Leadership And The Psychodynamic Approach

Leadership And The Psychodynamic Approach
In my opinion, even though it was assumed that some people are naturally born leaders, it was also
argued that certain leadership traits can be developed through experiences. With reference to the
leadership trait questionnaire that I have done previously, one of my stronger character trait that was
reflected was empathy. Cross referencing this to the Psychodynamic approach, under the Myers
Briggs personality test, I found myself to be an INFP – Introversion, intuition, feeling, perception.
The main core trait associated with those who are classified as an INFP was coincidentally empathy
as well where those under that category aim to seek harmony and authenticity in our relationship
with others. (Northouse, 2013) That is something I have to agree with as I constantly find myself
trying to put myself in other's shoes so as to better relate and understand their perspective. ... Show
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(Cited in Northouse 2013, Eagly & Jognson 1990) conducted an analysis regarding gender issues,
and identified that women tend to adopt this style of leadership more as compared to men and this
style involves everyone and has proven to increase productivity due to the increased communication
and contribution made by participants which gives them the opportunity to freely voice out their
opinions and views and this in turn allows me build a positive rapport with them and understand
their way of thinking. In the context of the LPC measure, I would see myself as a more people
oriented leader as I enjoy seeing everyone in harmony and would always ensure that everyone is
agreeable to something before making a
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Psychodynamic Approach To Counselling
Counselling theories provide a framework for counsellors to interpret a clientâ€™s behaviour,
thoughts, and feelings and help them navigate a clientâ€™s journey from diagnosis to post–
treatment .The theories refer to the principles and theory of how different forms of counselling
should work, it deals with the assumptions and hypotheses about the process of human development
, the problems and difficulties that can arise at various stages in our life time as a result of
environmental influences and others . There are many counselling theories and all of them have their
own techniques some are similar or extended version of original theories but all aim to provide the
counsellor with a framework. COUNSELLING THEORIES Psychodynamic Approach â€"Based

Psychodynamic Therapeutic Approach
The choice of therapeutic approach is critical to the effectiveness of any therapeutic plan. In some
cases, a particular approach has become a universal standard: such as cognitive behavioral therapy
for the treatment of phobias. More often, there is a range of potentially suitable approaches.
Numerous factors constrain the possibilities: the nature of the presenting problem or psychological
issue, the client's level of commitment to change, whether the client is an individual, family, or
group are all factors. Practical considerations are also relevant: the cost of treatment and limits of
insurance coverage, the duration of sessions and total length of treatment, and legal or institutional
constraints. The client's preference is also extremely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The individual format would be ideal. Family therapy would be impractical since my daughter is
already an adult. A group therapy format would not be conducive to the depth of personal insight
expected. The brief format, preferably with around 12 weekly sessions, would be more feasible than
going through years of therapy. Psychodynamic psychotherapy is particularly well suited in my case
since it emphasizes the client's relationship with the primary caregiver. This would be my mother
and the issues surrounding her death. Another approach might be advisable if there were issues of
substance abuse, mental illness, or a trauma–related disorder such as post–traumatic stress disorder
(McDaniel, Lusterman, & Philpot, 2001; Rothschild, 2000). My goal in seeking therapy would be to
attain greater insight into the significance of my daughter–mother relationship and how her death
has impacted me. Improving my coping skills might be a part of the picture. Since many years have
passed since my mother's death, immediate grief support and management would not be a pressing
concern. In short, since my primary therapeutic goals would revolve around self–understanding of
my relationship with my mother, brief psychodynamic psychotherapy would be a perfect

Psychodynamic Approach
Dylan's has been diagnosed with depression. As with all mental health problem, the psychological
explanations have contrasting views within different perspectives. The proposed causes involve the
biological, psychodynamic, humanistic, behaviourist and cognitive models. All the perspectives
have their own methods of treatment, but also come with strengths and weaknesses. Throughout this
essay I will be evaluating Dylan's behaviour from three different approaches which are the
cognitive, psychodynamic and biological model. The biological would assume Dylan depressions
would have physical causes. E.g. genetics. The psychodynamic would claim his depression stems
from his childhood experiences and the cognitive would state it is how Dylan thinks ... Show more
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Dylan sees himself as a failure in fatherhood, work and had failed academically. The cognitive
approach considers this have stemmed from childhood experiences which are often from negative
parental interactions. This may be the case with Dylan. The cognitive argue that it is the thinking
process that has occurred in Dylan between the stimulus and response and that is responsible for his
feelings he feels that form his response (depression). The Cognitive Approach argue that
psychological abnormality (depression) begins with faulty cognitions (negative thinking),
maladaptive thoughts and behaviours, which led to consequences of depression to himself. Albert
Ellis (1957) proposed that some individual's assumptions are irrational, which guild them to act and
respond in negative ways that are inappropriate. The ABC model is a major aid in what Albert
believed in and plays a key role in cognitive therapy today. The studies conducted by Butler and
Beck (2000) analysed the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and it concluded
about "80% of adult's benefit from this therapy" (Mcleod,2008). This is a major strength of the
cognitive model and still widely used in the NHS today, which indicates its effectiveness in terms of
treatment. However (Lewisohn, 1981) studies suggest that negative thinking may be a

The psychodynamic approach is an example of a psychological approach to mental illness. It has
many advantages such as that it gives importance and focuses on the effects that childhood
experiences have on the developing personality. The advantages to this approach is that Sigmund
Freud was one of the first few psychologists to study childhood which then helped psychologists
such as Piaget to create theories on childhood such as Little Hans who had a fear of horses. The
Psychodynamic approach takes both nature and nurture into consideration which is good because it
highlights how important both are for the explanation of a disorder. Freud's childhood experiences
looked at nurture but on the other hand the ID, Ego and Super–ego looked at nature ... Show more
The methods are measurable and observable which gives validity such as Bandura's bobo doll study
on aggression. The Weakness here is that it focuses on the psychological/environmental side and
assumes all behaviour is learned however cognitive and biological aspects have evidence to prove
that it affects behaviour such as the assumption that people learn behaviour by observing others
getting rewarded for the actions they take. Biological approach is scientifically proven so this
provides accurate explanation for the causes of disorders whereas the psychological approach has
many theories and it lacks medical/scientific ideas. There are also measurable experiments and
research carried out which can be repeated for reliability. Psychologists have control over the
variables such as in Selye's study of rats which led to him developing the theory of General
Adaptation Syndrome. It is also deterministic as it increases the chances of treating people with
abnormal behaviour. It also gives explanations of the causes of

Psychodynamic Approach Essay
Psychodynamic Approach Psychodynamic thinking is unconscious human behavior. This behavior
is the relationship between different parts of the mind based on a human's pervious experiences. In a
person's early years of childhood, they create a distinctive yet unconscious way for regulating their
emotions. As a child grown, these unconscious decisions become part of a developing brain's
neuronal structure and brain chemistry and are carried and shown throughout a person's life (Cox,
Bachkirova, & Clutterbuck, 2014). This structure then transforms the way a person relates
themselves to others. The psychodynamic approach is a broad process based on a person's
unconscious behavior. The Clinical Paradigm is the framework in which we apply the
psychodynamic approach. It uncovers subconscious human behavior. Understanding the
psychodynamic process, we can better understand leader and followers and why they do what they
do (Northhouse, 2016). The Clinical Paradigm states that there is reasoning or logical explanation
behind every human action. Next it declares that things such as fear and feeling are blind to people
and some people are not always alert to these mental behaviors. Lastly, the paradigm explains that a
person is the way they are due to the way they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Samuel has shown to be an extraordinary leader with both charisma and drive, but has also shown
qualities of manic depression and inflexible nature. Though the bipolar disorder affects 4% of the
nation, some have more server mood swings that others. In this case Samuel cannot tell the
difference in his personalities and is now affecting not only his professional life, but also his family
life. At work Samuel sometimes becomes over excited and has the concept of being bulletproof,
which leads to him being very unreasonable and has lead him and his followers to fall into the red.
Because of this, the board of trustees is now having to

Psychodynamic Approach To Behaviourism Essay
Behaviourism, also known as the behaviouristic approach is based on several underlying
assumptions regarding methodology and behavioural analysis. Behaviourists believe that
psychology should be seen as a science and therefore theories must be proved using controlled
experiments whilst observing behaviour. Behaviourism is mainly concerned with observable
behaviour rather than internal processes such as emotions. The psychodynamic approach to
psychology is in complete contrast to that of the behavioural approach. Psychodynamic theorists
look for the causes of behaviour in a dynamic interplay of inner motivational forces that often
conflict with one another. They also suggest that many of these motivational determinants of
behaviour are unconscious ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As previously stated, behaviourists regard psychology as a science, therefore they believe that
assumptions and theories need to be tested and controlled in order to examine the response.
Behaviourism is not as concerned with internal events such as thinking and emotion as it is with
observable action. Behaviour can be explained simply by the association between a stimulus and a
response. There are both simple stimuli and complex stimuli all of which bring about a response.
Responses can be explicit which refers to movements or actions which can be observed be
behaviourists, Watson states that responses can also be implicit, for example nerve impulses which
can also be observed by behaviourists with the use of the correct equipment. Finally behaviourism is
based on the theoretical assumption that behaviour is learned through ones environment. This
behaviour is learned through classical or operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is the way in
which an organism learns to associate two stimuli such that one stimulus comes to elicit a response
that was originally elicited only by the other stimulus (Holt, 2012). Holt describes operant learning
as the way in which behaviour is influenced by consequences that follow it (Holt,

Psychodynamic Approach And The Existential Approach
Psychotherapy and counselling are inseparable. The effectiveness of a counselling program is not
just based on the connectedness and interaction between a therapist and a client, but also the
framework of the counselling approach in helping the client improving his mental health or
overcoming personal problems. There are an extensive number of psychotherapies developed by
past researchers, with each therapeutic concept offering unique contributions in understanding
human behaviour and useful implications for counselling practice (Bedi et al., 2011). Among these
therapeutic approaches are the psychodynamic approach and the existential approach. An example
of existential approach psychotherapy is the person–centred therapy that was introduced by Carl
Rogers in the 1940s. Person–centred therapy (PCT) focuses on the quality of the person–to–person
therapeutic relationship; it places faith and gives responsibility to the client in dealing with problems
and concerns (Corey, 2009, p. 30). On the other hand, for the psychodynamic approach, Sigmund
Freud, the core founder of this approach developed psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a therapy
aimed to treat mental disorder. It is a set of techniques for treating the unconscious causes of mental
disorders; as well as to explain the underlying factors of how human personality and abnormality
develop from childhood (Corey, 2009, p. 30). This paper examines the similarities and differences
between psychoanalytic therapy and

Strengths And Weaknesses Of A Psychodynamic Approach To...
While psychodynamic and behavioural approaches are the two major approaches to personality, they
view personality from different perspective. Psychodynamic approach argues personality is caused
by forces in the unconscious but not learnt. Individuals have little control over their behaviour as it
is predetermined, and early childhood plays a crucial part in shaping one's personality. Behavioural
approach, on the other hand, recognizes personality as learnt and focuses only on present behaviour
matters. Given the differences, it has been argued whether, in terms of scientific merit,
psychodynamic or behavioural approach is more comprehensive. The strengths of psychodynamic
approach are consideration of childhood experiences and recognition of the unconscious part. On the
contrary, behavioural approach focuses on behaviour that can be scientifically measured and
verified, and recognizes the importance of external environment on personality. From the above
arguments, it is finally concluded, in term of methodology and testability, behavioural approach is
more comprehensive. Introduction The scientific merit of psychodynamic and behavioural
approaches to personality is quite different in terms of supporting whether personality is largely
inborn or learnt. The term "scientific merit" here is defined as the methodology employed and
testability of the approaches. On one hand, it has been argued psychodynamic approach relies too
heavily on unconscious mind whose existence is hard

Psychodynamic Approaches And The Psychodynamic Approach
The purpose of understanding and utilizing a variety of psychodynamic approaches is for the
humanistic well–being, in connection with the client using a client –centered therapeutic approach.
The reason for using a psychodynamic approach is unveiling the conscious and unconscious mind,
from the client's emotional state of mind. The psychodynamic approach focuses on the beginning
stages of the clients childhood years, typically analyzing events from birth breaking from six years
old. The human mind unconscious and conscious state determines who we are and how we will be
from our past carrying over to our present, and dictating our future. Henceforth, the effects of our
state of mind come from past events in our subconscious mind, which plays a major role in our adult
life. As an illustration, Sigmund Fraud, a psychologist theoretical ordained the importance of
childhood events, which play a major part in our daily lives. The definition of psychodynamic
approach is unconscious thoughts, pressures of society, family events, people's childhood event, and
biological forces. A professional person in the area of psychology must be in tune, with the client
using empathy and code of ethics. For example, the theories are psychoanalysis, analytical, or
individual approach which deals with the person's state of well–being.
Second, the therapeutic sides explore a ray of techniques from a psychodynamic approach, with an
umbrella for therapeutic approaches using Psychoanalysis,

Psychodynamic Approach To Psychology
When comparing the behaviouristic and psychodynamic approaches to psychology, it is important to
remember that they are both branches of psychology and both have many similarities and
differences. By definition behaviourism is 'the theory that human and animal behaviour can be
explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological
disorders are best treated by altering behaviour patterns'. (Oxford English Dictionary, (2006)). It was
first considered by John B. Watson (1978–1958). Watson believed that he could change the views of
people and in 1921 he started a career in advertising using applied psychology methods. It was
Sigmund Freud who founded the psychodynamic approach to psychology in the late ... Show more
There are two of methods associated with the behaviouristic approach 1.Classical conditioning and
2.Opperant conditioning. Classical conditioning is shown when a neutral stimulus needs certain
properties of the unconditioned stimulus, through matching the unconditioned stimulus with a
neutral stimulus. Behaviour is controlled by association. Operant conditioning is demonstrated when
the reinforcing consequences immediately following the response increases its future likelihood
(Lisa Bustamante, et al. 1996.). For example Skinner (1904–1990) who was considered the best
behavioural psychologist of all time, undertook many experiments looking at learning processes and
how stimuli effect a performance. Psychodynamic methods of investigation are clinically derived
rather than scientifically experimented in the behaviouristic approach. Most psychodynamic
experiments are done by observations taking into consideration the views of the person being
observed. Sigmund Freud a renowned psychodynamic psychologist and physician believed that by
using his patients for analysis in the area of psychodynamics he would be able to get a basis to his
work. This involved treating patients that had intense fears and phobias, however Freud couldn't
understand why the fear was there in the first place because there was no physical trait that could
explain it. Freud believed that there were different levels of consciousness and that when
unconscious forces are too strong they can result in clinical conditions such as anxiety (Lee. L,
2015). Which led to the conclusion that fears must be developed in the sub–conscious

Psychodynamic Approach Analysis
Jones and Butman (2012) in chapter four point out that contemporary psychodynamic approaches,
although they originate from Freud's view of personality development, psychodynamic view are less
biological and mechanistic. Psychodynamic approaches focuses more on individuals' cognitive and
interpersonal process. Jones and Butman argue that psychodynamic approaches are divided into
three views: ego Psychology, object–relations and self–psychology. These theories propose that
caregivers or parents should foster both independence, and protection and nurturance so as to deter
personality disturbances. The ego psychology model argues that personality development occurs
across the life span. The theory suggests that the ego strives for adaptability,

Psychodynamic Approach To Psychology Essay
What is Psychology? The definition of psychology is a person scientifically studying the behavior
and mental processes of a human being. Psychology is trying to answer the questions of why people
act the way that they do, and what causes them to act that way. Philosophy was a debate about the
nature of thought, behavior, and how this linked to the mind and the body. René Descartes argued
that philosophers focus their attention on the mind because he believed that the mind and body are
sperate. From this psychology grew. Today natural selection plays a big role in the way that we look
at psychology. For instance showing that behavior is adaptive depending on what one goes through
in life.
There are six contemporary approaches to psychology: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is the psychodynamic approach. One essential feature that this approach brings to psychology
is that instinct is passed down from parents are buried deep down inside of them and they don't
know it. Another feature is their sexual and aggressive impulse influence how people think, feel and
behave. Also, events that happen early on in a person's life shape their personality. Psychodynamic
Approach is done by clinical application research this is a huge part of psychology and studying
people. It places some attention on the cultural experiences a person goes through to determine their
behavior. The cognitive approach essential features bring the mental process into psychology. It
allows a psychologist to study the mental process of a human. What causes them to process
information in a certain way.The cognitive approach believes that humans mental process are in
control of how they act due to memories, perceptions, images, and thinking. The behavioral
neuroscience approach is essential to psychology because it looks at a human beings brain and
nervous system as the

The psychodynamic perspective in psychology led by Sigmund Freud proposes there are
psychological forces underlying how human behaviour, feel, and respond to emotions, and
suggested that psychological processes are as a result of the psychological energy he called libido
which primarily determines the function of the complex human brain (Walinga n.d.). according to
Chaplin and Krawiec 1962 the psychoanalytic movement which is both a theory and a therapeutic
technique, developed outside of academic circles, and thus has never attempted to take a systematic
on the issues of mental process. However, McLeod (2017) and Walinga (n.d.) it later in the 1030s
Freud developed a collection of theories which now formed the bases for the psychodynamic
approach as we now have it in response to the reductionist approach of structuralism, biological
approach, and functionalist approach as it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, it is safe to say an individual's unconscious mind comprises mental processes that are
inaccessible to consciousness but influence judgments, feelings, or and behaviour (Wilson, 2002 as
cited in McLeod 2017). The psychodynamic approach see human functioning as based upon the
interaction of drives and forces within the person unconsciousness, and between the different
structures of the individual's personality, therefore, every behaviour has a cause (usually
unconscious) and all behaviour is determined which psychodynamic a determinist approach as it
views all behaviours as caused exclusively by unconscious factors over which individual have no
control (McLeod

A Freudian Slip exposes one's subconscious thoughts and beliefs. This derives from Dr. Sigmund
Freud who was founder of the study of psychoanalysis also known as the study of the unconscious
mind. Freud believed that much of people's behavior is determined by unconscious thoughts,
memories etc. He compared the mind to an iceberg, with the tip of the iceberg being the conscious
mind and the larger part as being the unconscious mind. Bernstein (1997)
Further key issues within Freudian, or psychoanalytic approach is include the structure of mental
apparatus, that being the Id, Ego and Super Ego (McLeod, 2003), three connecting systems that
constantly interact with one another in order to regulate the behaviour of the individual (Hough,
1998).
The Id is a container of primitive or innate instincts and impulses that Freud theorised as the
ultimate motivation for human behaviour. There are said to be two core drives within the Id. Eros,
which the life instinct is relating to love and sex, and Thanatos, the death instinct relating to
aggression and hate. The Id is powered by the pleasure principle and is irrational (McLeod, 2003)
(Feltham and Dryden, 2004).
The Ego is the decisive, rational part and conscious part of the mind that deals with external reality
(McLeod, 2003). Freud supposed that the ego surfaced from the Id to arbitrate between the Id and
the external world. (Feltham and Dryden, 2004), The Ego is logical, and incorporates problem
solving abilities, memory and

Sigmund Freud's Psychodynamic Approach
Psychodynamic Approach was first established by Freud in the 1880's (Reeves 2013). It can be
defined as a therapy that distinguishes individuals based upon the collaboration of initiatives and
influences within the person, predominantly unconscious, and amongst the diverse forms of their
personality (Hough 1994). Hence the counsellor's aim is to support the client in bringing their
unconscious mind into consciousness.
Similarly the Psychodynamic Approach is used within counselling thinking and practise by
counsellors urging the client to evaluate their childhood or early year's memories so they are able to
establish a subconscious perspective, which will result in the client being able to release any
negative thoughts that are restricting them, allied with their previous experiences. This is established
by counsellors using Freud's three related elements which he believes are a part of an individual's
personality, these are "Id, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If this is not in place it has a direct impact on the client's relationship with the counsellor, as a
boundary comes in place which enables the client to feel reserved when discussing personal matters,
as he or she feels there isn't any trust between them.
Confidentiality is used within counselling thinking and practise by counsellors respecting client's
privacy and seclusion without the client having a fear that their information will be disclosed.
Counsellors are responsible for making sure the BACP guidelines are monitored, so work
accordingly. However counsellors are only permitted to pass on information without client's
permission under exceptional circumstances, if they are deeply alarmed that there is a serious risk to
the client or others e.g. suicide then they may need to refer outside of the

The psychodynamic approach on the study of human behaviour is based around the work of
Sigmund Freud.
Freud believed that when people explainied their own behaviour to themselves or to someone else,
we rarely gave a true account of our motivation. However, this wasn't because people are trying to
lie on purpose. Freud suggested that the majority of human behaviour is influenced by things we are
not consciously aware of and that our 'deeper' motivations are not seen but hidden away. Freud
called the part of the mind that we do know about and are aware of, the 'conscious' and the part we
don't know about and are unaware of, the 'unconscious'. Freud also said that between our conscious
and unconscious state, we have our middle, the 'preconscious. ... Show more content on
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Like the ID, it wants to please, but it does it in a realistic way and that means it helps to benefit in
the long term not just in the short term. Basically, its function is to get you your happiness but to
also take into account other factors that may result from it at the end that are negative. For example,
buying your favourite pair of trainers that are quite expensive, giving you that short burst of
happiness, but not looking to see if you can afford them yet... That is what the Ego does and it
allows you to make a more thought out decision that just having unorganised thoughts.
Superego – This reflects our cultural differences and our individual rules. This can be brought about
by our guidance from our parents or something that we have grown up knowing that now becomes
our morals. The superego holds our feelings that include our conscious, and our ego ideas. It acts as
a criticiser of our drives and prohibits wrong doing by using our conscious. It can be thought of as a
conscious that punishes bad behaviour with feelings of guilt. For example, the feeling of guilt
coming from being

Psychotherapy: Comparing the Psychodynamic and Cognitive–Behavioral Approaches
Up to one in four adults in America suffer from some kind of mental illness, but as many as 80
percent of those suffering will not seek any form of treatment. According to David Susman PhD, a
clinical psychologist and mental health advocate, in his blog post "8 Reasons Why People Don't Get
Treatment for Mental Illness" this is likely due to many factors such as social stigmatization of those
with mental illness, widespread lack of awareness surrounding what is unhealthy, and
misunderstanding or distrust of the functionality of potential treatments. While there are
undoubtedly many other factors that contribute to an individual choosing not to seek help, all three
of these factors can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In her book Therapeutic Approaches in Psychology, Susan Cave explains that "psychoanalysis aims
to effect a cure by uncovering [the] unconscious conflicts in the course of analysis and by helping
the patient to deal with them rationally." This approach should result in a "fundamental personality
change" thereby freeing the patient of "neurotic disorders". Psychodynamic therapists operate under
the notion that treating symptoms alone will not cure the underlying issue and "may well result in
symptom substitution, where by a replacement disorder develops". Cave goes on to report that,
cognitive–behavioral therapy or CBT, in contrast, keeps "its focus on the present rather than the
past, makes the general assumption that interaction with the world is carried out via a process of
interpretations and inferences about things that happen to us" and, although "these cognitive
processes can become distorted, they are accessible to consciousness and the individual has the
power to change them." Therefore, the therapeutic content a session will differ between these two
domains of

Comparing Psychodynamic And In Psychodynamic Approach
that all humans are fundamentally rational and have a positive outlook and can deal with situations
in a rational manner where as in psychodynamic it would refer we are influenced by things and are
natural instincts good or bad. What we can determine is in fact we are a combination of all of the
above and never is right or wrong. Another statement would the best model is that of the whole
person, In psychodynamic the best way is to break personality down into component parts here we
are having two different approaches whereas the first takes the whole person into consideration and
the sum total of parts makes the whole in psychodynamics we reverse this into breaking the whole
down into sections or parts for investigation and take each part as a separate entity. In humanistic ...
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The next example we decide what happens to us and in psychodynamic the outside influence control
us and are actions so in the first example we control are situation and actions where as in the second
example itâ€™s the outside world that controls are reactions Further examples are that the
individual controls behavior and in psychodynamic stimuli controls us here we are saying in the first
example that we are in control of our behavior of our own free will and in the second example
outside stimuli controls are

The Psychodynamic Approach To Psychology
The psychodynamic approach is an approach to psychology that emphasizes systematic study of the
psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might
relate to early experience. Sigmund Freud the founder of the psychodynamic approach to
psychology or psychoanalysis. While he led the process to look at subconscious thoughts and
desires most of his beliefs were wrong. Some beliefs are that our behavior and feelings as adults
(including psychological problems) are rooted in our childhood experiences, Personality is made up
of three parts: the id, ego and superego. Parts of the unconscious mind (the id and superego) are in
constant conflict with the conscious part of the mind (the ego).
Using this approach focuses on the analysis of the subconscious. When treating Obsessive
Compulsive Disorder a psychologist will propose therapy. The first thing a therapist might
recommed it to try as hard as possible to not commit the action they want to commit. Paired with
medication this can be a very effective tool. Analyze the compulsion to the environmental events
and to other factor that increase compulsion. Then to document what the patient avoids doing or
exposing themselves to in order to avoid the compulsion. After doing all of these steps they decide
how long they have to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The social–cultural theory grew from the work of seminal psychologist Lev Vygotsky, who believed
that parents, caregivers, peers and the culture at large were responsible for developing higher order
functions. Religion and someone's cultural life can play a very huge role on how someone develops
and what their beliefs are. This perspective might explore how expressions of anger may vary across
cultural

The Psychodynamic Approach To Depression
Psychological issues are often regarded as being permeant. Patients are so called "cured" and receive
treatment to better themselves but are referred to also as being "in remission". The stigma of the
being labeled as having a mental illnesses is a permanent label that follows a person everyday of
their life. A strength of the sociocultural approach to depression is the treatment involved in helping
the patient. Through the use of treatments such as family therapy, the psychologist is treating the
family as a whole rather than the single person who is depressed. Family therapy has the ability to
drastically increase the chances of a person to recover from depression and enter remission. Society
is primarily responsible for individuals for causing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Genetic variants have a small effect on overall risks of developing diseases and disorders but a need
for environmental factors as well is required to develop disorders such as depression. From the
biological approach, an issue arises with the claims that genes have the ability to cause depression
due to the fact that studies have shown no single gene has the power alone to cause someone to
develop depression which shows it is necessary for a sociocultural factors to be involved. A study
was done to determine the extent of the relationship between twins and the genetic inheritance of
depression. Nurnberger and Gershon (1982) conducted a study to reveal the relationship between
genes and depression (Miller 47). The study included a review of the results of seven twins who
suffered from depression. The concordance rates for depression were higher in monozygotic twins,
65% average, than dizygotic twins, 14% average. Although the concordance rates were higher in
monozygotic twins, the concordance rate is still very low in comparison to 100%. Therefore, the
study cannot definitely state anything that says genetic inheritance is 100% responsible for the
concordance rates without taking into considerations environmental and psychological factors. The
sociocultural level of analysis takes a

Gad's Psychodynamic Approach
According to (Rathgeber 1990) "social feminist have identified the social construction of production
and reproduction as the basis of women's oppression and have focused attention on the social
relations of gender, questioning the validity of roles that have been ascribed to both women and men
in different societies". In many societies women have been systematically instilled to be inferior to
men and have been assigned secondary role. GAD emerged to examine these social constructions.
(Parpart et.al 2000) "State that GAD approach argued that women's status in society is deeply
affected by their material conditions of life and by their position in the national, reginal and global
economies, further more women are deeply affected by the nature of patriarchal power in their
societies at the national, community and household levels". This however differ in different societies
as both patriarchal authority and women's material conditions are maintained by the accepted norms
and values that define women's and men's role in society. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
GAD focus on interconnecting all social structures that are believed to influence women's
subordination to try and improve them. (Ratheger 1990) "State that GAD projects are designed to
empower women and to give them an equal voice by recognizing the full spectrum of their
knowledge, experience and activities, including both productive and reproductive labor, further
GAD approach sees women as agents of change rather than as passive recipients of development
assistance, and it stresses the need for women to organize themselves for a more effective political

Essay The Psychodynamic Approach
The psychodynamic approach focuses on individuals who behave in a certain way due to having
emotional feelings buried deep inside their unconscious mind. The theory was developed by
Sigmund Freud who was a psychologist. The use of the psychodynamic approach within health and
social care helps individuals understand and support patients who are undergoing the
psychodynamic process as it is generally used around the world. This essay aims to show my
understanding of the approach and the ways health and social care workers could apply the theory to
a health and social care setting. By explaining what psychodynamic counselling is and how it helps
individuals it shows how I am able to identify the solutions to the problems.
Psychodynamic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the part that makes people obey the rules and that makes them behave the way they do. It judges
people, criticizes them, and makes them feel guilty when they do something incorrect. It is what
makes people feel guilty and ashamed, it is their inner judge. It is the part of personality which holds
all of individual's ideals that are required from parents and society (individual's sense of right and
wrong). The Super Ego provides guidance in creating judgments. Freud had stated that the Super
Ego starts to appear at age five.
There are two parts of the Super Ego: * The Ego Ideal– this involves the rules and standards for
good behaviour. These behaviours consist of those which are permitted by parental and other
authority figures. Following these rules leads to feelings of pride, value and achievement
* The Conscience– consists of details about things that are thought of being bad by parents and
society. These sorts of behaviours are regularly not allowed and lead to bad consequences,
punishments or feelings of guilt and remorse.
The Superego's purpose is to act and improve the behaviours of individuals. It operates to suppress
all inappropriate urges which comes from the id and struggles to make the ego act upon the idealistic
standards rather than upon realistic principles. The Superego is present in the conscious,
preconscious and unconscious.
The Id, Ego and Super Ego are functions of the mind

Hippotherapy And Psychodynamic Approach
movements. But those who insist to continue discover very quickly how important it is because
being outdoors means that the child comes in contact with nature. This gives the child a pleasant
touch to everyday life as opposed to the clinical environment (Lechner, H. E et al., 2007) In contrast
to the classical physiotherapy exercises are very different and the child is more cooperative and not
pressed. (Ajzenman, H. F., 2013)
Conclusion: As a result we understand that in Greece there are no adequate facilities for
hippotherapy in contrast with physiotherapy but we cannot ignore the positive impact on the child
psychology as it consists of a little getaway for the child that creates an opportunity for fun and to be
with other children of his age.
2.5Public Perception ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Greece although there are hippo–therapy centers, their number is not so great for the target
audience. This is because Hippo therapy is a new method of rehabilitation which started the last 20
years in Greece and is still under–development. The therapeutic riding program began in 1983 at the
initiative of Aideen Lewis together with a group of children of the Spastic Society in Equestrian
Varympompi Group, in 1992 the S.TH.I.E. (Therapeutic Riding). (GSATRH, 2004) While abroad in
1952 the Danish Liz Hartel, which was a polio victim since 1940, with partial paralysis in both legs,
won the silver medal horsemanship capacity at the Olympics in Helsinki, inspiring pioneers of
therapeutic riding to organize programs for people with disabilities. Thus, since the early 50s,
physiotherapists began to investigate and use more systematically the rhythmic movement, which
one experiences on horseback. In 1969 A. Kroger, special education teacher, wrote an article entitled
"Educating with Horses", setting

drives and our childhood experiences, (particularly five years of age). (4) Parental techniques
embraced and exacted onto us shape our behaviours as adults. Differences (Psychodynamic vs.
Behaviourist approach) A key distinction between the psychodynamic and behaviourist
methodology is regarding nature/nurture debate. The psychodynamic methodology considers both
nature and nurture while the behaviourist approach just considers the nurture side of the debate. In
the psychodynamic approach, Freud guaranteed that adult personality is the result of inherent drives
(nature) and childhood experiences (nurture). These inborn drives include the structure of the
personality, the Id, Ego and Superego and, in addition, the psychosexual stage of development ...
The primary standard of the behaviourist approach is that all behaviour is ought to be quantifiable in
a quantitative way. Behaviour is ought to be studied objectively and variables ought to be
operationalised so they are simplified and easy to measure. For instance, Bandura's work was done
under lab conditions, a standout amongst the most scientific methods; whereby children were
assigned to test conditions (aggressive group) or control condition (non–aggressive group). By
changing the variables, Bandura could infer that hostility was because of the social learning
hypothesis. On the other hand, the psychodynamic approach is not scientific as it is not testable,
which makes it hard to falsify. A decent hypothesis ought to have the capacity to be tested to
demonstrate in the event that it is correct or incorrect. It is hard to test this hypothesis scientifically.
For instance, the use of dream analysis is a subjective method and there are no exploratory
estimations of interpretation. Additionally a lot of Freud's work was in view of a very small sample
and it is hard to generalise these discoveries to other individuals in the

Psychodynamic Approach Case Studies
There are useful observations based on understanding of Adaptive Leadership, Psychodynamic
Approach, and Team Leadership as they apply to the leadership of Friendship Baptist Church. The
theoretical study of the application of these theories offer some informative data sets.
Applying Adaptive Leadership to the Case Study
Adaptive learning involves the awareness of the organization dynamic and the member needs as
well. The leadership dynamic involves the assessment of needs and the best ways to meet those
needs within organization. Adaptive Leadership provides the understanding, skills, and support that
we need to do two things well: distinguish what's essential from what's expendable and innovate in
ways that dovetail with those essentials. In the case of Friendship Baptist Church, the leadership of
the organization has become stagnant and ineffective. There has never been an in–depth assessment
of the needs of the church and the ways leadership might meet them. The church has failed to
connect to the changing demographic of the community. A predominately African American ...
The psychodynamic approach places emphasis on leaders obtaining insight into their personality
characteristics and understanding the response of subordinates, based on their personalities. Leaders
should also encourage work group members to gain insight into their own personalities so that they
could understand their reactions to the leader and each other. Important concepts in psychodynamic
approach to leadership include e.g. the family of origin, individuation, dependence and
independence, regression and the shadow self. These concepts come from psychoanalysis and
psychiatry and can sometimes be abstruse and not easily understood. That is the reason that there
has been attempts to make psychodynamic theory more

Psychodynamic Approach In Psychology
Due to the broad spectrum of interests in psychology, psychologists have created a various and
diverse explanation. In this essay, we will discuss how the three different disorders are explained
psychologically. The three disorders that will be explained are schizophrenia, depression, and eating
disorders. The treatments for all these disorders will be explored as well. The evaluation of the
effectiveness of the different treatments given for depression will be considered. The mental health
has always been an important part of each individual's life as it improves the quality of life
immensely. A good mental health provides us with healthy relationships, make good life choices,
maintain physical health, handle ups and downs of life and discover and grow towards our potential.
Schizophrenia is a long– term mental health ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We will explain schizophrenia psychologically by two main explanations which are psychodynamic
and behavioral. Psychodynamic approach is concerned with insensate processes. According to this
approach, the abnormality is the result of unresolved conflict between the ID, ego, and superego
which has been subjugated into the unconscious. According to Freud if the world of the
schizophrenic is harsh then a child may become fixated at a particular stage of development (slide
share, 2013). This usually happens if the child has had an experience of unsupported and less caring
parents; this in turn can be accountable to why the schizophrenics have a sense of loss. This is all
because their ego has no control. Before the ego develops in a child they are ruled by the ID which
means selfish desires. Therefore, it means schizophrenia occurs due to conflicts in

The Unconscious Conscious: The Psychodynamic Approach
Psychodynamics is an umbrella term, specifically an approach to psychology which highlights
personality through unconscious psychological processes. The underlying cause of psychodynamics
is to understand why many people act in ways that may not make sense as well as to identify the
relationship between unconscious motivation and conscious motivation. The psychodynamic
approach is made up of different theories and therapies founded by various psychologists which
focus closely on an individual's unconscious drives, and see how these drives relate to one's
personality. The most prominent psychologists who have contributed to the psychodynamic
approach include Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, and Karen Horney. Unlike
the behavior approach to psychology which leans towards understanding the science behind
behavior and how external factors help stimulate these behaviors, psychodynamics attempts to look
into one's mind and observe how they see the world from their unique point of view. The
psychodynamic approach is the most influential approach in the field of psychology because it
emphasizes how unconscious forces impact an individual's present behavior, unlike other
approaches to psychology which focus on one's past behaviors influencing their present behavior.
Sigmund Freud, one of the most eminent psychologists in history, was the founder of the
psychodynamic approach or perspective. From the get go,

Description of Two Psychological Approaches Describe two of the following psychological
approaches: the psychodynamic perspective, the cognitive perspective, the humanistic perspective,
or the physiologicalperspective. Then, compare and contrast the two approaches that you have
described. In what ways are they similar? In what ways do they differ? Then, choose a particular
problem behavior or disorder and discuss how these perspectives would view both the cause and the
treatment of the problem behavior or disorder. The humanistic perspective states that a person's
behaviors can be controlled by their free will. The cognitive perspective states that a person's
behaviors are caused by the way ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To diagnose malingering with the cognitive perspective you would want to look at the person's
family to see if there was a history of drug abuse, or you would need to find out why the person
thinks that they would rather be on disability than work. The person may have bad memories that
relate to the cause of malingering. To treat malingering using the cognitive approach you would
have to find out about the person's past experiences and things they dealt with growing up. You
would have to get the person to change the way they have thought their entire life and break a cycle
that they grew up learning. Question #2: Children learn through three primary methods: classical
conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Describe each of these three learning
paradigms. Then, choose a behavior and describe how this particular behavior could be acquired
using each of the three paradigms. For classical conditioning, be sure to identify the neutral
stimulus, the unconditioned response, and describe the process by which the behavior is learned. For
operant conditioning, be sure to identify the reinforcer and the target behavior, and describe the
process by which the behavior is learned. Classical conditioning is when we do something as a
reaction to something, like you hear your doorbell ring, so you

Psychodynamic Approach To Religion
1) As a result of the immensely diverse nature of the phenomena it intends to understand, the study
of religion requires a multitude of analytic methods. Consequently, these methods may be
categorized as either being grounded in empirical analysis of biological, psychological, or
physiological data – producing a perspective which is exclusively characterized as outsider. Thus,
according to this definition, Sigmund Freud's application of his Oedipus Complex theory is a near
perfect example of an explanatory Classical Psychological Approach to religion, claiming that
individuals turn to an "omnipotent, benevolent father figure" (Kanaris) alleviate the sexual anxiety
which develops when children begin viewing their parent of the opposite sex as an object of desire.
In this sense, Freud negatively reduces the phenomena to an infantile form of escapism from life's
hardships. Furthermore, Freud alleges that this immature psychological response will eventually
give way to "the more excellent procedure of science."(Kanaris) This conclusion makes evident the
foremost flaw of conduction studies which are purely explanatory: they tend to be ... Show more
Specifically, Eliade sought to establish "a framework for understanding the meaning and logic of
symbols that represent how the sacred manifests itself throughout the history of the various religious
traditions" (Kanaris) – a procedure termed Hierophany. Set out to found a comparative study of
religion, in which key aspects found throughout history and across societies are drawn together to
facilitate the formulation of universal religious claims, Eliade stubbornly refuses to be confined to
any one field of the social sciences. Instead, he approaches religion exclusively through the eyes of
the individual – beginning by imagining what qualities the ideal religious person would possess and
then how they would perceive the

The Psychodynamic Approach
I believe that the Psychodynamic approach to psychology is the best method for discovering the
basis of human behavior and personality traits. The Psychodynamic approach focuses on the
unconscious mind and what drives thoughts and behavior based on the mind and personality.
Sigmund Freud, The founding father of the Psychodynamic approach, theorized that early
relationships with parents shape an individual's personality. King, L. A. (2014). The science of
psychology an appreciative view. New York, NY: McGraw–Hill Education. Pg 12. The
psychodynamic approach is the best method to describe and analyze human behavior; in my
opinion, because our early experiences and relationships are highly influential on how we act and
behave as an adults.

The Psychodynamic Approach
With Wilhelm Wundt opening the first experimental psychology lab in 1879, psychology could
emerge as its own discipline. From being a branch of philosophy understood as 'Experimental
Philosophy' Wundt enabled psychology to become what we know of it today being the scientific
study of the human mind's functions, especially those affecting behaviours. Following Wundt's lab
opening different approaches and perspectives began to arise as psychology developed. Sigmund
Freud published 'The Interpretation of Dreams' in the 1900s; establishing the psychodynamic
approach, John B. Watson writing 'Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It' and BF Skinner
establishing the behaviourist approach in 1913, Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow developing the
humanistic approach in the 1950s, the cognitive approach came with the cognitive revolution ...
The Psychodynamic Approach describes the different forces (most being unconscious) that operate
on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience. This approach is closely associated with
the work of Freud as he suggested that we are only aware of the conscious mind which is only the
'tip of the iceberg' with the unconscious making up most of the mind. Freud claimed that childhood
experiences effect how we are as adults. Freud states that we pass through five stages (the
psychosexual stages) and if we experience trauma or excessive pleasure in any of these it will reflect
in

The psychodynamic approach uses personality as its main focus to describe leadership. The
psychodynamic approach is to raise awareness for leaders to know and understand their strengths
and weakness in their personality traits. This approach allows individuals to identify their Myers–
Briggs typologies which will help them understand their leadership qualities and disadvantages. The
Myers–Briggs typologies are extraversion versus introversion, sensing versus intuiting, thinking
versus feeling, and judging versus perceiving. The Psychodynamic Approach Survey states my four
Myers–Briggs typologies are extravert, sensor, thinker and judger and I agree with my results. My
Myers–Briggs typologies are extravert, sensor, thinker and judger. My first typology trait I will be
discussing is extravert. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Leadership: Theory and Practice, Northouse (2012) states, "Extraversion is a preference for
obtaining information, inspiration, and energy from outside the self" (pg. 332). My career field is
customer service and working in the medical field we are constantly working with people every day.
I have to be sociable in order to be able to do my job effectively. My second typology trait is sensor.
Sensors are known to be detailed oriented and love precision and accuracy (Northouse, 2012, pg.
333). These statements are completely true when I think about how I accomplish the tasks I have to
do daily. I create a checklist of what I need to accomplish by the end of day and when I am planning
events as well. I have been told I can be anal retentive and OCD with tasks I have to complete.
However, the downfall of me being detailed oriented is that I won't ask for help because I have to
have it done a certain way. My third typology trait is thinker. Enlisting in the military has caused me
to

Psychodynamic Approach To Leadership Analysis
Leadership is the tactics shown by an individual to lead an organization or a group of individuals.
Leaders are people who do the right thing; managers are people who do things right (Professor
Warren G. Bennis). Leaders do right things and shows right path. They always motivate or guide
others to follow this right path. They create inspiring vision to deliver something new.. They set
direction, to win and steadily improve the present situation as a team by this new inspiring vision
Various factors which contribute equally for the development of a good leader are personality , good
communication, open mind to accept once weakness and vulnerability , motivation and inspiration
from others, good team work balance of concern for oneself vs. others. This reflective assignment
deals with psychodynamic approach to leadership and how to use psychology to improve efficiency.
Psychodynamic approach raises the awareness of leaders and followers to their on personality types
and the implications of this in their work culture The trait which we used to decide who will be our
leader is psychodynamic approach and the elements which constitutes this trait ... Show more
The psychodynamic approach emphasizes the idea that people gain their initial experiences with
leadership from the day they are born.. The main concept within the approach is personality. This
suggests that childhood experiences is one of the main factor that affect the different characteristics
of people. Under or over gratified at any stage the child may become fixated and this could affect
adult behaviour. .Personality of an individual can be characterised by numerous methods one of the
most popular one which psychologists do is by giving a set of questionnaires which helps to reveal
ones personal

Sigmund Freud's Psychodynamic Approach
The Psychodynamic Model, developed by Sigmund Freud, views the cause of mental disorders as
the result of childhood trauma, anxieties, and unconscious conflicts. According to Freud, human
behavior tends to express instinctual drives that function at the unconscious level. These instinctual
drives can be afflicted with sexual or aggressive impulses and any threatening experiences that we
block from our consciousness which results in emotional symptoms.
The psychodynamic model consists of several different aspects to help explain human personality
and why people engage with instinctual drives. One aspect of the model is the three personality
components, the id, the ego and the superego, conveying that "all behavior is a product of
interaction." The id is found at the unconscious level and influenced by the pleasure principle while
the ego is viewed as the "realistic and rational part of the mind." The superego is part of the
conscience, therefore, it discourages people from engaging in immoral and unethical behaviors. Fred
also suggested that the development of human personality is drastically affected by early childhood
experiences which can be found in five psychosexual stages: the oral, anal, phallic, latency and
genital. Another approach that the psychodynamic model uses is defense mechanisms which help ...
The way an individual interprets a situation will determine their reaction towards it. For example,
our thoughts towards certain events can influence distressing emotional responses instead of the
actual event. The psychodynamic model proposes that childhood trauma affects a person
unconsciously. Therefore, it is difficult to pinpoint what event impacted the individual unless they
undergo psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis helps individuals to uncover repressed material and resolve
any conflicts that affect their current

Psychodynamic Approach To Psychology
'Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and
maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourist's approach to therapy is in stark
contrast to a psychoanalytic one'
In this essay I will first of all explain the main principles and theories that underpin the behaviourist
approach to psychology. I will subsequently outline how behaviourist theory can provide therapists
with some insight into both the causes of maladaptive behaviour and how that behaviour might be
sustained and maintained. Having discussed the main behaviourist principles and how they relate to
maladaptive behaviour, I will then compare and contrast the behavioural approach with the
psychoanalytic (Freudian) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At first the rat would run up blind alleys in the maze but with experience it gradually learned how to
negotiate the maze to find the food more quickly.
Behaviourists like Skinner believed that the principles involved in these learning processes were
applicable to people and underpin complex human behaviour. Skinner proposed that behaviour
changes as a result of its consequences and that behaviour is also reinforced by reward. Behaviour
that is reinforced will also increase in frequency Skinner suggested. Similarly, he argued, negative
reinforcement works in the same way as positive re inforcement. For example, if a loud noise is
made every time a rat pokes its nose through its cage, the rat would stop doing it. He promoted the
idea that as humans are just another species, giving praise for desirable behaviour in a child would
reinforce that behaviour in the same way that getting food by pressing a lever in a box would
reinforce behaviour in a rat.
Skinner went further by suggesting that there is no such thing as free will; he called it the principle
of determinism, the assertion that all human behaviour is determined by what went before. Skinner's
hypotheses created widespread debate amongst psychologists and not surprisingly, his critics
pointed out that humans are very different to animals and that results from experiments conducted
on rats in a laboratory couldn't just be applied to human behaviour. Behaviourist critics reasoned

A Psychodynamic Treatment Approach Essay
Susanna would benefit most from a psychodynamic treatment approach, with a specific emphasis on
clarification, confrontation, and interpretation/transference interpretation. As highlighted by
McWilliams (1999), recurrent themes emerge within the therapy which constitute the client's
internal and external world. With this in mind, Susanna's internal object relations would
undoubtedly unfold in the relationship with the therapist. As Susanna evidences a lack of insight, it
will be the therapist's responsibility to clarify Susanna's experiences for her. In this view,
clarification refers to the reformulation of the patient's verbalizations to convey a more coherent
view of what is being communicated. The therapist may want to clarify what it was like in Susanna's
household growing up, and gather further information on Susanna's romantic relationships.
Clarifying sentiments might include "you stated that at times you felt loved by your mother, and
hated at other times, but overall do you feel that your mother loves you?" While this technique alone
will not lead to therapeutic change, it will be essential for helping Susanna develop a rapport with
the therapist, and establishing a therapeutic alliance. As borderline pathology is characterized by
negative affects, and impulsive, dangerous behavior, the therapist's ability to keep Susanna in
treatment will be essential. The therapist can do this by presenting him/herself non–judgmentally, as
well showing Susanna that s/he is

Analysis Of The Psychodynamic Approach
The psychodynamic approach was developed by Sigmund Freud between 1890 and 1930.
Psychodynamic approach in psychology emphasizes on systematic study of the psychological forces
that underline human behaviour , feelings and emotions and how these relate to early experience
(Hill,2001). The basis of this approach is that psychological factors play a major role in determining
behaviour and shaping personality. Freud (1961) divided the human mind into three parts the id, ego
and superego so as to determine and understand the root causes of unusual behaviour.
Psychodynamic approach helps the individual to recognize the unconscious which have an impact
on behaviour. As a result, psychodynamic approach provides a comprehensive framework that
describes and explains human personality (Freud,1925). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nonetheless, psychodynamic approach helps to focus on childhood past experience and the impact
on present behaviour (Freud,1925). However, the psychodynamic approach is very determinist as it
says that suffering childhood traumas lead to abnormal behaviour in adulthood (Mcleod,2015). As a
result it ignores the influence of genes, biological components and thinking patterns (Freud,1961).
Furthermore, psychoanalysis depends on the therapist interpretation of what the client says. As a
result the concepts can be biased as they are based on the therapist intervention. However,
psychodynamic utilises practical application and optimistic view that helps psychologists to treat
mental disorders and psychological distress (Luyten et al

Leadership And The Psychodynamic Approach

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