aproaches of counselling B.Ed

1. COUNSELLING
Counselling is a process where clients are helped in dealing with their personal
and interpersonal conflicts by a third-party therapist. It allows an individual to
have an opportunity to improve upon their understanding of themselves,
including their pattern of thoughts, behaviours, feelings and the ways in which
these may have been problematic in their lives. It also helps to examine how to
tap into existing resources or develop new ones that enhance their lives and
relationships.
NEED FOR COUNSELLING
Counselling is an integral part of an over-all programme of guidance.
“Counselling is a specific process of assistance extended by an expert in an
individual situation to a needy person”. This means the counselling situation
arises when a needy person is face to face with and expert who makes available
his assistance to the needy individual to fulfill his needs.

2. APPROACHES OF COUNSELLING
DIRECTIVE APPROACH–
In this counselling the counsellor plays an active role as it is regarded as a
means of helping people how to learn to solve their own problems. This type of
counselling is otherwise known as counsellor-centredcounselling. Because in
this counselling the counsellor does everything himself i.e. analysis, synthesis,
diagnosis, prognosis, prescription and follow-up.
NON-DIRECTIVE APPROACH
In this type of counselling the counselee or client or pupil, not the counsellor is
the pivot of the counselling process. He plays an active role and this type of
counselling is a growing process. In this counselling the goal is the
independence and integration of the client rather than the solution of the
problem. In this counselling process the counselee comes to the counsellor with
a problem. The counsellor establishes rapport with the counselee based on
mutual trust, acceptance and understanding.

3. ECLECTIC COUNSELLING
The chief advocate of Eclecticcounselling is F.C.Thorne. Eclectic counselling is
defined as the combination of the two extremes that is directive and non-
directive counselling.. In eclectic counselling, the counsellor is neither too
active as in the directive counselling nor too passive as in the non-directive
counselling. He just follows the middle path between these two. That is, it is
neither counsellor-centred nor client-centred. It is a flexible see-sawing
combination of the two. There is freedom of choice and expression to both the
counsellor and the client. In eclectic counselling, the needs of a person and his
personality are studied by the counsellor. After this he selects appropriate
directive or non-directive techniques like reassurance, giving information, case
history, testing etc.
The counsellor may start with the directive technique. When the situation
demands, he may switch over to the non-directive counselling and vice-versa.
An attempt is made to adjust the technique to the requirements of the situation
and the individual.
Features/Characteristics of Eclectic Counselling:
This counselling has the following features or characteristics of it:
1. Methods of counselling may change from counselee to counselee or even
with the same client from time to time.
2. Flexibility is the key note of this counselling.
3. Freedom of choice and expression is open to both, the counsellor and the
client.
4. The client and the philosophical framework are adjusted to serve the
purposes of the relationship.

4. 5. Experience of mutual confidence and faith in the relationship are basic.
6. Feelings of comfort are essential.
Steps in Eclectic counselling
Thorne, suggested the following steps -
1) Diagnosis of the cause
2) Analysis of the problem.
3) Preparation of a tentative plan for modifying factors.
4) Securing effective conditions for counselling.
5) Interviewing and stimulating the client to develop his own resources and
to assume its responsibility for trying new modes of adjustment.
6) Proper handling of any related problems which may contribute to
adjustment.
Advantages:
1. Flexible- It is flexible in nature as it has flexibility in choosing directive
or non-directive or both the techniques, and alternating between the two
techniques
2. Freedom of viewpoint- The freedom of choice and expression to the
counsellor and the client – are itself its major advantages.
3. Removes rigidity- It removes the rigidity of the other two methods that is
directive and non-directive, and hence produces better results.
4. Economical – It is economical in terms of time an

5. Disadvantages
1) Some people are of the view that eclectic counselling is vague,
opportunistic and superficial.
2) Both directive and non-directive counselling cannot be mixed
together.
3) In this, the question arises how much freedom should be given to
the client? For this there is non-definite rule.
4) The problem with an eclectic orientation is that counsellors often
do more harm than good if they have little or no understanding
about what is helping the client.
INDIVIDUAL COUNSELLING
Individual counselling (sometimes called psychotherapy, talk therapy, or
treatment) is a process through which clients work one-on-one with a
trained mental health clinician in a safe, caring, and confidential
environment. Counselling allows individuals to explore their feelings,
beliefs, and behaviours, work through challenging or influential memories,
identify aspects of their lives that they would like to change, better
understand themselves and others, set personal goals, and work toward
desired change.
Individual counselling is counselling focused on the individual's
immediate or near future concerns. Individual counselling may encompass
career counselling and planning, grief after a loved one dies or dealing

6. with problems at a job before they become big. Individual counselling is a
one-on-one discussion between the counsellor and the client, who is the
person seeking treatment. The two form an alliance, relationship or bond
that enables trust and personal growth.
GOALS
 To remove or modify existing symptoms
 Mediate disturbed pattern or behaviour
 Promote positive personality growth and development
 Identify aspects of life that would like to change
 Work towards desired change.
TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL THERAPY
1. Psychoanalysis
It was developed by Feud. The therapeutic technique primarily focuses on
influence of unconscious forces such as repressed impulses, memories,

7. internal conflicts and traumas on mentall life. The therapist help the client
to identify unresolved conflicts and trauma from early childhood.
2. Supportive psychotherapy
It is form of psychological treatment given to a patient with chronic
disabling psychiatric condition for whom basic change is not seen as a
realistic goal.
3. Reality therapy
This is a form of psychotherapy technique which focuses on present
behaviour and development of a patient’s ability to cope up with the
stress of reality and a take a great responsibility for the fulfilment of need.
4. Abreaction therapy
It is a process by which repressed material,particularly a painful
experience of conflict is brought back a consciousness. The person not
only recalls but relives the material.

8. GROUP COUNSELING
Group counselling is a form of counselling where a small group of people
meet regularly to discuss, interact, and explore problems with each other and
the group leader. Group counselling seeks to give students a safe and comfortable
place on campus where they can work out problems and emotional concerns.
What is group counseling?
A counseling group is usually comprised of six to eight students who meet face to face
with one or two trained group therapists and talk about what most concerns them. Members
listen to each other and openly express thoughts and feelings about what other members do
or say.
According to some counsellors, group and individual counselling should not be given
simultaneously in the same period of time because
* Students may not repeat the problem twice in both types of counselling.
* students may keep the main problems for the individual counselling session.
* students may be unable to express himself in the group session adequately because he

9. has to share time limit with other group members.
Benefits of Group Counseling
1. You are not alone. Groups provide support and make you realize that other students
experience similar challenges. You are not as different or alone as you think.
2. Groups provide a sounding board. Groups can offer a different perspective. Receive
support and share your wisdom.
3. Groups can propel you forward. Hearing from others on how they've overcome can be
encouraging. During the group experience you will likely meet people representing a wide
variety of backgrounds and experiences. Listening and learning from every member's
perspective provides members with greater insight into your personal growth and
development.
4. Groups promote social skills. While it is common for students to feel anxious prior to
attending their first group, most students feel relieved and more comfortable as the
sessions progress. Remember, it takes time to feel comfortable speaking up in a group,
adjust to group norms, and experience the benefits of group. It is important that you
share at your own pace.
5. Groups are not limited. There are no session limits on groups and your student fees
have already paid for the service, so its a way to receive more counseling than is
possible individually.
6. Groups teach you about yourself. Groups can be a way of uncovering the areas that
may be blocking your ability to overcome your issues.
FACTORS TO BE PLANNED IN GROUP COUNSELING
Some preparations are necessary before conducting a group counseling session.
1. Physical Arrangements : The room in which group counselling session will be
held must be in a quiet place with comfortable seating arrangements
2. Familiar Setting : The place selected should not be changed again and
again because a familiar sitting is found to be more comfortable.
3. Frequency of meetings : The time interval after which meetings will be held
has to be decided. This depends on various factors as whether all work has
to be done in the meetings or some work has to be carried out by members
before the next meeting as testing their newly acquired skills.
4. Duration of meetings : The length of the meeting has to settled which could
range from an hour to an hour and a half. The time span should be lesser for
younger students and more for older ones.
5. Composition of group : The group may be homogeneous or heterogeneous .
the former have the advantage of common as age or sex. The latter have the
benefits of a variety in members, which leads to more creative solutions and
wider talent availability.
6. Group Size :The number of members in a group could vary between six to
eight members. More than this or less would not lead to optimum functioning
of the group.

10. Process of counselling
Counselling is described as a process; there is an implicit meaning of a progressive
movement towards and ultimate conclusion. Counselling is an interactive process
characterized by unique relationship between counsellor and client.
The process can be discussed in two terms
Outcome goals:Outcome goals describe what a client desire to achieve his/her
interaction with the counsellor.
Process goals:process goals those events that counsellor take as helpful and
instrumental bringing about outcome goals
Stages of the counselling process
I. Initial Disclosure
II. In-depth Exploration
III. Commitment to Action
Stage-1
Initial Disclosure
This is the first stage of process of counseling. In this stage, it emphasis to build a
relationship between counselor and the client. Client must help to articulate their
personal concern must be place those concern in a context so that counselor can
understand the personal meaning and significance the client attaches to them. Some
skills for relationship building for the counselor are given below:
 The counsellor should introduce himself.
 Ask the client to sit down and to ensure that the client is comfortable.
Outcome
goals
Process
goals

11.  The counsellor enquiry about the client’s personal information.
 The counsellor watches the non-verbal behaviour.
 The counsellor indication to communicate interest the client.
The client may or may not present his problem during this stage. The counsellor
may not be in a hurry to make him/her disclose his mission.
Characteristics of Initial Disclosure:
1) Empathy- When counsellorunderstand his problem as his own problem
and solve according to that.
2) Genuineness- when the counsellor and the counselee has built a
trustworthy relationship between them, so it will become easy to solve
the problem of client.
3) Unconditional Positive Regard-unconditional positive regard refers
to the situation when counsellor gives positive regard or positive attitude
towards the client’s problem.
4) Concreteness- it is basically using the clear language to describe client
live situation. The language that counsellor is using must be definite and
clear.
Stage-2
In- Depth Exploration
• It is the time for in-depth exploration of themes and issues related to
the clients concerns.
• The counselor’s task became that of helping the client develop new
awareness and perspective that can lead to growth, more effective
coping and clarification of goals.
❖As the client continues to disclose his or her intimate thoughts and
feelings, the counselee and the counselor became more aware of
following :
• Significant events that have shaped the counselee's present
personality and circumstances.
• Deficiencies in the counselee's ability to cope with life circumstances.
• Strengths that the counselee has available but may not be applying to
resolve his or her problems.

12. • Interpersonal relationships with significant other's in the clients life
• Feelings about self and others
• Goals that have been implicit in the clients unsuccessful efforts to
resolve his or her problem(s) and that now can be made explicit in
preparation of action planning.
❖Goals and methods of In-Depth exploration :
• To gain insight into his or her strengths, deficiencies, interpersonal
functioning, “baggage” from the past, feelings, desires and needs.
• To begin formulation goalsregarding those changesthat she or he has the
power to make that will lead to morecomplete satisfaction of desires and
needs.
STAGE 3: COMMITMENT TO ACTION
(Setting Goals)
This stage is the goal setting stage, wherein the client with the help of
the counseloridentifies specific ways of problem solving getting in the
way to achieve the target. Goals are the results and outcomes the client
wants to achieve at the end of the counseling sessions.Withoutthe
achievement of goals, the whole process ofcounseling goes down the
drain.
This is a crucial stage of counseling as the goals when stated clearly
help both the client and the counselor to recognize progressduring the
process ofcounseling sessions.
Focus of Client = Problem
Focus of Counsellor = Problem +Client+Counselling process+Goals

13. The Process of goal setting:
 The first task of the third stage of the counselling process is goal
setting.
 The process of specifying goals ensures that both client and
counselorknow exactly where they are headed in the third stage.
Guidelines for goal selection are as follows:
 Goals should related to the desired end sought by the client.
 Goals should be well defined in explicit and terms.
 Most importantly they should be in the range of the
counselors’knowledge and skills.
 They should also be consistent with the client’s mission and
policies.
Counselling outcomes in process of counselling:
 Change in behavior
 Beliefs
 Level of emotional distress
 Attitude change
 Coping ability
 Relief of emotions distress
 Establishmentof free and responsible behavior
Conclusion:
Counselling is the processof assisting and guiding clients by a trained
personon a professionalbasis to resolve especially personal, social or
psychologicalproblems.Counselling can be of various types discussed
above and it includes numbers of steps such as, Initial disclosure,In-
depth exploration and Commitmentto action, each steps consisting of
several processors.The type of counselling a counseloropt for depends
upon the situation and the problem of the client. Counselling helps a

14. personto grow, it helps in building self-confidenceand resilience in a
personfor his or her future life.