 4. Need of guidance and counselling īļNeed for Personal adjustment īŽ Problems of adjustment is universal ī What is adjustment??? īŽ in biology Adaptation īŽ in psychology how an individual manages living by his/her wisdom īļYoung and adults determination of psychological and social identity
- 5. Frustration is Frustration īŽ prevent (a plan or action) from progressing, succeeding, or being fulfilled. prevent (someone) from doing or achieving something. īŽ 2 cause (someone) to feel dissatisfied or unfulfilled. īŽ Inferiority
- 6. Need of guidance and counselling īļ Personal adjustment in crucial situations īŽ Elementary level students are in developmental stage i.e. physical, social emotional and personality īŽ Need of a referee/ critical friend īŽ High school level students need physique relationship, skills behavioural aspects and values īŽ At dropout situations of schooling period
- 7. ContâĻ īŽ At college level Adult learners need support in problems like crime, offence and drugs īŽ
- 8. Task īŽ How teaching is different from counselling????
- 9. Approaches to counselling īļNeed of a theory īŽ âA system composed of emperical dataderived from observation and/or experimentation, and of their interpretation â īŽ Counselling is based on a theory īŽ A theory becomes an approach when it is practiced for problem solving īŽ From many approaches we will discuss
- 10. Approaches to counselling âĸ Humanistic approach â Self- Actualization â Person centered ī§ Cognitive approach ī§ Behaviouristic approach ī§ Eclectic approach
- 11. Self actualization of Abraham H Maslow
- 13. Humanistic Approach īļBelieves in īŽ Self-perfecting īŽ Personal growth īŽ Creativity and self-sufficiency
- 14. The counsellr īŽ Freedom-determination īŽ Rationality-irrationality īŽ Holism-elementalism īŽ Constitusionism - environmentalism īŽ Changability - unchangeability īŽ Proactive-reactive īŽ Homeostasis - hetrostasis īŽ Knowability- unknowability
- 15. Huministic theory īŽ Person centered by Carl Rogers īŽ Client centered- A theory of therapy īŽ People are positively motivated īŽ Individuals are rationalized īŽ In reasonable situations individual can guide , control, and regulate him/herself īŽ Three basic constituent
- 16. Three basic constituent of personality 1. The organism 2. The phenomenal field 3. The self īŽ People are fully functioning/person in process īŽ Reinstitute the process towards self actualization
- 17. Conditions for Counselling īŽ Psychological contact īŽ Minimum state of anxiety īŽ Counsellor genuineness īŽ Unconditioned positive regard īŽ empathetic understanding īŽ Client perception
- 18. Conditions for counselling īļ Humanists School of Thought īŽ the counselor as facilitator īŽ Enabling the client to make decisions īŽ the child-centered and existential approaches to counseling together with the pastoral and African counseling approaches incorporates religious beliefs and insights in their practice, (Hagedorn, 1992).
- 19. EXISTENTIAL MODEL īŽ Borrowed heavily from the existentialist philosophers. īŽ The existential approach is one, which, more than any other, stresses the individualâs capacity for freedom and choice (Hough, 2006). īŽ Search for meaning is at the core of existence īŽ Inability to find this meaning is the source of peopleâs problems (Hough, 2006; Beckie, 1964). īŽ The role of a counselor to assist the clients to find meaning in their lives reduce the anxiety
- 20. EXISTENTIAL MODEL īŽ Individuals who lack meaning characterized by such behavioral tendencies as hopelessness, personal neglect, disorderliness, untidiness and filth, lack of initiativeness and focus, together with harboring suicidal tendencies. īŽ Get out of these negative and life threatening behavioral inclinations. īŽ To adjust effectively to the demands of
- 21. The Cognitive School of Thought īļCognitive learning theory īŽ People become what they are through their thoughts and perceptions. īŽ Individual has unique experience and interpretation of environment īŽ Behavior and emotions originate from thoughts, which are influenced by positive or negative perceptions based on past, present or future events (Hough, 2006; Kiriswa, 2005; Mwiti, 2005).
- 22. ContâĻ īŽ Negative perceptions anxiety and life threatening feelings manifested by nervousness, fear to make initiatives, withdrawal and isolation from the group, as well as the general lack of motivation t īŽ Positive perceptions creativity, versatility in actions and the general self motivation in education, play, personal hygiene and grooming acts of gregariousness, socializing and forging of healthy relationships
- 23. īŽ development of effective individuals. īŽ Using this school of thought, counselors assist īŽ to improve and modify their personal effectiveness by helping them analyze and change their thought patterns through interactive counseling sessions. īŽ Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy is derived from this school of thought.
- 24. The behavioral School of thought īŽ Based on the work of a group of behavioral psychologists interested in the nature of human learning. īŽ Observation of human behavior and the way in which behavior is perpetuated throughout life by the process of reinforcement and punishment (hough, 2006; yalom, 2004) īŽ Human beings are born without any information, a condition referred to as tabula rasa (Akongâa, 2009).
- 25. The behavioral School of thought īŽ Individualsâ interactions with the environment for learning; learning from their interactions with the environment. īŽ The role of guidance and counseling to enable to identify the appropriate learning opportunities that lead to desired results and avoid undesirable stimulus (stimuli )
- 26. PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING . Guidance and counseling is based on psychological theories formulated through research and scientific inquiry. Theories help in the understanding of human behavior with regard to causes and effective ways of its modification
- 27. THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH īŽ work of Sigmund Freudâs (1856-1939) theory of psychoanalysis. īŽ unconscious motivation, psychosexual stages of development, innate sexual and aggressive drive, links between childhood and present behavior and the nature of defense mechanisms and their use (Hough, 2006). people are, affected by unconscious motives and drives.
- 28. THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY īŽ Human beings relate to their environments through their various levels of consciousness (Hagedorn, 1992). īŽ Three levels of consciousness which influence the behaviour īŽ Preconscious level īŽ Subconscious level īŽ The unconscious level (Coon and Mitterer, 2007; Patri, 2005).
- 29. THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY īŽ psychoanalysis enables to uncover the repressed psychic forces īŽ psychological techniques of free association, dream analysis and hypnosis. īŽ administration and interpretation of projective techniques īŽ thematic apperception tests and hypnosis īŽ Mediating irrational fears and phobia īŽ Learnersâ earlier experiences are exposed, understood resolved using the psychoanalytic procedures of behavior modification.
- 30. RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY (REBT) īŽ propounded by Ellis (1979). īŽ combination of the cognitive and behavioral approaches to counseling. īŽ stoic philosophers (Rao, 1992). people are disturbed not by things, events or other people but by the perceptions they take of things, events or other people (Hough, 2006; Mwiti, 2005; Rao, 1992).
- 31. ContâĻ īŽ Counselor to help the client to emote or self- expression of all that is causing psychic pain īŽ helps to realistically lessen a personâs anxiety through the skilled help īŽ Counselorsâ capability in the use of cathartic interventions, self-disclosures, interviewing and other listening skills are emphasized.
- 32. Some other models īŽ ECLECTIC MODEL OF COUNSELING īŽ PASTORAL MODEL OF COUNSELING īŽ TRADITIONAL AFRICAN GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING APPROACH
- 33. Conclusion īŽ Practitioners require to be grounded in clear understanding of the various guidance and counseling theories and approaches īŽ Counselors and practitioners must understand the tools of understanding human behavior īŽ Effective counseling requires sound understanding of theories and approaches that drive the practice.