What is the possible reason that secondaries arise from parents that.pdf

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What is the possible reason that secondaries arise from parents that have unpaired chromosomes but not from parents that are normal diploids? Map Genetics: A Conceptual Approach 6th Edition Pierce MHE/Freeman presented by Sapling Learning Progeny of triploid tomato plants often contain parts of an extra chromosome, in addition to the normal complement of 24 chromosomes. Mutants with a part of an extra chromosome are referred to as secondaries. James and Margaret Lesley observed that secondaries arise from triploid (3n), trisomic (3n 1), and double trisomic (3n 1 1) parents, but never from diploids (2n). (J. W. Lesley and M. M. Lesley. 1929. Genetics 14:321-336) What is a possible reason that secondaries arise from parents that have unpaired chromosomes but not from parents that are normal diploids? Triploid and trisomic conditions in tomato plants are unnatural, and this genomic imbalance leads to higher levels of mitotic recombination. The trivalent chromosomes would still be able to associate through chiasma prior to segregation during meiosis. Due to some unknown mechanism, triploid and trisom c tomato plants O occasionally over-replicate part of a chromosome, which leads to the generation of mutant tomato plants. Triploid and trisomic plants are vulnerable to infection by the tomato mosaic O virus, so they acquire extra chromosomal material by the integration of viral DNA, whereas diploid plants are not infected by the virus. Solution Ans: B 2n+1 condition is called trisomic in which an organism contains two complete genome + 1 extra chromosome. During the process of meiosis 1 chromosomal page separate so that 1 members of each state is distributed to one daughter nucleus and other members goes to other daughter nucleus but rarely one pair of chromosomes fail to separate and moves to the pole giving half of the daughter cells extra chromosome and remaining half lost one chromosome. As a result n - 1 and n+ 1 chromosomes appear. When the gamut with n+ 1 chromosome fuses with normal gamut the resulting zygote will have 2n + 1 chromosomes producing trisomics organism. It was found that trisomies or white study nature and studied in plants like tomatoes tobacco wheat datura and so on..

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Linkage Genes far apart on the same assort independently are not linked The position of the gene – locus Occurs in the prophase of meiosis 1 where homologous chromosomes break at identical locations and rejoin with each other Two genes are said to be under linkage, or linked, when they are located on the same chromosome. Example: peas T=tall; t=short R=red; r=white Crossing Over Crossing over is a recombination of genes due to exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes It is the mutual exchange of segments of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of two homologous chromosomes, so as to produce re-combinations or new combinations of genes. It occurs in the pachytene stage, at four strand stage with the help of enzymes (endonuclease, exo-nuclease, R-protein or recombinase; Stern and Hotta,(1969, 1978). There is breakage of chromatid segments, exchange of nonsister chromatid segments and later their fusion in new places.

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Define intermediate phenotype and then imagine some intermediate phenotypes (e.g. RNA, metabolite, etc) for Down’s Syndrome. Solution intermediate phenotype : it depicts a living being that shows a mix of the phenotypic characteristics that its parents expressed. . In the event that a red blossom cross-pollinates a white bloom, and the subsequent offspring are pink, the posterity portrayed as a intermediate phenotype . It happen when the traits under investigation are neither dominant or recessive. Down disorder (DS or DNS), otherwise called trisomy 21, is a hereditary issue brought about by the nearness of all or some portion of a third duplicate of chromosome 21. It is commonly connected with physical development delays, trademark facial elements and mellow to direct learned incapacity. Down disorder is brought on by having three duplicates of the qualities on chromosome 21, as opposed to the standard two.The guardians of the influenced individual are ordinarily hereditarily ordinary Those who have one tyke with Down disorder have around a 1% danger of having a moment youngster with the disorder, if both guardians are found to have typical karyotypes. The additional chromosome substance can emerge through a few distinctive ways. The most widely recognized cause (around 92–95% of cases) is an entire additional duplicate of chromosome 21, bringing about trisomy 21. In 1.0 to 2.5% of cases, a portion of the phones in the body are typical and others have trisomy 21, known as mosaic Down syndrome. The other basic systems that can offer ascent to Down disorder include: a Robertsonian translocation, isochromosome, or ring chromosome. These contain extra material from chromosome 21 and happen in around 2.5% of cases. An isochromosome comes about when the two long arms of a chromosome isolate together as opposed to the long and short arm isolating together amid egg or sperm improvement. Trisomy 21 is known by the karyotype 47,XX,+21 for females and 47,XY,+21 for guys) is brought about by a disappointment of the 21st chromosome to isolate amid egg or sperm development.As an outcome, a sperm or egg cell is delivered with an additional duplicate of chromosome 21; this cell therefore has 24 chromosomes. At the point when joined with a typical cell from the other parent, the child has 47 chromosomes, with three duplicates of chromosome 21. Around 88% of instances of trisomy 21 result from nonseparation of the chromosomes in the mother, 8% from nonseparation in the father, and 3% after the egg and sperm have combined. Translocation : The additional chromosome 21 material may likewise happen due to a Robertsonian translocation in 2–4% of cases. In this circumstance, the long arm of chromosome 21 is joined to another chromosome, regularly chromosome 14. In a male influenced with Down disorder, it brings about a karyotype of 46XY,t(14q21q). This might be another transformation or already display in one of the guardians. The parent with such a translocation i.

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Activity 4: Understanding the basics of meiosis Mitosis and meiosis both lead to new daughter cells, but meiosis sets up organisms for sexual reproduction. Meiosis produces cells (sperm and egg in humans) with only one set of chromosomes so that when fertilization occurs, it results in a new cell with two sets of chromosomes (one from the egg and one from the sperm). This is how there is genetic recombination of DNA resulting in unique individuals. Before we talk about what can go wrong in meiosis, you need to be clear about the process itself and how genetic recombination in particular occurs. To this end, complete the following set of questions. Questions 1. In the following diagram, draw what a cell with 1 chromosome would look like in the stages of meiosis. Prophase 1 is filled in for you and includes replicated homologous chromosomes; the black replicated chromosome is from the reproducing male’s mom and the grey replicated chromosome is from dad. 2. In your diagram from question 1: a. How many tetrads are formed? _______________ b. How many chromosomes are in the sperm? _______________ 3. In what stage(s) of meiosis: a. Are tetrads formed? ________________________________ b. Does crossing over occur? ________________________________ c. Do the chromosomes move to the poles? ________________________________ d. Do replicated chromosomes separate? ________________________________ e. Does the cytoplasm divide? ________________________________ 4. What processes in meiosis result in genetically unique daughter cells? When do these processes occur? (Note: There are two main processes; discuss both). 5. Compare and contrast meiosis with mitosis to complete the following table. Table 2. Comparison of key characteristics between meiosis and mitosis. Characteristics Mitosis Meiosis Type of organisms it occurs in # of chromosomes in human parent cell Number of times chromosomes replicate Number of cell divisions Crossing over occurs? (Y/N) Type of daughter cells produced Number of daughter cells produced Daughter cells identical to parent cell? (Y/N) Daughter cells are: 1n or 2n? # of chromosomes in human daughter cells Activity 3: Chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis In the nucleus of the cell are the chromosomes that are composed of the hereditary material DNA. In every somatic (body) cell of a human there are 46 chromosomes. Each species may have a different number of chromosomes than another species. Since each somatic cell of an organism contains the same number of chromosomes, there must be a duplication of material before the nucleus divides during mitosis. In each somatic cell, there are two sets of chromosomes; this is referred to as the 2n (diploid) number, in which n means number of chromosomes. In humans, 2n = 46 chromosomes. In each gamete (sex) cell, there is only one set of chromosomes; this is referred to as the 1n (haploid) number. In humans, 1n = 23 chromosomes. This means the.

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You are presented with a patient, named Gerry, who has Down syndrome (trisomy 21). You determine that the nondisjunction event occurred in his mother, named Mary, during meiosis I. You are interested in the TPTE gene, which is near the centromere of chromosome 21. Virtually no recombination occurs between the centromere and the TPTE gene. Mary has two different alleles of the TPTE gene. Would Gerry\'s two chromosome 21s from his mother have the same or different alleles of the TPTE gene? Or do you not have enough information to decide? Explain your answer by drawing meiosis I and II for Mary\'s chromosome 21. Use \"A\" for one allele and \"a\" for the other allele of the TPTE gene. Only draw the chromosomes relevant to this question (Do not draw all 46 chromosomes). Solution a. Nondisjunction produces abnormal gametes. Nondisjunction in meiosis I occurs during anaphase I when one pair of homologous chromosomes fails to separate.Trisomy is the condition of having 3 copies of one chromosome type. It is designated as 2n + 1 because the cell has the normal two sets of each 23 types of chromosomes plus an extra copy of one chromosome. I think Gerrys two chromosome 21s from his mother have different alleles (A and a) of the TPTE gene. But more information could be needed to explain and understand this in a much better way..

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1.The limbic systemA. matures before the prefrontal cortexB. is.pdf

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Why is leadership a critical factor in implementing change and quality improvement initiatives? Why is leadership a critical factor in implementing change and quality improvement initiatives? Solution Leadership is required for inspiring and motivating followers to work towards common objectives. The leader employs enthusiasm and charisma to motivate the employees to think out of the box.Leader lays emphasis on the values, morals, ideas and needs of the organization and the followers. Leadership is critical for transformation and change in the firm in a turbulent and challenging environment. By concentrating on innovation and creation rather than just daily planning and execution, the leader ensures that the changes are implemented with minimum resistance. Below is how the leaders can implement change and quality improvement initiatives while overcoming resistance- 1. Communicating the objective of the change and how it would positively affect the productivity of the employees and the organization 2. Developing training and mentoring programs to train the employees to adopt to the new process or system 3. Removing fears from the minds of employees through openhouse discussions etc. 4. Explaining the employees how the change would help in the development of the individuals..

Why is leadership a critical factor in implementing change and qua.pdf

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Why are there bubbles in beer and champagne? Solution Bubbles of gas, typically carbon dioxide are produced from beer and champagne , rising to the surface. Because . yeasts ferment sugars and form carbon dioxide gas during fermentation. In the bottle, where the pressure is high, the carbon dioxide disappears. However, when you open the bottle and lower the pressure, the carbon dioxide escapes in the form of bubbles. In Champagne and other sparkling wines, the bubbles pop, while in beer, the bubbles remain and form the beer\'shead..

Why are there bubbles in beer and champagneSolution Bubbles of .pdf

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Which of the following is true of a traditional master budget? a. It uses the zero-base budgeting approach. b. It is department oriented. c. It recognizes interdependencies. d. It is dynamic in nature. Solution Correct Answer is b. it is department Oriented One of the critisism of Traditional Master Budget is that it is Department oriented and does not recognise independencies among departments, further it is static not dynamic in nature..

Which of the following is true of a traditional master budget a. It.pdf

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Which ethnic groups were a part of the former Yugoslavia? Croats, Serbs, Bosnian Muslims, Macedonians Janjaweed Israelis, Palestinians, Arabs Hutu & Tutsis Croats, Serbs, Bosnian Muslims, Macedonians Janjaweed Israelis, Palestinians, Arabs Hutu & Tutsis Solution The ethnic group can be defined as a social category based on common culture or nationality. In other words, it can be said that an ethnic group is a category of people who recognize with each other based on similarities for example as a common ancestry, language, society, culture or nation. First Yugoslavia contains people of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–29). Hence it can be said that the ethnic groups which were a part of the former Yugoslavia were Croats, Serbs, Bosnian Muslims, Macedonians. Hence option first is the correct answer. Option first; Croats, Serbs, Bosnian Muslims, Macedonians.

Which ethnic groups were a part of the former YugoslaviaCroats, S.pdf

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What would the components of the development be in an early learning(1st – 3rd) website environment be? Solution For a website,major components include Front end,images,contents navigation,page structure. For early learning website.As it for the children,content along with effective graphic design is most preferable. Graphic design: Many of the elements described, such as the logo, the navigation menus, the layout, images, etc., fall under the general category of graphic design. But graphic design is more than these. It is the look and feel the website will have as a result of proper use and integration of all these elements. Content management is considered. The website is not recommended to be a static as it should be more creative and changes is necessary. Content management system: This is the ability to update your website without having to directly edit the html. Simple systems create areas on a web page that can be easily changed on a regular basis. Include multiedia and databases. Multi-media. It is for than just text and images. Photo-tours, video-clips, sound-clips all can add to the experience if they are well matched to the type of site and profile of the target audience..

What would the components of the development be in an early learning.pdf

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