Activity 4: Understanding the basics of meiosis
Mitosis and meiosis both lead to new daughter cells, but meiosis sets up organisms for sexual
reproduction. Meiosis produces cells (sperm and egg in humans) with only one set of chromosomes so that when fertilization occurs, it results in a new cell with two sets of chromosomes (one from the egg and one from the sperm). This is how there is genetic recombination of DNA resulting in unique individuals.
Before we talk about what can go wrong in meiosis, you need to be clear about the process itself and how genetic recombination in particular occurs. To this end, complete the following set of questions.
Questions
1. In the following diagram, draw what a cell with 1 chromosome would look like in the stages of meiosis. Prophase 1 is filled in for you and includes replicated homologous chromosomes; the black replicated chromosome is from the reproducing male’s mom and the grey replicated chromosome is from dad.
2. In your diagram from question 1:
a. How many tetrads are formed? _______________
b. How many chromosomes are in the sperm? _______________
3. In what stage(s) of meiosis:
a. Are tetrads formed? ________________________________
b. Does crossing over occur? ________________________________
c. Do the chromosomes move to the poles? ________________________________
d. Do replicated chromosomes separate? ________________________________
e. Does the cytoplasm divide? ________________________________
4. What processes in meiosis result in genetically unique daughter cells? When do these processes occur? (Note: There are two main processes; discuss both).
5. Compare and contrast meiosis with mitosis to complete the following table.
Table 2. Comparison of key characteristics between meiosis and mitosis.
Characteristics
Mitosis
Meiosis
Type of organisms it occurs in
# of chromosomes in human parent cell
Number of times chromosomes replicate
Number of cell divisions
Crossing over occurs? (Y/N)
Type of daughter cells produced
Number of daughter cells produced
Daughter cells identical to parent cell? (Y/N)
Daughter cells are: 1n or 2n?
# of chromosomes in human daughter cells
Activity 3: Chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis
In the nucleus of the cell are the chromosomes that are composed of the hereditary material DNA. In every somatic (body) cell of a human there are 46 chromosomes. Each species may have a different number of chromosomes than another species.
Since each somatic cell of an organism contains the same number of chromosomes, there must be a duplication of material before the nucleus divides during mitosis. In each somatic cell, there are two sets of chromosomes; this is referred to as the 2n (diploid) number, in which n means number of chromosomes. In humans, 2n = 46 chromosomes.
In each gamete (sex) cell, there is only one set of chromosomes; this is referred to as the 1n (haploid) number. In humans, 1n = 23 chromosomes. This means the.
During Mitosis and Meiosis, describe how and where errors might be m.pdfinfo824691
During Mitosis and Meiosis, describe how and where errors might be made then give examples
of some diseases that occur because of such events.
Solution
Living cells divide to form new cells in order to repair worn-out or damaged tissues throughout
an organism, and (in the gametes only) to enable the exchange of genetic material at the initial
stage of the process of sexual reproduction. (A gamete is a mature sex cell, specifically the ovum
of the female or the spermatozoon of the male.) The two types of cell division are generally
called mitosis and meiosis but, strictly, these terms refer to the stages of division of the cell
nucleus for somatic (non-reproductive) and reproductive cells, respectively.
Mitosis
Mitosis is the type of cell division by which a single cell divides in such a way as to produce two
genetically identical \"daughter cells\". This is the method by which the body produces new cells
for both growth and repair of aging or damaged tissues throughout the body.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a \"reduction division\" in which a cell divides into four \"daughter cells\" each of
which has half of the number of chromosomes of the original cell. Meiosis occurs prior to the
formation of sperm (in males) and ova (in females). Meiosis only occurs in the \"gametes\".
Meiosis consists of two successive divisions, each of which is divided into four phases. The first
meiotic division is similar to mitosis and the second meiotic division is the \"reduction\" stage.
Meiosis enables the exchange of genetic material between chromosomes.
Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate
properly during cell division (Mitosis and Meiosis).
There are three forms of nondisjunctions:
1. Failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I,
2. Failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II, and
3. Failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis. Nondisjunction results in daughter cells
with abnormal chromosome numbers (aneuploidy).
The result of this error is a cell with an imbalance of chromosomes. Such a cell is said to be
aneuploid. Loss of a single chromosome (2n-1), in which the daughter cell with the defect will
have one chromosome missing from one of its pairs, is referred to as a monosomy.
Gaining a single chromosome, in which the daughter cell with the defect will have one
chromosome in addition to its pairs is referred to as a trisomy. In the event that an aneuploidic
gamete is fertilized, a number of syndromes might result.
Monosomy
The only known survivable monosomy in humans is Turner syndrome, where the affected
individual is monosomic for the X chromosome. Other monosomies are usually lethal during
early fetal development.
Turner syndrome (X monosomy) (45, X0)
Karyotype of X monosomy (Turner syndrome): This condition is characterized by the presence
of only one X chromosome and no Y chromosome.
Complete loss of an entire X chromosome accounts for about half the cases of.
ANEUPLOIDY (Introduction, classification, merits and demerits)Bushra Hafeez
Aneuploidy is a type of chromosomal abnormality in which numbers of chromosomes are abnormal.Generally, the aneuploid chromosome set differs from wild type by only one or a small number of chromosomes. It is a genetic disorder causes birth defects. It is the second major category of chromosome mutations in which chromosome number is abnormal.
Aneuploid nomenclature is based on the number of copies of the specific chromosome in the aneuploid state. For example, the aneuploid condition 2n − 1 is called monosomic (meaning “one chromosome”) because only one copy of some specific chromosome is present instead of the usual two found in its diploid progenitor. The aneuploid 2n + 1 is called trisomic,2n − 2 is nullisomic, and n + 1 is disomic.
During Mitosis and Meiosis, describe how and where errors might be m.pdfinfo824691
During Mitosis and Meiosis, describe how and where errors might be made then give examples
of some diseases that occur because of such events.
Solution
Living cells divide to form new cells in order to repair worn-out or damaged tissues throughout
an organism, and (in the gametes only) to enable the exchange of genetic material at the initial
stage of the process of sexual reproduction. (A gamete is a mature sex cell, specifically the ovum
of the female or the spermatozoon of the male.) The two types of cell division are generally
called mitosis and meiosis but, strictly, these terms refer to the stages of division of the cell
nucleus for somatic (non-reproductive) and reproductive cells, respectively.
Mitosis
Mitosis is the type of cell division by which a single cell divides in such a way as to produce two
genetically identical \"daughter cells\". This is the method by which the body produces new cells
for both growth and repair of aging or damaged tissues throughout the body.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a \"reduction division\" in which a cell divides into four \"daughter cells\" each of
which has half of the number of chromosomes of the original cell. Meiosis occurs prior to the
formation of sperm (in males) and ova (in females). Meiosis only occurs in the \"gametes\".
Meiosis consists of two successive divisions, each of which is divided into four phases. The first
meiotic division is similar to mitosis and the second meiotic division is the \"reduction\" stage.
Meiosis enables the exchange of genetic material between chromosomes.
Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate
properly during cell division (Mitosis and Meiosis).
There are three forms of nondisjunctions:
1. Failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I,
2. Failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II, and
3. Failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis. Nondisjunction results in daughter cells
with abnormal chromosome numbers (aneuploidy).
The result of this error is a cell with an imbalance of chromosomes. Such a cell is said to be
aneuploid. Loss of a single chromosome (2n-1), in which the daughter cell with the defect will
have one chromosome missing from one of its pairs, is referred to as a monosomy.
Gaining a single chromosome, in which the daughter cell with the defect will have one
chromosome in addition to its pairs is referred to as a trisomy. In the event that an aneuploidic
gamete is fertilized, a number of syndromes might result.
Monosomy
The only known survivable monosomy in humans is Turner syndrome, where the affected
individual is monosomic for the X chromosome. Other monosomies are usually lethal during
early fetal development.
Turner syndrome (X monosomy) (45, X0)
Karyotype of X monosomy (Turner syndrome): This condition is characterized by the presence
of only one X chromosome and no Y chromosome.
Complete loss of an entire X chromosome accounts for about half the cases of.
ANEUPLOIDY (Introduction, classification, merits and demerits)Bushra Hafeez
Aneuploidy is a type of chromosomal abnormality in which numbers of chromosomes are abnormal.Generally, the aneuploid chromosome set differs from wild type by only one or a small number of chromosomes. It is a genetic disorder causes birth defects. It is the second major category of chromosome mutations in which chromosome number is abnormal.
Aneuploid nomenclature is based on the number of copies of the specific chromosome in the aneuploid state. For example, the aneuploid condition 2n − 1 is called monosomic (meaning “one chromosome”) because only one copy of some specific chromosome is present instead of the usual two found in its diploid progenitor. The aneuploid 2n + 1 is called trisomic,2n − 2 is nullisomic, and n + 1 is disomic.
After reviewing the policy brief by the Urban Institute on the pros .docxcoubroughcosta
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OMEGA, Vol. 64(1) 83-94, 2011-2012
THE CULTURAL MEANING OF SUICIDE:
WHAT DOES THAT MEAN?
DAVID LESTER
The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey
ABSTRACT
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83
� 2011, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.
doi: 10.2190/OM.64.1.f
http://baywood.com
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Organizational Design consulting survey
Use this form when collecting information about your client organization (AMAZON). Use those questions that seem most relevant. You will probably be unable to answer some of the questions.
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Activity 4 Understanding the basics of meiosisMitosis and mei.docx
1. Activity 4: Understanding the basics of meiosis
Mitosis and meiosis both lead to new daughter cells, but meiosis
sets up organisms for sexual
reproduction. Meiosis produces cells (sperm and egg in humans)
with only one set of chromosomes so that when fertilization
occurs, it results in a new cell with two sets of chromosomes
(one from the egg and one from the sperm). This is how there is
genetic recombination of DNA resulting in unique individuals.
Before we talk about what can go wrong in meiosis, you need to
be clear about the process itself and how genetic recombination
in particular occurs. To this end, complete the following set of
questions.
Questions
1. In the following diagram, draw what a cell with 1
chromosome would look like in the stages of meiosis. Prophase
1 is filled in for you and includes replicated homologous
chromosomes; the black replicated chromosome is from the
reproducing male’s mom and the grey replicated chromosome is
from dad.
2. In your diagram from question 1:
a. How many tetrads are formed?
_______________
b. How many chromosomes are in the sperm?
_______________
3. In what stage(s) of meiosis:
a. Are tetrads formed?
________________________________
b. Does crossing over occur?
2. ________________________________
c. Do the chromosomes move to the poles?
________________________________
d. Do replicated chromosomes separate?
________________________________
e. Does the cytoplasm divide?
________________________________
4. What processes in meiosis result in genetically unique
daughter cells? When do these processes occur? (Note: There
are two main processes; discuss both).
5. Compare and contrast meiosis with mitosis to complete the
following table.
Table 2. Comparison of key characteristics between meiosis and
mitosis.
Characteristics
Mitosis
Meiosis
Type of organisms it occurs in
# of chromosomes in human parent cell
Number of times chromosomes replicate
3. Number of cell divisions
Crossing over occurs? (Y/N)
Type of daughter cells produced
Number of daughter cells produced
Daughter cells identical to parent cell? (Y/N)
Daughter cells are: 1n or 2n?
# of chromosomes in human daughter cells
Activity 3: Chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis
In the nucleus of the cell are the chromosomes that are
composed of the hereditary material DNA. In every somatic
4. (body) cell of a human there are 46 chromosomes. Each species
may have a different number of chromosomes than another
species.
Since each somatic cell of an organism contains the same
number of chromosomes, there must be a duplication of material
before the nucleus divides during mitosis. In each somatic cell,
there are two sets of chromosomes; this is referred to as the 2n
(diploid) number, in which n means number of chromosomes. In
humans, 2n = 46 chromosomes.
In each gamete (sex) cell, there is only one set of chromosomes;
this is referred to as the 1n (haploid) number. In humans, 1n =
23 chromosomes. This means there are 23 different types of
chromosomes in the nucleus of a human cell. The autosomes
(non-sex chromosomes; i.e., everything but X and Y) are
numbered from 1-22 according to their length and centromere
position (part of the chromosome that links sister chromatids);
the sex chromosomes (i.e., X and Y) are number 23.
Karyotypes are used to examine the number
and appearance of chromosomes. In the
adjacent karyotype, the chromosomes are laid
out in order by size for the autosomes
followed by the sex chromosomes. There are
two chromosomes of each type (2n); one
came from this person’s mother through the
egg (1n) and the other from her father
through the sperm (1n) during fertilization.
This is the karyotype of a somatic cell that is
beginning mitosis; all chromosomes have
been replicated. In this karyotype, the sex
chromosomes are XX, so these chromosomes
belong to a female (males would have XY).
Karyotypes are a key tool used to detect
5. chromosomal abnormalities. They can be
performed on a variety of tissues, including
amniotic fluid (amniocentesis), placenta
(chorionic villus sampling), blood
(venipuncture), or bone marrow (biopsy).
Monosomy refers to a condition in which there is one
chromosome missing. It is abbreviated 2n-1. For example,
monosomy X is a condition in which cells have only one X
chromosome. Since they don’t have a Y chromosome, the
individual will be female. Trisomy refers to a condition in
which there is one extra chromosome. It is abbreviated 2n+1.
For example, trisomy X is a condition in which cells have three
X chromosomes; the individual will be female.
Monosomies and trisomies usually result from nondisjunction
during meiosis but can also occur during mitosis. They are more
common in meiosis 1 than meiosis 2. They are generally lethal,
with the exceptions of those involving sex chromosomes,
chromosome 21, or, very rarely, chromosomes 13 and 18.
Affected individuals have a distinctive set of physical and
mental characteristics called a syndrome.
Down syndrome is a developmental disorder generally caused
by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Having an extra copy of
this chromosome means that individuals have three copies of
each of the genes on that chromosome instead of two, making it
difficult for cells to properly control how much protein is made.
Producing too much (or too little) protein contributes to the
various symptoms of Down syndrome. Trisomy 21 is the cause
in approximately 95% of individuals, with 88% coming from
nondisjunction during the development of the mother’s egg, 8%
from nondisjunction in the sperm, and the remainder
from problems in fertilization or mitosis.
Nondisjunction during meiosis 1 in the mother’s gamete results
6. in 67-73% of trisomy 21 humans. The following diagram depicts
what could happen during meiosis 1 to cause Down syndrome.
Only chromosome 21 is represented. The top two eggs would
result in trisomy 21 when fertilized by a normal sperm. The
bottom two eggs would result in monosomy 21 when fertilized
by a normal sperm and would not develop into a viable zygote.
Questions
1. How many chromosomes are in somatic
cells of individuals with Down syndrome?
2. In the adjacent karyotype,
a. What is the individual’s gender?
b. What is the evidence of Down syndrome?
3. Maternal meiosis 2 nondisjunction results in 18-20% of
trisomy 21 humans. In the following diagram, draw what could
happen during meiosis 2 to cause Down syndrome. Prophase 1
is filled in with the replicated chromosomes for chromosome
21; don’t worry about drawing the other chromosomes.
4. People with Down syndrome can reproduce, and frequently
their children do not have Down syndrome. Fill in the following
diagram and explain why this could be. In the diagram,
Prophase 1 shows the black replicated chromosomes 21 were
inherited from the mother and the gray replicated chromosome
21 from the father; don’t worry about the other chromosomes.
Explanation:
