Explain THREE unique characteristics of fungi.SolutionThree un.pdf

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Explain THREE unique characteristics of fungi. Solution Three unique characteristics of fungi are- 1)Fungi are filamentous and not truly multicellular. They are composed of unique thread-like filamentous structures called hyphae. In higher fungi, these hyphae anastomose to form a network called mycelium.The cell wall of fungi is composed of chitin or cellulose. Fungi can build mutual relationships with other organisms in order to get nutritional benefits from such association. For example: The symbiotic relationship between funfi and algae is called lichen. 2) They need preformed food, optimum temperature, pH and moisture to grow properly. In order to avoid dessication, they also require some amount of water to grow. They are resistant to osmotic pressure and hence, can grow in relatively high salt and sugar concentrations. 3)Fungi are heterotrophic and they lack plastids.They collect nutrients from the environment, from dead or living organisms. Fungi are capable of metabolising complex carbohydrates (like lignin)..

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1) Strategies and structures: In Protozoans the method of movement is determined by the type of organism and the surrounding environment. Protozoans mainly move by cell extension, flagella or pseudopodia and cilia, the movement as per the presence of structure can be classified as ciliary, flagellar and amoeboid movement. Ciliates : Ciliates form the largest group of protozoa. These organisms vary in size and often live in watery environments, including oceans, marshes, bays and streams. Ciliates move using tiny cilia, which are hair-like strands that act as sensors and tiny limbs. Flagella are longer and less numerous that cilia, they use their long tail like flagella to move. Amoebas : In these two cytoskeleton get polymerized . This creates a vacancy and cytoplasmice material flow to cover the vacancy created. When amoeba moves cytoplasm moves to the arm like extension called pseudopodium. This pseudopodium extends and enlarge and hence this push the animal body towards that respective direction. 2) A) Flagellates can live as single cells, in colonies, or as parasites. Commonly live in niche\'s of water. They conduct photosynthesis and have a cell wall. They contain flagella for propulsion or to create a current to bring in food. They can inhabit the reproductive tract, alimentary canal, tissue sites and also the blood stream, lymph vessels and cerebrospinal canal. B) Pseudopods : Also called as false feet , are projections that can appear and disappear from the organism\'s body. These are used for movement and to engulf prey and digest them using enzymes. C) Apicomplexa : Unicellular and spore forming, most of them possess a unique form of organelle that comprises a type of plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure. They have apicoplast(non photosynthetic plastid) , mitochondria and nuclear genomes. Lack of cilia, sexual reproduction, use micropores for feeding, and the production of oocysts containing sporozoites as the infective form. They have unique gliding capability which enables them to cross through tissues and enter and leave their host cells. This gliding ability is made possible by the use of adhesions and small static myosin motors. 3) Key characteristics of fungi : Fungi are unicellular or multicellular. Most of the fungi grow as tubular filaments called hyphae They are haploid. Fungus are heterotrophs (they can obtain nutrients by absorption) . They absorb food and secrete enzymes to digest complex molecules Propogate by spores Asexual or sexual reproduction They can be multinucleated Fungi are achlorophyllous (lack of cholorphyll pigment) Both Fungi and protists belong to same kingdom but fungi is different from protist, protists are able to live in an anaerobic environment without oxygen but fungi need aerobic respiration to survive. Protists are unicellular but fungi are multicellular. Protists are autotrophic (make their own energy) and heterotrophic (rely on outside source to get energy), but fungi a.

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Fungus, plural fungi, any of about 99,000 known species of organisms of the kingdom Fungi, which includes the yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms. There are also many funguslike organisms, including slime molds and oomycetes (water molds), that do not belong to kingdom Fungi but are often called fungi. Many of these funguslike organisms are included in the kingdom Chromista. Fungi are among the most widely distributed organisms on Earth and are of great environmental and medical importance. Many fungi are free-living in soil or water; others form parasitic or symbiotic relationships with plants or animals. A fungus (/ˈfʌŋɡəs/; plural: fungi[3] or funguses[4]) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Similar to animals, fungi are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesise. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the Eumycota (true fungi or Eumycetes), which share a common ancestor (form a monophyletic group), an interpretation that is also strongly supported by molecular phylogenetics. This fungal group is distinct from the structurally similar myxomycetes (slime molds) and oomycetes (water molds). The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology (from the Greek μύκης, mukēs, meaning "fungus"). In the past, mycology was regarded as a branch of botany, although it is now known fungi are genetically more closely related to animals than to plants.

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What is true of all fungi? They are a. eukaryotic, heterotrophic plants. b. eukaryotic, parasitic plants. c. saprobic/decomposing plants. d. eukaryotic heterotrophs with cell walls. e. saprobic heterotrophs. Solution Answer: a. eukaryotic, heterotrophic plants. Fungi are non-chlorophyllous(absence of chloroplasts) plants. They are eukaryotes due to the presence of true nucleus. Fungi live as heterotrophic, parasitic, saprophytic, etc..

What is true of all fungi They area. eukaryotic, heterotrophic pl.pdf

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