The document discusses key developments during the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment era in Europe: 1) In the mid-1500s, scientists like Copernicus, Galileo and Newton began questioning accepted beliefs and developing theories based on experimentation and evidence, marking the beginning of the Scientific Revolution. 2) Thinkers of the Enlightenment like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau advocated new political ideas like religious tolerance, separation of powers, checks and balances, and consent of the governed. 3) Enlightenment ideas spread through Europe in the 17th-18th centuries, aided by the development of science and influential works such as Diderot's Encyclopedia.

1. 22.1 The Scientific22.1 The Scientific
RevolutionRevolution
In the mid-1500s, scientists beginIn the mid-1500s, scientists begin
to question accepted beliefs andto question accepted beliefs and
make new theories based onmake new theories based on
experimentationexperimentation

2. The Roots of Modern ScienceThe Roots of Modern Science
 The Medieval ViewThe Medieval View
• Most knowledge inMost knowledge in
the Middle Agesthe Middle Ages
comes from thecomes from the
Bible andBible and
Greek/RomanGreek/Roman
sources.sources.
• SupportsSupports
geocentricgeocentric theorytheory
—moon, sun,—moon, sun,
planets revolveplanets revolve
around eartharound earth

3. The Roots of Modern ScienceThe Roots of Modern Science
 A New Way of ThinkingA New Way of Thinking
• Renaissance prompts new ways ofRenaissance prompts new ways of
thinking (1300-1600)thinking (1300-1600)
• Scientific Revolution—new way ofScientific Revolution—new way of
viewing the natural world—based onviewing the natural world—based on
observation and inquiryobservation and inquiry
• New discoveries, overseas explorationNew discoveries, overseas exploration
open up thinkingopen up thinking
• Scholars make new developments inScholars make new developments in
astronomy and mathematics.astronomy and mathematics.

4. A Revolutionary Model of the UniverseA Revolutionary Model of the Universe
 The HeliocentricThe Heliocentric
TheoryTheory
• Widely acceptedWidely accepted
geocentric theorygeocentric theory
challenged aschallenged as
inaccurateinaccurate
• Copernicus developsCopernicus develops
the heliocentric theorythe heliocentric theory
—planets revolve—planets revolve
around the sunaround the sun
• Later scientistsLater scientists
mathematically provemathematically prove
Copernicus to beCopernicus to be
correctcorrect
Nicolaus
Copernicus

5. A Revolutionary Model of the UniverseA Revolutionary Model of the Universe
 Galileo’s DiscoveriesGalileo’s Discoveries
• Italian scientist GalileoItalian scientist Galileo
Galilei makes keyGalilei makes key
advances in astronomy.advances in astronomy.
• He makes discoveryHe makes discovery
about planet surfacesabout planet surfaces
• supports heliocentricsupports heliocentric
theorytheory
• 4 moons of Jupiter4 moons of Jupiter
(Jupiter has 8 moons)(Jupiter has 8 moons)
• Sun spotsSun spots
Galileo Galilei

6.  Conflict with theConflict with the
ChurchChurch
• Church attacksChurch attacks
Galileo’s work, fearsGalileo’s work, fears
it will weakenit will weaken
people’s faithpeople’s faith
• Pope forces GalileoPope forces Galileo
to declare his andto declare his and
other new findingsother new findings
are wrongare wrong
Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting Galileo
facing the Roman Inquisition

7. The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method
 A Logical ApproachA Logical Approach
• Revolution in thinking leads to development ofRevolution in thinking leads to development of
scientific method—a series of steps for formingscientific method—a series of steps for forming
and testing scientific theoriesand testing scientific theories
 Bacon and DescartesBacon and Descartes
• Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to createThinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create
scientific methodscientific method
• Bacon urges scientists to experiment beforeBacon urges scientists to experiment before
drawing conclusionsdrawing conclusions
• Descartes advocates using logic and math toDescartes advocates using logic and math to
reason out basic truthsreason out basic truths

8. The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method
Francis Bacon (1561-1626) René Descartes (1595-1650)

9. Newton Explains the Law of GravityNewton Explains the Law of Gravity
 Newton’s TheoriesNewton’s Theories
• English scientist IsaacEnglish scientist Isaac
Newton develops theoryNewton develops theory
of motion—states someof motion—states some
forces rule motion offorces rule motion of
planets, matter inplanets, matter in
space, and earthspace, and earth
• LAW OF GRAVITYLAW OF GRAVITY
Isaac Newton in 1689

10. Newton Explains the Law of GravityNewton Explains the Law of Gravity
 Newton’s TheoriesNewton’s Theories
(continued)(continued)
• Motion in space andMotion in space and
earth linked by the lawearth linked by the law
of universal gravitationof universal gravitation
—holds that every—holds that every
object is universeobject is universe
attracts every otherattracts every other
objectobject
• Newton views theNewton views the
universe as a vast,universe as a vast,
perfect mechanicalperfect mechanical
clockclock
Isaac Newton in 1702

11. The Scientific Revolution SpreadsThe Scientific Revolution Spreads
 ScientificScientific
InstrumentsInstruments
• Scientists developScientists develop
microscope,microscope,
barometer, andbarometer, and
thermometerthermometer
• New instrumentsNew instruments
lead to betterlead to better
observations andobservations and
new discoveriesnew discoveries
microscope
thermometer
simple
mercury
barometer

12. The Scientific Revolution SpreadsThe Scientific Revolution Spreads
 Medicine and theMedicine and the
Human BodyHuman Body
• Andreas VesaliusAndreas Vesalius
improvesimproves
knowledge ofknowledge of
anatomyanatomy
Andreas Vesalius

13. The Scientific Revolution SpreadsThe Scientific Revolution Spreads
 Medicine and theMedicine and the
Human BodyHuman Body
(continued)(continued)
• Edward JennerEdward Jenner
produces world’sproduces world’s
first vaccination—first vaccination—
for smallpoxfor smallpox

14. 1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating
patients who feared it would make
them sprout cow like appendages.

15. The Scientific Revolution SpreadsThe Scientific Revolution Spreads
 Discoveries inDiscoveries in
ChemistryChemistry
• Robert Boyle arguesRobert Boyle argues
that matter is madethat matter is made
of many differentof many different
particlesparticles
• Boyle’s law revealsBoyle’s law reveals
interaction ofinteraction of
volume,volume,
temperature, andtemperature, and
gas pressure.gas pressure.

16. The Enlightenment inThe Enlightenment in
EuropeEurope
Chapter 22, Section 2Chapter 22, Section 2

17.  All humans were naturallyAll humans were naturally
selfish and wicked, thereforeselfish and wicked, therefore
governments must keep order.governments must keep order.
 People should hand over theirPeople should hand over their
rights to a strong ruler. This wasrights to a strong ruler. This was
what Hobbes called awhat Hobbes called a socialsocial
contractcontract..
 Strong ruler should have totalStrong ruler should have total
power (an absolute monarchy).power (an absolute monarchy).
 This powerful government withThis powerful government with
awesome power is what heawesome power is what he
called a leviathan (sea monster)called a leviathan (sea monster)
therefore he titled his booktherefore he titled his book
LeviathanLeviathan (1651).(1651).
Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes

18. John LockeJohn Locke
 People were reasonablePeople were reasonable
(though still selfish) and(though still selfish) and
had the natural rights tohad the natural rights to
life, liberty, and property.life, liberty, and property.
 Purpose of government isPurpose of government is
to protect these naturalto protect these natural
rights.rights.
 Government power comesGovernment power comes
from the consent of thefrom the consent of the
people.people.

19. VoltaireVoltaire
 Wrote more than 70Wrote more than 70
books of political essays,books of political essays,
philosophy, and drama.philosophy, and drama.
 Used satire against hisUsed satire against his
enemies, especially theenemies, especially the
clergy.clergy.
 Beliefs:Beliefs:
• ToleranceTolerance
• ReasonReason
• Freedom of religious beliefFreedom of religious belief
• Freedom of speechFreedom of speech
• ““I do not agree with a wordI do not agree with a word
you say but will defend toyou say but will defend to
the death your right to saythe death your right to say
it.”it.”

20. MontesqieuMontesqieu
 Believed Britain was theBelieved Britain was the
best-governed andbest-governed and
most politicallymost politically
balanced country of hisbalanced country of his
own day.own day.
 Proposed theProposed the
“separation of powers”“separation of powers”
between executive,between executive,
legislative, and judiciallegislative, and judicial
branches ofbranches of
government.government.
 Proposed “checks andProposed “checks and
balances.”balances.”

21. Jean-Jacques RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau
 PassionatelyPassionately
committed tocommitted to
individual freedom.individual freedom.
 Believed man wasBelieved man was
born free and goodborn free and good
but easilybut easily
corrupted.corrupted.
 Believed the onlyBelieved the only
good governmentgood government
was the “generalwas the “general
will” or directwill” or direct
democracy.democracy.

22. Cesare Bonesana BeccariaCesare Bonesana Beccaria
 BeliefsBeliefs
• Laws existed to preserveLaws existed to preserve
social order, not avengesocial order, not avenge
crime.crime.
• Accused should receiveAccused should receive
speedy trials.speedy trials.
• Torture should never beTorture should never be
used.used.
• Degree of punishmentDegree of punishment
should match seriousnessshould match seriousness
of crime.of crime.
• Capital punishment (deathCapital punishment (death
penalty) should bepenalty) should be
abolished.abolished.

23. Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft
 Women should beWomen should be
equally educatedequally educated
along with men.along with men.
 Women should enterWomen should enter
professionsprofessions
traditionallytraditionally
dominated by men likedominated by men like
medicine and politics.medicine and politics.
 WroteWrote A Vindication ofA Vindication of
the Rights of Womanthe Rights of Woman

24. Mary ShelleyMary Shelley
 Daughter of MaryDaughter of Mary
Wollstonecraft.Wollstonecraft.
 Mistress and laterMistress and later
wife of poet Percywife of poet Percy
Bysshe Shelley.Bysshe Shelley.
 Author ofAuthor of
FrankensteinFrankenstein in thein the
summer of 1816,summer of 1816,
Later published inLater published in
1818.1818.

25. The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
SpreadsSpreads
Chapter 22, Section 3Chapter 22, Section 3

26. Baroque MusicBaroque Music
 RepresentativeRepresentative
ComposersComposers
•Antonio VivaldiAntonio Vivaldi
•Johann Sebastian BachJohann Sebastian Bach
•George Friedrich HandelGeorge Friedrich Handel

27. Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)
 RepresentativeRepresentative
WorksWorks
• Most famous workMost famous work
Le quattro stagioniLe quattro stagioni
((The Four SeasonsThe Four Seasons))
written in 1723.written in 1723.
• 46 operas46 operas
• 76 sonatas76 sonatas
• Chamber musicChamber music
• Sacred musicSacred music

28. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-
1750)1750)
 RepresentativeRepresentative
WorksWorks
• cantatascantatas
• choraleschorales
• organ worksorgan works
• lute musiclute music
• chamber musicchamber music
• canons and fuguescanons and fugues
 Famous piece:Famous piece:
“Jesu Joy of Man’s“Jesu Joy of Man’s
Desiring”Desiring”

29. George Frederick Handel (1685-George Frederick Handel (1685-
1759)1759)
 Representative WorksRepresentative Works
• 42 operas42 operas
• 29 oratorios29 oratorios
• 120 cantatas, trios,120 cantatas, trios,
duetsduets
• numerous ariasnumerous arias
• chamber musicchamber music
 Most famous work:Most famous work:
MessiahMessiah oratoriooratorio
traditionally performedtraditionally performed
during the Christmasduring the Christmas
season, includingseason, including
“Hallelujah Chorus”.“Hallelujah Chorus”.

30. Classical MusicClassical Music
 Representative ComposersRepresentative Composers
•Joseph HaydnJoseph Haydn
•Wolfgang Amadeus MozartWolfgang Amadeus Mozart
•Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven

31. Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
 Known as “FatherKnown as “Father
of the Symphony”of the Symphony”
and “Father of theand “Father of the
String Quartet”String Quartet”
 RepresentativeRepresentative
WorksWorks
• 104 Symphonies104 Symphonies
• numerous concertosnumerous concertos
for variousfor various
instrumentsinstruments
• 15 operas15 operas
• other musicother music

32. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-
1791)1791)
 RepresentativeRepresentative
worksworks
• 23 operas23 operas
• numerousnumerous
symphoniessymphonies
 ““Toy Symphony”Toy Symphony”
• concertosconcertos
 ““Flute concerto no. 2Flute concerto no. 2
in D Major, K 314”in D Major, K 314”
• piano musicpiano music
• chamber musicchamber music
• sacred musicsacred music
 massesmasses

33. Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven
 RepresentativeRepresentative
WorksWorks
• Symphonies (5Symphonies (5thth
andand
99thth
probably theprobably the
most famous)most famous)
• Piano musicPiano music
 ““Fur Elise”Fur Elise”
• Vocal musicVocal music
 OperasOperas
 Choral musicChoral music

34. Enlightened DespotsEnlightened Despots
 Frederick II (the Great) of PrussiaFrederick II (the Great) of Prussia
 Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria
 Catherine II (the Great) of RussiaCatherine II (the Great) of Russia

35. Frederick II (the Great) of PrussiaFrederick II (the Great) of Prussia
 Ruled Prussia from
1740 to 1786;
granted religious
freedoms, reduced
censorship,
improved
education

36. Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria
 ReligionReligion
• Joseph II had the mostJoseph II had the most
progressive policy of religionprogressive policy of religion
toleration in all of Europe. Hetoleration in all of Europe. He
granted toleration towardgranted toleration toward
Jews as well as Protestants.Jews as well as Protestants.
His anti-clerical and liberalHis anti-clerical and liberal
innovations provoked a visitinnovations provoked a visit
from the Pope Pius VI infrom the Pope Pius VI in
1782. Joseph showed himself1782. Joseph showed himself
a good Catholic, but was nota good Catholic, but was not
persuaded to change hispersuaded to change his
liberal positions on religion.liberal positions on religion.
 The ArtsThe Arts
• He was known as theHe was known as the
“musical king.” He was a“musical king.” He was a
huge patron of composers. Hehuge patron of composers. He
is featured prominently in theis featured prominently in the
moviemovie AmadeusAmadeus, the, the
fictionalized biography offictionalized biography of
Mozart.Mozart.

37. Catherine II (the Great) ofCatherine II (the Great) of
RussiaRussia
 Ruled Russia from
1762 to 1796; put
in place limited
reforms; vastly
enlarged the
Russian empire

38. Answers to Reteaching ActivityAnswers to Reteaching Activity

39. Diderot’sDiderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia
 Diderot began to publish a series of
books in 1751 that were compilations
of articles from leading scholars.
Even though the French government
and the Catholic Church censored the
Encyclopedia, it was responsible for
spreading Enlightenment ideas all
over Europe.

40. Neoclassical StyleNeoclassical Style
 Neoclassical art began to replace
baroque art during the late 1700s.
Neoclassical art followed a simple
and elegant style that drew on ideas
from classical Greece and Rome.

41. Changes in music during theChanges in music during the
EnlightenmentEnlightenment
 Classical music, with a new, lighter
style, emerged during the
Enlightenment. Haydn, Mozart, and
Beethoven were three classical
composers from Austria.

42. Changes in literature during theChanges in literature during the
EnlightenmentEnlightenment
 Eighteenth century writers began
writing novels, lengthy works of
prose fiction. Pamela, by Samuel
Richardson, is often considered the
first English novel.

43. Enlightened despotsEnlightened despots
 Enlightened despots supported the
ideas of the philosophes and made
enlightenment reforms. Europe’s
most important enlightened despots
included Frederick II of Prussia,
Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine
the Great of Russia.

44. Frederick IIFrederick II
 Ruled Prussia from
1740 to 1786;
granted religious
freedoms, reduced
censorship,
improved
education

45. Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great
 Ruled Russia from
1762 to 1796; put
in place limited
reforms; vastly
enlarged the
Russian empire