Topic 7

Chapter 25 Section 1
The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Slavery, States’ Rights, and Western Expansion
Topic 7
Sectional Divisions and Civil War

The Cold War Begins
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Section 1
Slavery Divides the Nation

The Cold War Begins
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• Contrast the economies, societies, and political
views of the North and the South.
• Describe the role of the Free-Soil Party in the
election of 1848.
• Analyze why slavery in the territories was a
divisive issue between North and South and
how Congress tried to settle the issue in 1850.
Objectives

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• Wilmot Proviso – outlawed slavery in lands
won from Mexico
• Free-Soil Party – a political party that
promised free soil, free speech, free labor,
and free men
• popular sovereignty – followers believed
a territory’s voters should decide themselves
whether to allow slavery
Terms and People

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• secede – to break away, especially from
the Union
• Compromise of 1850 – legislation designed
to avoid division between North and South
over slavery
• Fugitive Slave Act – stringent laws that
required citizens to apprehend fugitive slaves
Terms and People (continued)

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• personal liberty laws – laws passed in the
North that nullified the Fugitive Slave Act
• Underground Railroad – a secret network of
people who helped slaves escape the South
• Harriet Tubman – a woman who led slaves into
freedom through the Underground Railroad
• Harriet Beecher Stowe – wrote a best-selling
novel that condemned slavery
Terms and People

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How did Congress try to resolve the
dispute between North and South over
slavery?
How did the Fugitive Slave Act and the
Kansas-Nebraska Act increase tensions
between the North and the South?
Do Now

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How did Congress try to resolve the
dispute between North and South
over slavery?
As the nation expanded, the problem of slavery
became a divisive and difficult issue to resolve.
Different economies and viewpoints of the North
and the South hindered compromise.

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The Compromise of 1850 resolved the slavery issues
only for a short time.
The slavery issue turned violent with the passage
of the Fugitive Slave Law and the Kansas-Nebraska
Act.
How did the Fugitive Slave Act and the
Kansas-Nebraska Act increase tensions
between the North and the South?

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The North,
a manufacturing society
The South,
an agricultural society
• Cities and towns were
trade centers
• Factories and farms
produced goods
• Paid labor source,
few slaves
• Many immigrants
• Cities and towns were
few and far between
• Large plantations and
small farms were source
of wealth
• Enslaved labor force of
African Americans
• Few immigrants

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The North and the South
had very different views
of slavery.

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Slavery and the North Slavery and the South
Few people had slaves and
slavery ended by 1860.
Slavery was an integral part
of life with over 1 million
enslaved African Americans.
Early in the 1800s, some
northerners began to work
for the abolition of slavery.
Many believed God intended
blacks to provide labor
for whites.
Many northern states limited the
rights and migration of free
African Americans, so many white
northerners had little contact
with them.
Southerners claimed that
enslaved people were healthier
and happier than northern
wage earners.

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The North and South had different views
about new territories.
The South wanted the
new territories to be
slave states.
The North wanted the
new territories to be
free states.

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Keeping a balance between free and slave states
became the focus of Congress.
It was defeated, but it brought the slavery issue
into public debate.
In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso stated that all lands
acquired from Mexico would be free territories.

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In the election of 1848, the
two political parties, the
Democrats and the Whigs,
split over the issue of
slavery and a third party
was formed, the Free-Soil
Party.

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The Free-Soil party lost the election but had a large
influence on politics before the Civil War.
Platform Impact
“Free soil, free speech,
free labor, and free men.”
It won 10 percent
of the vote
Keep slavery out of the
western territories.
It raised the question as to who
would decide the slavery issue.
A national platform
of “freedom.”
Tensions increased when
California sought to join the
Union as a free state.

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The Democrats and Whigs were forced to address
the slavery issue.
Both parties supported popular sovereignty,
having voters in a territory decide whether their
territory would be free or slave.
Having voters decide had wide appeal since it
seemed to keep with the tradition of American
democracy. It would also remove Congress from
the controversy.

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Daniel
Webster
from the
North
John Calhoun from
the South
Henry Clay
from the West
Once again, the slavery issue was debated
in the Senate by three political leaders.

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Henry Clay proposed a compromise
balancing the number of free states
and slave states in Congress known
as the Compromise of 1850.

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Calhoun and Webster’s positions on Clay’s
compromise during Senate debate:
Calhoun Webster
• Clay’s compromise did not give
the South enough protection.
• The South would break away
from the Union if it did not get
its demands on the slavery
issue.
• Any state had the right to
secede if it disagreed with
national laws.
• The states should rally to the
cause of unity.
• Sectional compromise was
needed in order to preserve
the Union.
• Webster supported popular
sovereignty.

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The North The South
California would be admitted to
the Union as a free state.
Congress would pass a stricter
fugitive slave law.
The territories of New Mexico
and Utah would decide on slavery
by a vote.
Slavery would be enforced in
Wash., DC, although the slave
trade would be abolished.
The compromise brought calm to the nation, but
larger crises loomed.
The Compromise of 1850 finally became a law
stating that:

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By the mid-1800s, the
issue of slavery was a
national issue in which
every American - North,
South, and West, had
an opinion.

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The Fugitive
Slave Act,
part of the
Compromise
of 1850,
required all
citizens to
catch and
return runaway
slaves.

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• nullified the Fugitive
Slave Act.
• enabled state officials to
arrest slave catchers for
kidnapping free African
Americans.
• increased northern
white support of
abolitionism.
Some
Northern
states passed
personal
liberty laws.
These laws:

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The map shows the routes “conductors”
used to lead enslaved blacks to freedom.
Free blacks and
Northern abolitionists
organized an escape
network called the
Underground
Railroad.

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A fugitive slave from
Maryland, Harriet
Tubman, was called the
“Black Moses” because
she led so many people
to freedom on the
Underground Railroad.

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• White abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe
wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin that gave readers
compassion for the nonviolent enslaved Tom.
• Black abolitionist Martin Delany wrote Blake in
which the enslaved Blake chooses to rebel
violently against slavery.
Popular novels condemned slavery, gaining
northern support for abolition and infuriating
the South.

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Section 2
Violence Escalates

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• Analyze why the Fugitive Slave Act increased
tensions between the North and South.
• Assess how the Kansas-Nebraska Act was seen
differently by the North and South.
• Explain why fighting broke out in Kansas and
the effects of that conflict.
Objectives

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• Analyze how deepening sectional distrust affected
the nation’s politics.
• Compare the positions of Abraham Lincoln and
Stephen A. Douglas on the issue of slavery.
• Explain the effect of John Brown’s raid on
the slavery debate.
Objectives

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• Kansas-Nebraska Act – divided Nebraska region
into two territories, giving voters in each area the
right to decide whether or not to allow slavery
• John Brown – a New York abolitionist who used
violence
• “Bleeding Kansas”– term used to describe
Kansas, where there was violence between
proslavery and antislavery supporters

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• Know-Nothings – members of anti-immigrant
movement
• Republican Party – political party founded in
1854 that opposed slavery
• Dred Scott – a Missouri slave who sued for his
freedom
• Roger B. Taney – chief justice of Supreme Court
that ruled against Scott
Terms and People

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• Abraham Lincoln – Republican politician from
Illinois who opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Stephan A. Douglas – an Illinois politician, rival
to Lincoln, who supported Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Harper’s Ferry – Location of federal arsenal that
John Brown tried to seize and start a revolution
that would destroy slavery

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Tensions greatly increased between the
North and the South as:
• African Americans increased their resistance.
• the abolitionist movement grew stronger in the
North and West.
• the question of whether a new territory should
become a slave or free state arose again.

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• The legislation divided
Nebraska territory into two
separate areas.
• Residents of both Kansas and
Nebraska voted to allow or
outlaw slavery.
• Congress assumed Kansas
would become a slave state
and Nebraska a free state.
• Northerners and Southerners
went to Kansas to influence
the vote.
Kansas-
Nebraska
Act
was enacted
in the spring
of 1854.

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• Pro-slavery Southern Border
Ruffians from Missouri
attacked the anti-slavery
town of Lawrence, Kansas.
• Northern abolitionist
John Brown
responded by killing
five pro-slavery settlers.
• Both sides armed and
readied for battle.
Passage
of the Act
set off
violence
between
Northerners
and
Southerners.

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Describing the violence
in Kansas, reporters
called the territory
“Bleeding Kansas.”

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The dispute over Kansas:
The South wanted Kansas to be a slave state.
The North wanted Kansas to be a free state.
In 1861, after the
Civil War started,
Kansas joined the
Union as a free state.

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Violence over the
slavery issue broke out
in the U.S. Senate.
Southern Representative
Brooks badly beat
Northern Senator
Sumner.
The national tension over slavery grew wider and
deeper, with violence spreading even to Congress.

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By the mid-1850s, events caused a deep divide
between sections of the nation that seemed unable
to be resolved through negotiation and
compromise.
As the westward expansion continued, these deep
sectional differences threatened to tear the nation
apart.
What developments deepened the
divisions between the North and South?

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In the presidential election of 1856 there were
5 political parties.
Whig Party Failed to nominate a candidate
Republican Party
Won one-third of the popular vote and
11 northern states
Know-Nothings
Put up a candidate but dissolved over
the slavery issue
Democrats
Won with James Buchanan promising to stop
the “agitation of the slavery issue”
Free-Soil Party Absorbed into the Republican Party

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The U.S. Supreme Court ruled on the case of
Dred Scott, an enslaved man who had lived in a
free state and sued for his freedom.
Within a year of the election, another event
intensified the divisions in the nation over slavery.

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Chief Justice Roger B.
Taney handed down the
controversial decision in
March, 1857.

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• ruled against Scott.
• said slaves were
property and not
allowed to sue in
court.
• said the Missouri
Compromise was
unconstitutional.
• pleased the South.
• angered the North and
abolitionists.
The
Dred Scott
decision:

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In 1858, in a race for the
Illinois senate seat,
Stephen A. Douglas and
Abraham Lincoln debated
the issue of slavery.
The seven debates got
national attention.

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Lincoln Douglas
Spoke with direct and deliberate
tone focusing on how slavery
was a struggle between right
and wrong.
Had an energetic, commanding
voice and spoke of the political
issues.
Opposed the Kansas-Nebraska
Act, popular sovereignty, and
the
Scott decision.
Supported the Kansas-Nebraska
Act and popular sovereignty.
Opposed the annexation of
Texas.
Supported the annexation of
Texas.
On the issue of slavery:

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Douglas won the Senate seat by a slim margin.
The debates gave Abraham Lincoln national
recognition that was important in the 1860
presidential election.
Both candidates believed the issue of slavery
had to be resolved peacefully, within the
framework of laws.

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His goal was to inspire
local slaves to join a
revolution that would
defeat slavery.
John Brown
organized
a small party
of men
and attacked
a federal arsenal
at Harper’s Ferry
in Virginia.

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John
Brown’s raid
failed but
intensified
national
division.
Most abolitionists
(black and white)
refused to join Brown
although a few sent
money for guns.
Brown was arrested,
tried, and executed.
Lincoln and other
Republicans condemned
Brown.
The South was on
alert and many
prepared for war.

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The possibility of war between the
North and South loomed.
Near the end of the 1850s,
attempts at compromise over slavery had failed.

The Cold War Begins
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Section 3
The Civil War Begins

The Cold War Begins
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• Compare the candidates in the election
of 1860, and analyze the results.
• Analyze why southern states seceded from
the Union.
• Assess the events that led to the outbreak
of war.
Objectives

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• Contrast the resources and strategies of the
North and South.
• Describe the outcomes and effects of the early
battles of the Civil War.
Objectives

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• Jefferson Davis – Mississippi senator who became
president of the Confederacy
• John C. Breckinridge –Southern Democrat
nominated for president in the 1860 election
• Confederate States of America – formed in
February 1861 by seven states that left the Union
• Crittenden Compromise – proposed constitutional
amendment allowing slavery in all territories south of
the Missouri Compromise line
• Fort Sumter – federal fort in Charleston, South
Carolina, where first shots of Civil War were fired
Terms and People

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Terms and People
• blockade – preventing merchant vessels with
trade goods from entering or leaving ports
• Robert E. Lee – military leader from Virginia
who left the Union army to command the
southern army
• Anaconda Plan – a Union military plan for
defeating the South by dividing the
Confederacy in two
• border states – 4 states that bordered
Southern states, allowed slavery but did not
join the Confederacy

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• Stonewall Jackson – Confederate military
hero who refused to yield to the Union army at
Bull Run
• George B. McClellan – second leader of the
Union army
• Ulysses S. Grant – successful Union general
who eventually became the leader of the Union
army
• Shiloh – tragic battle in Tennessee that
shocked both North and South by the horrors
of the war

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How did the Union finally collapse into
a civil war?
Disagreement between the North and South
over slavery continued, despite last-minute
attempts such as the Crittenden Compromise.
With the election of Lincoln to the presidency,
the crisis came to a head.

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The election of 1860 had four candidates.

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He believed the federal
government must protect
slavery.
A Democrat, John C. Breckinridge
was from Kentucky.

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He believed popular
sovereignty should decide
the slavery issue when
territories became states.
A Democrat, Stephen A. Douglas was
from Illinois.

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He believed
slavery should not be
allowed in the
territories.
A Republican, Abraham Lincoln was from
Illinois.

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He believed the
federal government
should support slavery
and defend the Union.
Constitutional Unionist John Bell was
from Tennessee.

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With no national
candidate
dominating the
campaign,
Lincoln won with
just over half of
the electoral
votes needed
and 40 percent
of the popular
vote.

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The vote for
Abraham Lincoln
was mostly a
vote for
moderation
toward the issue
of slavery and a
vote for the
Union.
However, the
South felt it no
longer had a
voice in the
national
government
and did not see
how it could
remain in the
Union.

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South Carolina was the
first southern state to
leave the Union.
At a state convention
held six weeks after
Election Day,
legislators voted
to secede. It was a
unanimous vote.
X

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Outgoing President Buchanan publicly
condemned South Carolina’s action.
However, he did not use force to prevent it.
Within weeks, six other Southern states
followed South Carolina.

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The states with the largest enslaved populations seceded.

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• closely resembled the U.S. Constitution.
• stressed the independence of each
state.
• implied that states had the right to
secede.
• forbid importing new slaves from other
countries.
The constitution of the
Confederate States of America:

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Jefferson Davis, former
senator from Mississippi,
became president of the
Confederate States of
America.

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• he urged peace between the
Confederacy and the Union.
• he decided to try to hold on to
the Union forts the Confederacy
claimed, such as Fort Sumter.
When Lincoln took office:
However, Confederate forces attacked and
captured the fort in defiance of Lincoln.

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After
Fort Sumter
fell, Lincoln
declared that
insurrection
existed.
Four more southern
states immediately
joined the
Confederacy.

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The issue of slavery
had long divided the
nation, even at the
Constitutional
Convention in 1787.
A Nation Divided by Civil War
The economic sectional differences in the
mid-1800s also greatly contributed to the
national division.

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Predictions
were the
Civil War
would be
short, but it
lasted for
four terrible
years.

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When the Civil War began, the North and
South each had important strengths and
weaknesses.
However, the North had more industrial
advantage over the agricultural South.
How did each side’s resources and strategies
affect the early battles of the war?

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The bitter
struggle over
slavery erupted
into a long and
costly war
beginning in
1861.
At stake was the
survival of the
United States.

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The North had
many resource
advantages with
a larger
population,
more factory
production, and
more railroads.

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The North’s strengths The South’s strengths
• Factory production
• Railroad miles
• An established navy
• A representative
functioning government
• Recognition from
European nations
• A psychological
advantage– fighting to
preserve their way of life
• Strong military tradition–
inspiring leaders such as
General Robert E. Lee
• Strategic advantage–
fighting a defensive war on
familiar ground

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The war strategies of the Confederacy:
• They planned a long war to erode the Union’s
will to fight.
• They planned only to methodically defend
their own territory rather than invade the
North.
• They sought political recognition from France
and Britain to maintain cotton trade.

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The war strategies of the North were
known as the Anaconda Plan.
The plan was to
blockade Southern
ports with its navy and
gain control of the
Mississippi River to split
the Confederacy in two.

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Many soldiers in the Union
and Confederacy were as
young as 14 years old.
Some 4,000 Union soldiers
were 16 or younger.
Both sides rushed to build up their military.

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The goals of Lincoln’s war strategy:
• initially was to preserve the Union.
• was aimed at keeping the four Border
States in the Union, even though they
allowed slavery. He thought this was
crucial to winning the war.
• later changed to include the abolition of
slavery.

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The border states
did not join the
Confederacy.
They stayed in
the Union.

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The first battle in
the war occurred
three months after
Fort Sumter fell.
The war lasted four
years and eventually
stretched across the
continent.

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The East—Manassas and later Richmond, Virginia
The Mississippi Valley—western Kentucky,
Tennessee, and then Shiloh and the port
of New Orleans
The Southwest—New Mexico
Early battles of the Civil War occurred in
three areas of the North American continent:

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In the East
In July 1861, the battle was fought
in Manassas, Virginia, outside of
Washington, DC.
The Battle of Manassas (Bull Run)
resulted in a Union defeat by
Confederate General Stonewall
Jackson. Lincoln appointed a new
commander, George B. McClellan.
In March 1862, McClellan attacked
Richmond, but the large Union force
was beaten back by Confederate
General Robert E. Lee.

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In the Mississippi Valley
General Ulysses S. Grant drove
Confederate forces from much of
western Kentucky and nearly all
of Tennessee.
Grant tried to take Vicksburg,
but lost a bloody battle in
southwestern Tennessee at
Shiloh.
The high death rate from the
battle at Shiloh horrified both
the North and South.

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In the Mississippi
Valley
The Union navy
captured the port of
New Orleans days
after the battle at
Shiloh.

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In the Southwest
In early 1862, a
Confederate force
tried to drive Union
forces from New
Mexico. They were
defeated.

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Both the North and the South
were shocked by the large
number of dead and injured
from the battles.
Military commanders had to
change their battle strategies
because of this new
technology.
The Henry repeating rifle and the cone-shaped
minié balls were part of the new, more deadly
technology of warfare introduced during the
Civil War.

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Section 4
African Americans and the War

The Cold War Begins
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• Analyze why Lincoln decided to issue the
Emancipation Proclamation and what it
achieved.
• Assess the different roles that African
Americans played in the Civil War.
Objectives

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Terms and People
• contraband – captured war supplies
• Antietam – the bloodiest battle in a single day
of the Civil War
• Emancipation Proclamation – freed all
enslaved people living in the states of the
rebellion
• Militia Act – mandated that black soldiers be
accepted into the military
• 54th
Massachusetts Regiment – all black
regiment known for its bravery

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Lincoln recognized the need to include abolishing
slavery as a goal of the war.
Free blacks joined the Union’s army and navy
and fought for freedom.
How did the Emancipation Proclamation
and the efforts of African American
soldiers affect the course of the war?

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As war progressed,
abolitionist Frederick
Douglass urged Lincoln
to abolish slavery and
allow blacks to fight for
the Union.

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Lincoln was further pressured to address the
issue of slavery because:
• Union troops did not know
what to do with enslaved
people who came under
their control in conquered
territories.
• slavery was very
unpopular among the
Union’s European allies.

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Lincoln’s actions to abolish
slavery:
He drafted the Emancipation
Proclamation to abolish slavery.
In the summer of 1862, he shared it
with his Cabinet who supported it.
They decided to wait for a
Union battle victory to
announce the plan.

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The Battle at Antietam
was the single bloodiest
battle of the war with
more than 23,000
soldiers dead or
wounded.
Union troops attacked Lee at Antietam, before Lee was
able to mount a surprise attack on the Union.

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Lincoln announced
the Emancipation
Proclamation
after the Union
victory at the
Battle of Antietam
in Maryland.
It made the abolition
of slavery one of the
specific goals of the
Union.

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The
Emancipation
Proclamation
was finally
issued
September 22,
1862.
It was a military decree.
It freed enslaved people
in the states still in
rebellion as of January 1,
1863.
It did not apply to Border
States.
It did not apply to
Confederate areas already
under Union military
control.

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Two months before Lincoln announced
the Emancipation Proclamation, Congress
had passed the Militia Act.
This enabled free blacks in the
North to join the Union military
and actively fight for their
freedom.

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After the Militia Act,
• thousands of African
Americans became Union
soldiers.
• nearly two dozen black Civil
War soldiers received the
Congressional Medal of Honor.
• some 70,000 black soldiers lost their
lives in over 40 major Civil War
battles.
• the 54th
Massachusetts Regiment
was recognized for its outstanding
action in the battle for Fort Wagner,
South Carolina.

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Prejudices faced by African American troops–
• often assigned
menial tasks and
longest guard duty
• fought three-years
to win equal pay
• killed if captured by
Confederate troops

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• using various forms of resistance against
the Confederacy.
• providing information and supplies such as
contraband to Union troops.
• refusing to work for their southern owners.
• running away to Union camps and working
for the Union, often serving as spies or
scouts.
Enslaved people contributed to the war effort by

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Section 5
Everyday Life During the War

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• Analyze how the war changed the economy
and society in the North and South.
• Discuss how northern and southern soldiers
experienced the war.
• Explain the impact of the war on women.
Objectives

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Terms and People
• income tax –tax based on individual’s
earnings to help pay for the war
• bond – a certificate bought from the
government that promises to pay back the
purchase amount plus interest
• Homestead Act – made western land
available at low cost to those who would farm
the land
• conscription – drafting men to fight in a war

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• Copperhead – northern Democrats who
opposed the war
• habeas corpus – prevents a person from
being held in jail without being charged of a
specific crime
• inflation – when prices of common items soar
• Clara Barton – gained approval for nursing
Civil War soldiers as part of the official military
effort and later founded the American Red
Cross

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
How did the Civil War bring temporary and
lasting changes to American society?
The war transformed the economy and society
of the Union and the Confederacy.
The North headed toward the modern world,
while the South suffered physical and social
damage that lasted for decades.

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Both the North and South passed conscription laws.
Four men out of every five eligible
men in the Confederacy fought.
It is estimated that half the
eligible men in the Union (those
between the ages of 20 and 45)
fought in the Civil War.

The Cold War Begins
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Anger over the
draft led to a riot
in New York City
that lasted four
days. Mobs
attacked both
free African
Americans and
factories that
made war
materials.

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
They were called Copperheads as seen in this cartoon
where they were portrayed threatening the Union.
Some northern Democrats opposed the war.

The Cold War Begins
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For most soldiers
on both sides,
army life was
tedious, with
months of
marching and
drilling punctuated
by brief periods of
fierce and deadly
combat.
Troops fought boredom in
camp through many
activities designed to
entertain themselves and
one another.

The Cold War Begins
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For soldiers who fought for either the North
or the South:
• The new war technology
injured or killed thousands
in fierce battles.
• Poor drinking water and
lack of sanitation in camps
meant more died of camp
diseases than in battle.

The Cold War Begins
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Many
soldiers
were
captured
and sent to
prison
camps.
Some 12,000
Union soldiers
died in the
notorious
Confederate
prison in
Andersonville,
Georgia,
in 15 months.
Captured
African
Americans
were usually
killed, not
imprisoned
by the
Confederate
Army.

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Union Confederacy
Collected income tax
encouraged blockade
runners
sold bonds taxed farm goods
passed Homestead Act
to sell western land
seized Union weapons,
food, and supplies
How They Supplied the Military
issued single currency
raised tariffs
Both

The Cold War Begins
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Northern industries
boomed making clothing,
war supplies and
weapons. They became
more mechanized.
Southern farmers
struggled to get their
crops to market. The
blockade prevented
delivery of needed
supplies.
Impact of the
War on the
Economy

The Cold War Begins
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Many doubted the value of
Confederate money,
causing inflation.
Shortage of food and
inflation led to food riots
in parts of the South.

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
In controversial decrees, both President Lincoln
and President Davis suspended the right of
habeas corpus during the Civil War.

The Cold War Begins
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The role of women in society changed
during the Civil War.
Both southern and northern women did the
jobs men had left when they went to war.
Many women joined husbands in camps and
did the cooking and laundry.
Some white and black women served as
spies.

The Cold War Begins
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Urged on by
Clara Barton, many
women helped the
wounded or nursed
troops on the
battlefield.
Barton later went on
to establish the
American Red Cross.

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Because of Clara Barton’s work, Lincoln formed the
first Sanitary Commission with women overseeing
Union hospitals and sanitation in military facilities.
This program of federal responsibility
for public health was another lasting
effect of the Civil War.

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Section 6
Key Civil War Battles

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
• Explain what the Union gained by capturing
Vicksburg.
• Describe the importance of the Battle of
Gettysburg.
• Analyze how the Union pressed its military
advantage after 1863.
Objectives

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Terms and People
• siege – a military tactic in which an army
surrounds, bombards, and cuts off all supplies to
an enemy position to make the enemy surrender
• Vicksburg – southern city on the Mississippi River
essential for the Union to control
• Gettysburg – site in Pennsylvania of three-day
bloody battle between the Confederacy and the
Union
• George Pickett – leader of the South’s bloody
assault on the Union-held Cemetery Ridge at
Gettysburg

The Cold War Begins
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• Gettysburg Address – speech given by Lincoln
to honor the many dead in the battle of Gettysburg
and an enduring statement of U.S. values and
goals
• total war – Grant’s policy of fighting which
involved striking civilian as well as military targets
• William Tecumseh Sherman – Union general,
practiced total war as he marched through and
conquered Georgia

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
After having only limited success, the North won
some significant battles in 1863.
Though the fighting continued, the year 1863
marked the beginning of the end for the
Confederacy.
How did the Battles of Vicksburg and
Gettysburg change the course of the
Civil War?

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
This was key to
the North’s
Anaconda Plan
to gain control of
the river and to
cut the South in
half.
To win the war, the Union had to gain control of
Vicksburg on the Mississippi River.

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Grant’s strategy to take Vicksburg:
• He captured the Mississippi state capital city, Jackson.
• He gained control of the main rail line into Vicksburg and
cut off all supplies.
• He placed Vicksburg under siege.

The Cold War Begins
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The Cold War Begins
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After learning that Vicksburg had fallen,
The Union had split the South in two.
the last Southern stronghold on the Mississippi,
a garrison at Port Hudson, Louisiana,
surrendered in days.

The Cold War Begins
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In the East:
Taking high casualties, the Union lost
battles against Lee at Fredericksburg and
Chancellorsville, Virginia.
After the Union army failed in its attempts
to defeat Lee, Lincoln appointed various
commanders-in-chief.
Lee made the decision to once again
invade Northern territory.

The Cold War Begins
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Lee’s army met Union
troops at Gettysburg.
The Union saw the
significance of Lee
once again invading
Northern territory.
The Union sent 90,000
soldiers to fight Lee’s
army of 77,500
soldiers.

The Cold War Begins
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• Lasted 3 days
• Considered the bloodiest battle ever fought on
U.S. soil
• More than 50,000 southern and
northern men dead or wounded
• Turning point of Civil War

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Lee won the battle on the first
day, but by the third day the
Union was better positioned.
The Union (blue) was located
on high ground south of the
town.
Confederate (red) General
George Pickett heroically led
his men to roust the Union.
They failed.

The Cold War Begins
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Lee’s army lost the battle.
His army retreated back to Virginia.

The Cold War Begins
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“… that these dead shall not have died in vain;
that this nation shall have a new birth of
freedom; and that this government of the
people, by the people, for the people, shall not
perish from the earth.”
To honor all the fallen soldiers, President Lincoln
delivered the Gettysburg Address four months
after the battle.

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
In early 1864, Lincoln put Grant
in charge of the entire Union
military effort
Once in command of the Union
forces, Grant followed a strategy
of total war and pursued Lee
relentlessly all the way to
Richmond.

The Cold War Begins
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He forced people out of the city of Atlanta
and then burned it.
Southerners called the general
“Sherman the Brute.”
On his march to the sea through Georgia,
Sherman practiced strategy of total war.
Sherman and his men
tore up railroad tracks,
destroyed buildings, and
vandalized private
homes.

The Cold War Begins
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The presidential election of 1864 was
between Republican Lincoln and Democrat
McClellan.
Lincoln McClellan
Criticized by some for
seizing too much authority
Democrats were split
into several factions
Won 212 of the 233
electoral votes
Received 45 percent of
the popular vote

The Cold War Begins
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With Abraham Lincoln re-elected, the
South lost all hopes the Union would
negotiate a peace.

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Section 7
Impact of the Civil War

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
• Analyze the final events of the Civil War.
• Explain why the North won the war.
• Assess the impact of the Civil War on North
and South.
Objectives

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Terms and People
• Thirteenth Amendment – amends the
Constitution to outlaw slavery in the United States
• John Wilkes Booth – assassinated President
Lincoln
• Mathew Brady – photographer who documented
the horrors of war with his pictures of Civil War
battles
• Land Grant College Act – gave money from sale
of public lands to states to establish universities
that taught agriculture and mechanical arts

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
The Civil War had lasting effects on the North
and the South.
With the end of the war, Americans faced the
challenge of rebuilding the nation.
What was the final outcome and impact
of the Civil War?

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
In February 1865, the Confederacy sent a
committee to discuss with Lincoln a possible
end to the war.
Congress had just proposed the Thirteenth
Amendment outlawing slavery but the
Confederate peace delegation could not
accept it.
A possible end to the war?

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
In the final months of the war,
Grant tried to take Richmond.
• He laid siege to Petersburg just
outside of and on the supply route
of Richmond.
• In April 1865, Lee tried,
unsuccessfully, to retreat to
North Carolina.

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Lee formally surrendered
to Grant in the town
of Appomattox Court
House, Virginia on April
9, 1865.
Conditions of the
surrender were simply
for the Confederates to
“lay down their arms.”

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Just six days
later, the nation
was shocked
when John
Wilkes Booth
assassinated
President Lincoln.

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Booth and four others had planned to
kill the President, Vice President, and
Secretary of State.
They wanted to bring chaos to the
Union so the South could regroup
and continue the war.
Booth was shot when found hiding in
a barn in Virginia. His four
accomplices were captured and
hanged.

The Cold War Begins
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• United his northern supporters and critics.
• Caused intense disagreement in the Union
over how to reunite the nation.
• Left the nation without a strong, steady hand
guiding the Union.
Lincoln’s death:
Thousands in cities and towns paid their respects as
Lincoln’s body was transferred to Springfield, Illinois.

The Cold War Begins
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• Military Strategy: Did not need to attack or
conquer the North; had only to avoid defeat to
win the war
• Leadership: Many United States Army officers
sided with the South at the outbreak of the war
(foremost among them was Robert E. Lee).
• Morale: Most white southerners were willing to
fight to protect their way of life.
At beginning of the Civil War, the South had
strong advantages.

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
As the war continued, the South was weakened
because:
• It used up its existing resources and was
unable to call upon fresh troops and supplies.
• Failed in gaining a European ally that could
supply Confederate troops.

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
• Abundant resources
• Larger population
• Emergence of new
military leaders
• Leadership of Lincoln
• Determination of
African Americans to
end slavery
Why did the North win the Civil War?
The North had more resources.

The Cold War Begins
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Deadly War:
• The war ushered in modern
warfare that meant huge
casualties.
• The death toll from the Civil
War was greater than any war
America has fought.
• For the first time, the horror of
war was recorded for all to see
by photo-journalists like
Mathew Brady.

The Cold War Begins
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The economic costs for both sides were staggering.

The Cold War Begins
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Impact of the Civil War in the South:
• Cities and the countryside lay in ruins. Soldiers
returned to find their homes and farms in shambles.
• African Americans, particularly in the South, had to
adjust to their new freedom.
• As Reconstruction progressed, blacks learned that
freedom was not always a reality in southern states.
Many African Americans migrated West, taking
advantage of the Homestead Act and the chance to
own land.

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
• The industrial boom fed by the war
continued and flourished, changing the
U.S. into world economic force.
• Congress passed a tariff law protecting
the northern industries.
Impact of the Civil War in the North:

The Cold War Begins
Section 1
Impact of the war on the nation
• The new Land Grant College Act established state
universities to teach agriculture and the mechanical arts.
• Sectional differences never again led to states leaving the
Union.
• The economic, political, and social life of the nation
became more interwoven.
• The federal government increasingly played a larger role in
American lives.

Topic 7

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Topic 7

Editor's Notes