3. 1. describe counseling in
the government setting:
2. describe counseling in
the private sectors setting;
3. describe counseling in
the civil society setting:
4. describe counseling in
the school setting; and
5. describe counseling in
the community setting.
3
4. Explore
▸ Counselors work in various settings from
government to private sectors, to a civil society to a
school setting. Drawing on a wide range of
processes, methods, and tools, counselors are
trained to use what is appropriate for the setting
and relative to their speciality. There are classical
approaches informed by theories to counseling that
scaffold their process and selection of methods and
tools.
6. ▸ Sigmund Freud (1856-
1939)
▸ draws attention to the
darker forces of the
unconscious and the
influence that it has on
how we feel about
ourselves
▸ encompasses a vast
number of therapeutic
models that utilize
dreams, fantasies,
associations, and the
expression of thoughts
both verbally and
physically.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
7. ▸ The assumption is that there are
inner battles that are waged in a
client that are directly
responsible for the appearance of
symptoms and behavioral
problems, causing the person to
seek treatment
PSYCHOANALYSIS
8. ▸ B. F. Skinner (1904-
1990),
▸ It focuses on the effects
of reinforcement on
obproposes two main
environmentally
determined processes,
namely, classical
conditioning and
operant conditioning.
servable behavior.
BEHAVIORISM
▸ With classical
conditioning, one learns
by association, while with
operant conditioning,
one learns from the
consequences of
behavior
9. ▸ B. F. Skinner
investigated operant
conditioning of
voluntary and
involuntary behavior
and concluded that
some behavior could be
explained by the
person's motive
▸ This means that
behavior occurs for a
reason.
▸ three main behavior
compelling techniques
are: positive
reinforcement, negative
reinforcement, and
punishment.
OPERANT CONDITIONING
10. ▸ Ivan Pavlov, Russian
psychologist
▸ proponent of classical
conditioning
▸ He studied natural reflexes
and neutral stimuli and
managed to condition dogs
to salivate to the sound of a
bell through repeated
association with the sound
of the bell and food.
▸ learning by association.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
11. ▸ Carl Rogers (1902-
1987), Abraham Maslow
(1908-1970), and
George Kelly (1905-
1966),
▸ Attempts to understand
the conscious mind, free
will, human dignity, and
the capacity for self-
reflection and growth
▸ These humanists argued
that the person is not
hostage to the contingence
and historical circumstances
of his/her past.
▸ The human potential for
change requires only
exercise of the distinctively
human capacities for choice,
creativity, and drive toward
self-actualization
HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
13. ▸ developed by Sigmund Freud.
▸ human beings are basically
determined by psychic energy
and early experiences.
▸ These unconscious energy and
experiences drive people's
behavior in the form of
unconscious motives and
conflicts.
▸ The goal of a therapist is
to help a client become
conscious of this energy
and early experiences and
thereby become
empowered and harness
both positively.
Psychoanalytic Therapy
14. ▸ Developed by Alfred Adler
(1870-1937) who believed that
the first six years of life
influence an individual
▸ But ensuing behavior
depended on how one
interprets his/her past and
its continuing influence on
him/her. For Adler,
humans are motivated
primarily by social urges
including by power.
Adlerian Therapy
15. ▸ Viktor Frankl (1905-1997),
Abraham Maslow (1908-
1970), and Rollo May (1909-
1994)
▸ It focuses on the human
capacity to define and shape
his/her own life, give meaning
to personal circumstance
through reflection, decision-
making, and self-awareness.
▸ It draws heavily on
existentialist philosophy
that emphasizes human
freedom to define oneself,
and that our lives are not
predetermined; we have a
responsibility to live and to
see in life what we chose
to.
▸ The only things we cannot
control is being born and
the fact of dying.
Existential Therapy
16. ▸ Logotherapy a
psychotherapeutic approach
was developed by Viktor
Frankl, a concentration camp
survivor. This approach is
based on the idea that human
beings are most motivated by
a search for meaning or "will
to meaning" which is the
minds' and psyches biggest
stressor
▸ Logotherapists' goal is to
try to help people find
meaning through 'creative
values', 'experiential
values', and 'attitudinal
values'.
Existential Therapy
17. ▸ Carl Rogers (1902-1987).
▸ For Rogers, people get, share,
or surrender power and
control over themselves and
others, and so empowerment
depended on the self and such
required non-directive process
▸ Non directive counselors focus
on the client's self-discovery
rather than their input. .
▸ The main stay in this non-
directive counseling is
counselor-client reflecting
and clarifying the verbal
and non-verbal
communications of clients.
▸ Counselor uses active
listening, reflection of
feelings, clarification, and
just "being there" for the
counselee in a non-
interventionist way.
Person-centered Therapy
18. ▸ Frederick S. Perls (1893
1970).
▸ "Gestalt," is commonly
translated as "pattern" or
"form“
▸ Gestalt psychology states that
the whole is greater than the
sum of its parts.
▸ One of the key elements of
Gestalt therapy is its focus
on the "here and now"
which has made it reputed
as the "feel-good"
therapeutic techniques
Gestalt Therapy
19. ▸ an existential approach,
stressing that people must
find their own way in life and
accept personal responsibility
for maturity.
▸ That they must develop an
awareness of their unfinished
business from the past,
traumatic experiences in life,
and what they are doing in
order for them to bring about
change in their lives.
▸ It includes confrontation,
dialog with parties, role-
playing, reliving, and re-
experiencing unfinished
business in the forms of
resentment and guilt.
Counselors push for doing
and experiencing rather
than just talking about
one's feelings as a client
Gestalt Therapy
20. ▸ Eric Berne (1910-1970
▸ Its main uniqueness is its
emphasis on decisions and
contracts that must be made
by the client
▸ this approach believes that the
client has the potential for
choice and so, the contract
made by the client clearly
states the directions and goals
of the therapeutic process.
▸ Ego state was a consistent
pattern of feeling and
experience directly related
to a corresponding
consistent pattern of
behavior. The Three Ego
States are: Parent, Adult,
and Child. Each of our
personalities is made up of
various parts or ego states
Transactional Analysis
21. ▸ The Parent Ego State
("exteropsyche") include a set
of feelings, thinking, and
behaviour that we have copied
from our parents and
significant others. The Adult
Ego State ("neopsyche") is
about our direct responses to
the here and now.
▸ The Child Ego State
("archaeopsyche") is a set
of behaviors, thoughts, and
feelings which are replayed
from our own childhood.
Ego state
22. ▸ These three states are
fundamentally different than
Freud's Ego, Id, and Superego.
▸ Ego, The conscious and
rational self
▸ Id The unconscious self
▸ Superego The conscience
▸ The parent represents a
massive collection of
recordings in the brain of
external events experienced
or perceived in
approximately the first five
years of life. The Child in
contrast to the Parent
represents the recordings in
the brain of internal events
associated with external
events the child perceives.
The Adult is the last ego
state.
Ego state
23. ▸ Arnold Lazarus, Albert
Bandura, B.F. Skinner M.J.
Mahoney, David L. Watson,
and A.E. Kazdin.
▸ It uses many action-oriented
methods to help people take
steps to change what they are
doing and thinking.
▸ focuses on overt behavior,
precision in specifying the
goals of treatment, and the
development of specific
treatment plans.
▸ the counselor is active and
directive, and functions as
a teacher or trainer in
helping clients work on
improving behavior.
Behavior Therapy/Behavior modification
24. ▸ Albert Ellis (1913-2007)
▸ a form of cognitively-oriented
behavioral therapy and is
based on the assumption that
human beings are born with a
potential for both rational or
straight thinking, and irrational
or crooked thinking
▸ Because people are fallible,
this approach focuses on
helping clients accept
themselves as people who
would continue to make
mistakes, yet at the same
time learn to live with
themselves and be at
peace with themselves.
Rational-Emotive Therapy
25. ▸ Ellis stressed that through
thinking, judging, deciding, and
doing, people can change their
cognitive, emotive, and
behavioral processes and
react differently from their
usual patterns.
▸ They can train to master
themselves and control
themselves like choosing
not to be upset.
Rational-Emotive Therapy
26. ▸ William Glasser (1925-2013).
▸ is a short-term approach that
focuses on the present and
highlights a client's strength.
▸ is based on the principle that
humans choose to behave in
certain ways and that these
choices can help or hamper
your success.
▸ For Glasser, people choose
their behavior and are
therefore responsible for
what they do and how they
think and feel.
Reality Therapy, based on Choice Theory,
27. 5.1. Government Setting
5.2. Private Sectors Setting
5.3. Civil Society Setting
5.4 School Setting
5.5 Community setting
and Rest of the remaining
topics will be discussed
after exam
27
Editor's Notes
The late 1950s saw three schools of thought in psychology that became very dominant
All psychological disorders are a result of maladaptive learning that all behavior is learned from our environment and symptoms are acquired through classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Humanistic therapeutic models are rooted in insight and focus on self-development, growth, and responsibilities. They seek to help individuals gain self-empowerment by recognizing their strengths, creativity, and choice in their given circumstances.
The following are among the basic counseling approaches commonly used today that provide processes, methods, and tools for counselors to draw from:
has no single founder
has no single founder
Gestalt means In other words, in order to understand the various components of a particular issue or event, one must understand the event itself and put the components in perspective.
Gestalt means In other words, in order to understand the various components of a particular issue or event, one must understand the event itself and put the components in perspective.
. It involves recognizing and letting go, accompanied by actions like breaking a glass or hitting something hard.
This method involves the identification of the ego states behind each and every transaction.
Adult ego state is about being spontaneous and aware with the capacity for intimacy.
Adult ego state is about being spontaneous and aware with the capacity for intimacy.
What a client needs from a counselor is encouragement to assess the current style of living then leave them to employ a process of honest self-examination, leading and resulting to improvement of one's quality of life.
