2. What is Memory?
Memory is the ability to take in information, store it, and
recall it at a later time. In psychology, memory is broken
into three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
5. The Memory process
Encoding (or registration): the process of receiving, processing, and
combining information. Encoding allows information from the outside
world to reach our senses in the forms of chemical and physical stimuli.
In this first stage we must change the information so that we may put the
memory into the encoding process.
Storage: the creation of a permanent record of the encoded information.
Storage is the second memory stage or process in which we maintain
information over periods of time.
Retrieval (or recall, or recognition): the calling back of stored
information in response to some cue for use in a process or activity. The
third process is the retrieval of information that we have stored. We must
locate it and return it to our consciousness. Some retrieval attempts may
be effortless due to the type of information.
6.
7. Function of Memory
The short-term memory is “working” in many ways.
It holds information not just to rehearse it , but to process
it (such as hearing a word problem in math and doing it in
your head).
Short-term memory integrates information from long-term
memory with new information coming in from sensory
memory.
8. Memory Storage
The brain is NOT like a hard drive. Memories are NOT in isolated files, but are
in overlapping neural networks.
The brain’s long-term memory
storage does not get full; it gets more elaborately rewired and
interconnected. Parts of each memory can be distributed throughout the
brain.
-Memory of a particular ‘kitchen table’ may be a linkage among networks for
‘kitchen,’ ‘meal,’ ‘wooden,’ ‘home,’ ‘legs,’ and ‘sit.’
10. Short Term Memory
Short-term memory is the information that a person is currently
thinking about or is aware of.
It is also called primary or active memory. Recent events and sensory
data such as sounds are stored in short-term memory.
Short-term memory often encompasses events over a period
anywhere from 30 seconds to several days
Important information is gradually transferred from short-term
memory into long-term memory.
12. EXPLICIT MEMORY : is one of the two main types of long-term human
memory. The other main type is implicit memory. Explicit memory is
the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous
experiences, and concepts.
EPISODIC MEMORY: is the memory of every day,that can be explicitly
stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that
occurred at a particular time and place.
SEMANTIC MEMORY : refers to a portion of long-term memory that
processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal
experience. Semantic memory includes things that are common
knowledge, such as the names of colours, the sounds of letters, the
capitals of countries and other basic facts acquired over a lifetime.
Implicit memory: refers to the influence of experience on behavior,
even if the individual is not aware of those influences.
13. Procedural memory : refers to our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do
things. Example: When we walk from one place to another, speak to another
person in English, dial a cell phone, or play a video game, we are using procedural
memory.
Procedural memory allows us to perform complex tasks, even though we may not
be able to explain to others how we do them. There is no way to tell someone
how to ride a bicycle; a person has to learn by doing it.
The idea of implicit memory helps explain how infants are able to learn. The
ability to crawl, walk, and talk are procedures, and these skills are easily and
efficiently developed while we are children despite the fact that as adults we
have no conscious memory of having learned them.
14. Memory retrieval
Recall: some people, through practice, visual strategies, or biological
differences, have the ability to store and recall thousands of words or digits,
reproducing them years later.
Recognition: the average person can view 2500 new faces and places, and
later can notice with 90 percent accuracy which ones they’ve seen before.
Relearning: some people are unable to form new memories, especially of
episodes; although they would not recall a puzzle solving lesson, they might
still solve the puzzle faster each lesson.
