US History Topic 6

Chapter 25 Section 1Section 1
Migrating to the West
Topic 6
Reshaping America in
the Early 1800s

Section 1
Moving West

Objectives
• Trace the settlement and development of
the Spanish borderlands.
• Explain the concept of Manifest Destiny.
• Describe the causes and challenges of
westward migration.

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Terms and People
• Junipero Serra – Franciscan priest who set up
a series of missions along the California coast
• expansionist – American who favored
territorial growth
• Manifest Destiny – belief that God wanted the
United States to own all of North America
• Santa Fe Trail – wagon trail trade route
between Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico

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Terms and People (continued)
• Mountain Men – American hunters and trappers
who blazed trails into the Rockies in the early 1800s
• Oregon Trail – trail from Independence, Missouri
to Oregon that was used by pioneers in the
mid-1800s
• Brigham Young – Mormon leader who brought
his religious group to Utah in 1847
• Treaty of Fort Laramie – 1851 treaty that
restricted the Plains Indians to territories away
from the overland wagon routes

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What were the causes of westward
migration?
By the 1840s, American migrants were
crossing into Oregon and California seeking
economic opportunity.
Soon, these and other western lands became
part of the United States, helping the nation
grow in both wealth and power.

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The Spanish founded New Mexico
in 1598 but the area grew slowly.
• In 1765, there were 9,600 Hispanics,
located mainly around El Paso, Santa Fe,
and the Rio Grande Valley.
• Settlers were threatened by nomadic
tribes on horseback, primarily the Apache.

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Texas was an under-populated
buffer, protecting towns and
mines of Mexico against
nomadic raiders. In 1760,
there were only 1,200 settlers,
mostly around San Antonio.
Development was slow. By
1821 New Mexico still had
only 40,000 settlers.
The Spanish built a mixture of missions,
ranches, and fortified military presidios
to protect against Indian attacks.

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Spanish Territory 1820

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• In the 1760s, a few small
settlements served as a buffer
against Russian traders
moving south from Alaska.
• Father Junipero Serra, a
Franciscan priest, set up a
string of missions to convert
Indians.
• When Spain left in 1821, more
than 18,000 Christian Indians
lived in the missions.
At first,
California
developed
very slowly.

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Manifest Destiny was the belief that God
favored U.S. expansion westward to the Pacific.
Expansionists saw Mexican independence
as an opportunity to take New Mexico, Texas,
and California.
American expansionists believed in the idea
of Manifest Destiny. John L. O’Sullivan,
a journalist, coined the phrase in 1845.

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Expansionists did not
care about Mexicans
or Native Americans,
whom they saw as
inferiors to be pushed
out of the way.
Southern
expansionists also
hoped to add new
slave states to
strengthen their
position in Congress.

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The Mountain Men
crossed the Rockies
seeking beaver pelts.
They established fur
trading routes later
followed by wagon
trains of settlers.
The first Americans attracted to the west
were Mountain Men like Jedediah Smith
who blazed trails across the Sierra Nevada
into California.

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In 1836, Marcus and
Narcissa Whitman
established a trading post
on what became the
Oregon Trail. Many were
attracted to Oregon’s
Willamette Valley.
In 1842, John C. Freemont
led an expedition following
trails blazed by the
Whitmans and the Mountain
Men. His reports attracted
settlers.
During the 1840s,
20,000 Americans
migrated to
California,
Oregon, and Utah
by covered
wagon.

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The Oregon,
Mormon, and
Santa Fe Trails
were popular
routes west.
Between
1840 and 1860,
260,000
crossed the
continent.

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Groups of 10–100 wagons and
50–1,000 people left Missouri
in early spring for an uncertain
future.
• The 2,000-mile trip took several months.
• They by passed the dry Great Plains and the
deserts of the Great Basin.
• Emigrants faced exposure, starvation, disease,
poisoned streams and hostile Indians.
• The Donner Party resorted to cannibalism to
survive blizzards in the Sierra Nevada.

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• In 1847, Brigham Young brought them to
Utah where they established New Zion.
• By 1860, there were 40,000 Mormons living near
Great Salt Lake.
• Young remained the group’s leader for 30 years,
including eight as territorial governor of Utah.
The Mormons migrated west after an Illinois mob
murdered their spiritual leader Joseph Smith.

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• Settlers traveling west generally
avoided the Native Americans.
• The Plains Indians attempted to cling to
their nomadic way of life, but their
future was limited.
• In 1851, the Treaty of Fort Laramie
restricted Native Americans from areas
near wagon routes.
The federal government sought to protect
settlers by restricting the Plains Indians.

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Westward Migration, 1840s
Western
Trail
Number of
Settlers
Destination When
California Trail 2,700 California 1842–1848
Mormon Trail 4,600 Utah 1847–1848
Oregon Trail 11,500 Oregon 1842–1848

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Section 2
Texas and the
Mexican-American War

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• Explain how Texas won independence from
Mexico.
• Analyze the goals of President Polk.
• Trace the causes and outcome of the
Mexican–American War.
Objectives

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Terms and People
• Stephen Austin – leader of American emigrants
who settled in Austin, Texas
• Antonio López de Santa Anna – charismatic
general who seized power of Mexico in 1834
• autonomy – independent control over one’s affairs
• Lone Star Republic – new nation created by
Texans in 1835
• Alamo – Texas garrison where Santa Anna
executed all the defenders following battle in 1836

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• Sam Houston – Texas army commander,
President, territorial governor, and later senator
• James K. Polk – Southern Democrat and
expansionist elected President in 1844
• Zachary Taylor – general who led troops at the
borderland between Mexico and the U.S. in 1846
• Winfield Scott – general who invaded Mexico
winning at Vera Cruz in 1847

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How did the revolution in Texas lead to
war with Mexico?
American expansionists sought new
territory in the South and West, making
conflict with Mexico seem inevitable.
The flashpoint for conflict became Texas.
The resulting war vastly increased the size
of the United States.

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• accept Mexican citizenship.
• worship in the Catholic Church.
• follow the Mexican Constitution,
which did not permit slavery.
American expansionists had their eyes on Texas.
Only 4,000 Hispanic Tejanos lived there in 1821.
Mexico sought to defend and to develop Texas by
inviting settlers. They offered inexpensive land on
three conditions. Settlers had to:

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• Led by Stephen F. Austin, 30,000 Anglo-Texans
outnumbered the Tejanos six-to-one by 1835.
• Many brought slaves and ignored the Church.
• In 1834, Antonio López de Santa Anna
seized power in Mexico City, seeking greater
centralized control. But Texans wanted more
autonomy.
American settlers arrived, but tensions grew as
Americans ignored the Mexican government.

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• In 1835, Texans declared
independence for the
Lone Star Republic.
• Santa Anna personally led
a siege of Texan forces at
the Alamo in San Antonio.
• After twelve days, he
stormed the mission and
executed any surviving
defenders, including Jim
Bowie and Davy Crockett.

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Instead, Santa Anna created a set of martyrs.
“Remember the Alamo,” became the Texans’
rallying cry.
Many Southerners were inspired to volunteer
and joined the Texans.
Several weeks later, Santa Anna took Goliad
and again executed prisoners, in an attempt
to frighten Texas into surrender.

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Sam Houston led a counter-attack.
At the Battle of San Jacinto, Santa Anna was
defeated and taken prisoner.
Houston later became president of the
Lone Star Republic.
After statehood in 1845, Houston
served as governor and then as
U.S. Senator from Texas.

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Fearing execution, Santa Anna signed a treaty
expanding the Texas border to the Rio Grande
and giving half of New Mexico to the Texans.
• The Mexican government refused to honor this
treaty demanding a return to the original border
at the Nuecos River.
• Fighting would persist for ten years over the
disputed borderlands.

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Britain did not concede all of the territory. Rather then
fight, Polk made a deal to split Oregon and extend the
49th parallel border with Canada to the Pacific Ocean.
Northerners felt betrayed.
In 1844, expansionist James K. Polk
was elected president on a promise
to obtain both Oregon and Texas.
In Congress, northern Democrats
reluctantly agreed to annex Texas if
all of Oregon was also added.

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• President Polk claimed
all land as far as the
Rio Grande, tripling the
previous size of Texas.
• General Zachary Taylor
was sent to occupy these
border lands.
• Mexico objected to the
granting of statehood to
Texas and saw statehood
as an invasion of Mexican
territory.
The United States
annexed Texas in
1845, leading to
war with Mexico.

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• Southern Democrats favored war, while Northern
Whigs felt that Polk deliberately provoked Mexico.
• The war was popular in the United States.
• Whigs dropped their opposition, fearing they
would be labeled disloyal as the Federalists were
for opposing the War of 1812.
When Mexican patrols killed American
soldiers, Congress declared war on Mexico.

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The U.S. had many advantages, including greater
wealth and a better-equipped military.
General Winfield Scott led an overwhelming
campaign in Mexico from Veracruz to Chapultepec,
forcing Santa Anna to abandon his capital Mexico
City and the war.
The United States easily defeated Mexico.

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Map of the
Mexican–
American
War

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Section 3
America Achieves
Manifest Destiny

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• Explain the effects of the Mexican–American
War on the United States.
• Trace the causes and effects of the California
Gold Rush.
• Describe the political impact of California’s
application for statehood.
Objectives

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Terms and People
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – 1848 agreement
formally ending the Mexican–American War,
included the sale of Mexican territory to the U.S.
• Gadsden Purchase – 1853 sale of Mexican
territory in Arizona and New Mexico to the U.S.
• Wilmot Proviso – proposed law that would have
banned slavery in territory obtained from Mexico
• California Gold Rush – mass migration of gold
seekers into California in 1848 and 1849

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• forty-niners – those attracted to California by
the Gold Rush in 1849
• placer mining – use of metal pans, picks, and
shovels to look for gold along streams and rivers
• hydraulic mining – use of jets of water that
erode hillsides into long sluiceways to catch gold

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What were the effects of the Mexican–
American War and the California Gold Rush?
The quick victory in the Mexican–American
War and gold in California fed into the
expansionists goals of Manifest Destiny.
The war also highlighted growing differences
between the North and South and set the
stage for future conflict.

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• Mexico had to sell a third of
its territory to the United
States (1.2 million square
miles).
• For $15 million, the U.S.
obtained California and New
Mexico. The Texas border
was set at the Rio Grande
River.
• Mexico was humiliated and
remained bitter toward the
United States for decades.
As a result
of the loss,
Mexico was
forced to sign
the Treaty of
Guadalupe
Hidalgo.

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In 1853, the
United States
made the
Gadsden
Purchase.
• Territory in southern Arizona
and New Mexico was
purchased from Mexico as
a potential route for a
transcontinental railroad.
• The lands obtained from
Mexico increased the area of
the United States by a third.
• The land formed New
Mexico, California, Nevada,
Utah, Arizona, and half of
Colorado.

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• In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso suggested a ban
on slavery in the territories obtained from Mexico.
• The Proviso passed in the House, but failed in the
Senate. Both Whigs and Democrats voted along
sectional lines.
• The Proviso brought the issue of slavery before
Congress, which for decades tried avoid the topic.
Purchase of the Mexican Cession caused
a debate over the expansion of slavery.

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In 1848, gold was found
at Sutter’s Mill on the
American River near
Sacramento, California.
The resulting California Gold
Rush brought a mass-migration
of 80,000 fortune hunters west.
They were called forty-niners. Half
traveled overland; the rest either sailed around
South America or to Panama, where they crossed the
isthmus and caught ships up the coast.

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The Gold Rush attracted miners from South
America and China. California’s population grew
from 14,000 in 1847 to 225,000 in 1852.
The first miners used metal pans,
shovels and picks to find gold along river
banks. Few became wealthy using this
method, called placer mining.
Merchants and traders made more
money selling goods to the miners than
the miners earned themselves.

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Life in the mining
camps was crude
and rough. Many
died of disease,
especially cholera
and dysentery.
Fights and violence
were common.
Only a few of
the miners were
women.

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• Mining soon mechanized to
make it more efficient. One
method was to divert a river or
stream to expose the river bed.
• Hydraulic mining employed
jets of water to erode gravel
hills into long lines of sluices
which caught the gold.
Hydraulic mining left heavy sediments in the river
and caused a great deal of environmental damage.

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The “democratic” era in the gold fields
did not last long. Individual prospectors
were soon replaced by wealthy investors
paying wages.
Some tried “hard rock” mining, where men
searched for gold in deep tunnels supported
by wooden posts and beams.
Gold mining soon became too expensive for
individual miners.

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White miners quickly asserted control
in California.
Minorities faced violence in the gold fields
and discrimination in the courts.
Native Americans were killed or lost their
land. Others found work on farms and
ranches.
Old Mexican land titles were generally
ignored. Most of the original Californians
were dispossessed.
The Chinese were targeted by a foreign
miner’s tax and mob violence.

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San Francisco became
the gateway to the
California gold fields.
After 1848, the city grew
rapidly from a tiny Spanish
settlement into the major
west coast American city.
Growth of San Francisco
Year Population
1848 800
1849 25,000
1852 36,000
1860 57,000
Source: CIA World Factbook Online

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Most Californians
opposed slavery so
California’s admission
as a free state would
tip the 15 slave and
15 free state balance
in the U.S. Senate.
Debate over the
spread of slavery into
the territories obtained
from Mexico became
a leading cause of the
Civil War.
By October 1849,
California
prepared to
seek admission
into the Union.

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Section 5
The Abolition
Movement

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• Describe the lives of enslaved and free
African Americans in the 1800s.
• Identify the leaders and tactics of the
abolition movement.
• Summarize the opposition to abolition.
Objectives

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Terms and People
• freedman – a former or freed slave
• Nat Turner – led a Virginia slave revolt in 1831
that killed nearly 60 people before he and his
followers were caught and executed
• abolition movement – reform movement for the
abolition or end of slavery
• William Lloyd Garrison – editor of the
abolitionist newspaper The Liberator

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• Frederick Douglass – escaped slave who
spoke passionately about his experiences, also
published in his autobiography Narratives of the
Life of Frederick Douglass
• Gag Rule – 1836 law that prohibited the debate
or discussion of slavery in Congress

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How did reformers try to help enslaved
people?
In the early and mid-1880s, reformers tried
to improve life through campaigns to help
children, families, and disadvantaged
adults.
Soon, some reformers also set out to help
enslaved African Americans.

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• By 1830, there were 2 million
African American slaves in the
South.
• One in three slaves was under
the age of ten.
• Most did back-breaking labor:
cultivating cotton fields,
loading freight, or working in
hot kitchens.
As the South’s cotton-based economy grew,
so did its reliance on slavery.

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• Brutal overseers enforced
work routines with
whipping, beating,
maiming, and humiliation.
• Often, the basics for
survival, including
clothing, food, and shelter,
were barely provided.
• Family members were often separated, and slaves
could not be taught to read or write.

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Most slaves found ways to maintain their hope
and dignity.
• Thousands escaped to the North or to Mexico using a
network of paths and safe houses called the
Underground Railroad.
• Many relied on their
religious faith, based on a
mix of traditional African
and Christian beliefs.
• Others resisted their
bondage by breaking tools
or outwitting overseers.

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Some slaves fought back. Over 200 slave
revolts occurred in the first half of the 1800s.
• In 1822, freedman Denmark Vesey plotted a
huge uprising near Charleston. He and dozens
of accomplices were captured and hanged.
• In 1831, slave Nat Turner and his co-
conspirators killed 60 whites near Richmond,
Virginia. Turner, who acted on what he believed
was a sign from God, was executed.
Undeterred, slaves still resisted their captivity.
Many people in the North joined their cause.

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By the early 1800s, there was a growing
antislavery or abolition movement
in the North.
By 1804, all
states north
of Maryland
outlawed
slavery.
In 1807, the
importation
of new
slaves was
outlawed.

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• In 1816, the American Colonization Society (ACS)
was formed to encourage slaves to return to Africa.
• The ACS established the colony of Liberia in Africa.
By 1830, more than 1,100 freedmen had relocated.
• Many freedmen distrusted the ACS, fearing that
colonization was a plan to exile able black leaders.
As Northern states began to abolish slavery,
the number of freed slaves, or freedmen, grew.

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Religious individuals fostered the
growth of the abolition movement.
Pamphleteer, David Walker, a free African
American,
called slavery incompatible with the Second
Great Awakening’s religious teachings.
Baltimore Quaker, Benjamin Lundy, printed the
first antislavery newspaper.
William Lloyd Garrison, a leader of the
abolitionist movement, began his own
newspaper in 1831—The Liberator.

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Garrison used dramatic
arguments called “moral
suasion” to advocate for
immediate freedom and
full political and social
rights for African
Americans.
By 1840, over 150,000 belonged to abolition
groups, such as the American Anti-Slavery Society.

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In 1845, Frederick Douglass,
an escaped slave, published his
autobiography Narratives of
the Life of Frederick Douglass.
An eloquent and stirring
speaker, he later became an
advisor to Abraham Lincoln
during the Civil War.

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• They maintained that
northern textile mills also
depended on southern cotton.
• They claimed that slaves
were treated better than
northern factory workers.
• They declared that slavery
was supported by the Bible.
Southerners
defended
slavery from
abolitionist
attacks.

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• Anti-abolitionist leaders
pressed harder in their
defense of slavery in the
South.
• Post offices refused to
deliver abolitionist
newspapers.
As abolitionist
rhetoric grew more
strident, Southern
support for
manumission
decreased.
Even Southerners who did
not own slaves saw slavery
as vital to their way of life.

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• White workers feared that
freedmen were going to
take their jobs.
• Northern businessmen
resented black competitors.
• Factory owners worried
about the loss of Southern
cotton for their mills.
Most
northerners
were also
opposed to
abolition.

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Politicians from both
regions passed the
Gag Rule in 1836.
It prohibited debate
or discussion on
slavery in Congress.
Most in the North
disliked southerners,
but did not care to
fight over slavery.
Abolition and slavery continued
to
drive a wedge between the
increasingly industrialized and
urban North and the rural
agricultural South.

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Section 6
Women Work for
Change

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• Identify the limits faced by American women
in the early 1800s.
• Trace the development of the women’s
movement.
• Describe the Seneca Falls Convention and its
effects.
Objectives

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Terms and People
• matrilineal – when inheritance is passed down
through the female side of the family
• Sojourner Truth – former slave from New York
who gave spellbinding speeches on slavery
• women’s movement – movement beginning in
the mid-1800s in the United States that sought
greater rights and opportunities for women
• Lucretia Mott – abolitionist who was angered by
the lack of equality for women; co-organizer the
Seneca Falls Convention

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• Elizabeth Cady Stanton – abolitionist who
pushed for suffrage; co-organizer of the Seneca
Falls Convention
• Seneca Falls Convention – held in New York in
1848, the first women’s rights convention in the
United States
• Amelia Bloomer – publisher of The Lily who
advocated for complete equality, including in
dress; long pants worn under a skirt were
nicknamed “Bloomers” in her honor

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• suffrage – the right to vote
• Married Women’s Property Act – 1848 New
York State law that guaranteed greater property
rights for women; used as a model in other states

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What steps did American women take to
advance their rights in the mid-1800s?
In the early and mid-1800s, women took
active roles in the abolition and other reform
movements.
Some also worked to gain equality for women,
laying the groundwork for the equal rights
struggle over the next hundred years.

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• Women could not own
property.
• Women rarely received a
formal education.
• Women were deprived of
the right to vote.
• Women could not
hold office.
In the 1800s,
women’s rights
and freedoms
rights were
severely limited.
Women contributed to society privately by
influencing their husbands and raising good children.

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Some cultural
groups living in
America,
Native American,
African Americans,
and Mexican
Americans,
traditionally allowed
women more power
and freedom.
Some were also
matrilineal
societies, which
permitted women to
inherit family
property and names.
Most American
women were denied
these rights.

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New opportunities for women grew from the
Second Great Awakening reform movements.
Many women
joined church-
sponsored
reform groups.
Women played key
roles in reforming
the treatment of the
mentally ill, public
education, abolition,
and temperance.
Similarities in the
plight of women
and of slaves led
many abolitionists
to support
women’s rights.

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Famous women reformers included:
• Public School Movement:
Catherine Beecher, Emma Willard,
Ann Preston, and Elizabeth Blackwell
• Treatment of mentally ill:
Dorothea Dix (at right)
• Abolition:
Sojourner Truth,
Angelina and Sarah Grimké

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Industrialization brought women into the workplace
in the 1820s and 1830s.
• Factories and mills provided the first
jobs that women held outside of the
home.
• Though their pay was lower than
men’s, and their husbands or fathers
typically collected their wages,
women developed a new degree of
independence.
By the 1830s, some women had even joined labor
unions and participated in strikes.

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Still, little changed in the status of women
until two trends coincided in the 1830s.
Urban middle class
women began to
hire poor women to
do their housework,
allowing them time
for activism.
Women working for
abolition began to
compare their own
condition with that
of slaves.

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The women’s movement began when a
few men and women questioned the lack
of rights and opportunities for women.
• In Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the
Condition of Women, the Grimké sisters argued
that God made men and women equal.
• In Women in the Nineteenth Century,
Transcendentalist Margaret Fuller argued that
men and women were intellectually equal.

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Lucretia Mott had helped
found the American Anti-
Slavery Society.
At an abolitionist convention in
London, Mott and Elizabeth
Cady Stanton were outraged
by the limits placed on their
participation in the proceedings.
A few women advocated full equality.
Two that did were active abolitionists.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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• Hundreds of men and women attended, including
Frederick Douglass.
• Delegates adopted a “Declaration of Sentiments”
modeled after the Declaration of Independence.
In 1848, Mott and Stanton organized the first
Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls.
Although it produced few real changes in women’s
rights, the convention marked the beginning of the
women’s movement in the United States.

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Amelia Bloomer was so inspired at
Seneca Falls that she went on to
publish her own newspaper, The Lily,
advocating women’s equality.
She also advocated equality in dress:
long pants worn under a shorter skirt
came to be called “bloomers” after her.
Also inspired by the convention
was Susan B. Anthony, who would
go on to become a leader in the
suffrage movement—the most
critical of all women’s rights.

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In 1848, New York
passed the
Married Women’s
Property Act,
guaranteeing
women property
rights for the first
time.
This act became a model for
laws enacted in other states
for many years.
By the mid-1800s,
a new course was set.
Their gains were small and
slowly won, but women’s
fight for equality had begun.

US History Topic 6

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