occcupational crime professional ethics ppt

2. AGENDA
What is mean by crime ?
Types of crime
Occupational crimes
Examples of occupational crime
Four types of occupational crime
oOrganizational Crime
oState-based Authority Crime
oProfessionals Crime
oIndividuals Crime
3 factors to commit fraud

3. WHAT IS MEAN BY CRIME ?
Crime is an illegal act for which someone can be
punished by the government especially a gross violation
of law
a grave offense especially against morality
criminal activity :efforts to fight crime
something reprehensible, foolish, or disgraceful :It's
a crime to waste good food.

4. Domestic crime :Non - accidental crime committed by
members of the family.
Professional Crime :When crime is pursued as a
profession or day to day occupation.
Blue collar crime (or) Street crime : Crime against
person, property (theft, assault on a person, rape)
TYPES OF CRIME

5. CONT…
Victimless crime : Person who commits the crime is the
victim of the crime.
E.g. Drug addiction
Hate crime :Crime done on the banner of religion,
community, linguistics

6. OCCUPATIONAL CRIMES
• Occupational crimes are illegal acts made possible
thro’ one’s lawful employment.
• It is the secretive violation of laws regulating work
activities.
• When committed by office workers or professionals,
occupational crime is called “white-collar crime”.
• Employee theft is a type of occupational crime when
it is associated with an employee’s assigned tasks.

7. EXAMPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL CRIME
1. Industrial Espionage:
• Means industrial spying.
Example:
In northern California, one industrial area is famous
for computer industries (main production of integrated
circuit microprocessors or computer chips). It also has
a large number of industrial espionages

8. CONT…
• Reason for industrial espionage:
 Development of computer chip is extremely
competitive and fast moving
 Manufacture of the computer chips is the most
expensive one.
 Computer chips and its parts are very small. So
they can be easily taken away from the offices by
secret means

9. CONT…
 The enforcement of law has been ineffective
 Employees who are revealing secrets won't be
carrying out such activities directly. There are some
agents who buy the secrets of one company and sell
them to other competitors

10. CONT…
2. Price fixing:
• The American Government passed the “Shorman
Antitrust Act” in the year 1890, to stop the companies
from jointly setting prices.
• During that period the price fixing was done buy
companies in a joint manner

11. CONT…
3. Endangering lives:
• Employers who expose their employees to safety
hazards usually escape from criminal penalties
• The companies which are responsible for the death
of people can easily escape by paying compensation

12. Four Types of Occupational Crime
Organizational Crime
State-based Authority Crime
Professionals Crime
Individuals Crime

13. ORGANIZATIONAL CRIME
The crimes for the benefit of an employing organization
Who Benefits? The employers/the company (macro)
Examples:
• Price Fixing
• False Product Test Results
• Fraud
• Secrets Theft

14. STATE-BASED AUTHORITY CRIME
The crimes committed by govt. officials or employees
through the exercise of their power given to them by their
job.
Who Benefits? The offender benefits directly
Examples:
• Senator taking Bribes
• Police stealing confiscated goods
• Mayor get kick-backs
• Cuyahoga County Corruption charge

15. PROFESSIONAL CRIME
Prof crimes committed by professionals which violate the
trust placed in them by their patients/clients/individuals
Who Benefits? The offender benefits directly
Examples:
• Sexual assault by dentists while patient is asleep
• Teachers sleeping with their students
• Lawyers billing clients for hours they did not work
• Doctors/Vets making a false diagnosis

16. EXCLUSIONS…………..
State-based and professional occupational crime excludes the following:
Criminal acts and offenses committed not while in the course of their job.
Offenses committed that are unrelated to the trust placed in them by an
individual, client, or patient.

17. INDIVIDUAL OCCUPATIONAL CRIME
The crimes committed by a worker themselves (unrelated
to govt. authority, profession, or organization) Micro!
Who Benefits? The individual themselves only
Examples:
• Employee theft
• Driving company vehicles while drunk
• Falsification of expense reports
• Income tax evasion

18. 3 FACTORS TO COMMIT FRAUD
Cressey’s Fraud Triangle outlines 3 factors must be
present for a person to commit fraud.
 Pressure
 Rationalization
 Opportunity.
The General Strain Theory and the Differential
Association Theory also explain why certain people are
more inclined to commit a crime.