Lecture Notes
Disadvantages of parole and probation.
Relative lack of punishment.
When a convicted offender is released to the community on probation or parole, it poses a risk to the community.
Increased social costs.
Teaching Tips
Poll the class as to other disadvantages that may not be listed.
Lecture Notes
John Augustus “Father of Probation” (1841)
Local business man who witnessed the injustices of the criminal justice system
Used personal finances to oversee many individuals on certain conditions to avoid jail time
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Lecture Notes
Parole conditions are general and specific limits imposed upon an offender who is released on parole.
The Parole Board is responsible for deciding whether an inmate is to receive early release (not the judge).
Board members, typically appointed by the governor, grant paroles based on a review of each case.
Considered “discretionary” parole
Teaching Tips
If possible, review the A&E video collection for a parole video. There are plenty from which to choose.
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Lecture Notes
Escoe v. Zerbst (1935)
Mempa v. Rhay (1967)
Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)
Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)
Griffin v. Wisconsin (1987)
Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott (1998)
Assignment for Students
Assign each case to a student or a group of students and require them to briefly present the case.
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Lecture Notes
Alternative sentences are of two general types: those that center on justice for the victim (“restorative”) and those that attempt to punish the offender in accordance with the nature of the offense (“authentic”). In restorative justice the criminal justice process focuses primarily on “making the victim whole,” or repairing the injury to the victim, rather than on the adversarial relationship between the government and the offender. Authentic justice is based on the idea that sanctions should be more closely related to crimes and that offenders should be punished in ways that neutralize their gain.
Lecture Notes
Alternative sentences are of two general types: those that center on justice for the victim (“restorative”) and those that attempt to punish the offender in accordance with the nature of the offense (“authentic”). In restorative justice the criminal justice process focuses primarily on “making the victim whole,” or repairing the injury to the victim, rather than on the adversarial relationship between the government and the offender. Authentic justice is based on the idea that sanctions should be more closely related to crimes and that offenders should be punished in ways that neutralize their gain.
Lecture Notes
Mediation programs provide a neutral setting in which offenders and victims can ask each other questions and communicate their feelings about the offense.
Some forms of restorative justice are designed to repair the physical or psychological harm done to the victim.
Authentic justice seeks to link the nature of the penalty with the nature of the offense in a direct, tangible way.
Shock incarceration creates a military-style boot camp atmosphere in which inmates are forced to engage in physical activity, drills, work, education, and counseling. Usually offenders volunteer to participate in boot camps rather than serving a longer sentence in a traditional prison.
Corporal punishment is physical punishment short of the death penalty. It has a long history in the United States, and it is supported by some advocates of authentic justice because it imitates the pain suffered by the victim.
Public humiliation also has a long history and can take many different forms. Although there is renewed interest in this approach, public humiliation sentences are still rare.
Forced birth control has been used as a punishment in cases involving child abuse.
Forfeiture of Assets is mostly used in cases involving drug trafficking.
Lecture Notes
Some jurisdictions have attempted to treat sex offenders with drugs that reduce their sex drive. These treatments are controversial, because some experts believe that the behavior of sex offenders is psychologically rather than biologically motivated.