For each step of DNA replication, predict the outcome ifconcentra.pdf

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For each step of DNA replication, predict the outcome if: concentration of nitrogenous bases is low primase is inhibited DNA polymerase were inhibited DNA ligase were inhibited Helicase were inhibited AND Identify cellular process(es) that require DNA replication THANKS Solution concentration of nitrogenous bases is low- DNA molecule is made up of nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. These nitrogenous bases form the template and the sequence of DNA in replication. They specify the order of these bases in the complementary template strand being formed. primase is inhibited- Enzyme primase is of key importance in DNA replication because it is the only enzyme that can initiate DNA synthesis strand without an initial PNA or CNA primer. Hence primase is essential as it catalysis the synthesis of a primer complementary to ssDNA template aiding in the initiation of DNA replication to take place. DNA polymerase were inhibited- DNA polymerase is an essential enzyme involved in the repair of any damage to DNA molecule and it also plays a vital role in DNA replication; it connects the Okazaki fragments (complementary fragements to the lagging template strand ) by deleting RNA primers and replacing it with DNA. DNA ligase were inhibited- Ligase enzyme is useful in DNA repair (single-strand or double- strand breaks of DNA) and in replication by joining the double DNA strands through phosphodiester bond formation (3\'OH end and 5\'P end). DNA double helicular structure is thus formed through ligation of both strands on replication. Helicase were inhibited- Helicases help in the seperation of nucleic acid strands required during the cellular processes like DNA replication, transcription, repair. This seperation is done by Helicase enzyme by moving through a nucleic acid phosphodiester backbone that exists in DNA, RNA, or DNA-RNA hybrid. cellular process that require DNA replication- In mitosis DNA replication is essential (S stage of interphase) which gets distributed to the resulting daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. This ensures two similar daughter cells having common genetic material..

For each step of DNA replication, predict the outcome if:
concentration of nitrogenous bases is low
primase is inhibited
DNA polymerase were inhibited
DNA ligase were inhibited
Helicase were inhibited
AND
Identify cellular process(es) that require DNA replication
THANKS
Solution
concentration of nitrogenous bases is low- DNA molecule is made up of nitrogenous bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. These nitrogenous bases form the template and the
sequence of DNA in replication. They specify the order of these bases in the complementary
template strand being formed.
primase is inhibited- Enzyme primase is of key importance in DNA replication because it is the
only enzyme that can initiate DNA synthesis strand without an initial PNA or CNA primer.
Hence primase is essential as it catalysis the synthesis of a primer complementary to ssDNA
template aiding in the initiation of DNA replication to take place.
DNA polymerase were inhibited- DNA polymerase is an essential enzyme involved in the repair
of any damage to DNA molecule and it also plays a vital role in DNA replication; it connects the
Okazaki fragments (complementary fragements to the lagging template strand ) by deleting RNA
primers and replacing it with DNA.
DNA ligase were inhibited- Ligase enzyme is useful in DNA repair (single-strand or double-
strand breaks of DNA) and in replication by joining the double DNA strands through
phosphodiester bond formation (3'OH end and 5'P end). DNA double helicular structure is thus
formed through ligation of both strands on replication.
Helicase were inhibited- Helicases help in the seperation of nucleic acid strands required during
the cellular processes like DNA replication, transcription, repair. This seperation is done by
Helicase enzyme by moving through a nucleic acid phosphodiester backbone that exists in DNA,
RNA, or DNA-RNA hybrid.
cellular process that require DNA replication- In mitosis DNA replication is essential (S stage of
interphase) which gets distributed to the resulting daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. This
ensures two similar daughter cells having common genetic material.

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NaCN(aq) ? Na+(aq) + CN-(aq) Assuming that NaCN is an ionic compound (composed of a monatomic cation and a polyatomic anion) it will completely dissociate in water, therefore [NaCN] = [CN-] Then, since HCN (Prussic Acid) is a weak acid, write the equilibrium equation between the acid and its conjugate base: ..... H2O(l) + CN-(aq) ? HCN(aq) + OH-(aq) Pure solids and liquids are ignored in equilibrium reactions, so water is ignored. I ........ .......... 0.1 . . | . . . . 0 . . . . . 0 C ...... ............ -x . . | . . . .+x . . . . +x E ...... .......... 0.1 . . | . . . . x . . . . . x Since Ka was given, change it to Kb by using: Ka * Kb = Kw 4.9*10^(-10) * Kb = 10^(-14) Kb = 2.0*10^(-5) Then set up the base dissociation constant equation (since it was written with a CN- (base) on the left and HCN (acid) on the right). It is assumed that x is significantly smaller than [CN-], just to make the calculations easier (avoiding quadratics). Kb = [HCN] [OH-] / [CN- ] 2.0*10^(-5) = x² / 0.1 x² = 2.0*10^(-6) x = [OH-] = 1.4*10^(-3) M pOH = -log[OH-] = - log(1.4*10^(-3)) = 2.8 pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 2.8 = 11.2 Solution NaCN(aq) ? Na+(aq) + CN-(aq) Assuming that NaCN is an ionic compound (composed of a monatomic cation and a polyatomic anion) it will completely dissociate in water, therefore [NaCN] = [CN-] Then, since HCN (Prussic Acid) is a weak acid, write the equilibrium equation between the acid and its conjugate base: ..... H2O(l) + CN-(aq) ? HCN(aq) + OH-(aq) Pure solids and liquids are ignored in equilibrium reactions, so water is ignored. I ........ .......... 0.1 . . | . . . . 0 . . . . . 0 C ...... ............ -x . . | . . . .+x . . . . +x E ...... .......... 0.1 . . | . . . . x . . . . . x Since Ka was given, change it to Kb by using: Ka * Kb = Kw 4.9*10^(-10) * Kb = 10^(-14) Kb = 2.0*10^(-5) Then set up the base dissociation constant equation (since it was written with a CN- (base) on the left and HCN (acid) on the right). It is assumed that x is significantly smaller than [CN-], just to make the calculations easier (avoiding quadratics). Kb = [HCN] [OH-] / [CN- ] 2.0*10^(-5) = x² / 0.1 x² = 2.0*10^(-6) x = [OH-] = 1.4*10^(-3) M pOH = -log[OH-] = - log(1.4*10^(-3)) = 2.8 pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 2.8 = 11.2.

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discuss the rationale for the global harmonization of financial reporting and disclosure requirements Solution The focus and rationale of global harmonization of financial reporting and disclosure requirements is for achieving a level of compatibility for the statements. There is less complication for the companies and individuals to present the financial statements and its interpretations. The differences between financial reporting standards are erased with international harmonization of financial reporting. When there is achievement of international harmonization in finial reporting then it benefits countries and improves the access effectively for the financial market. The confidence and investor\'s K owned he is increased. According to Wiley (2000) even though the rationale behind harmonization is smooth preparation and presentation of financial statements; there may be differences based on the factors like taxation and political aspects. It focuses on creation of similar set of procedures with the help of boundary establishment and how they can differ globally. It also benefits accounting standards on national and international levels. The disclosure requirements include the information related to nature and the extent of risks which arises from financial instruments. The importance of financial instutments for the purpose of finial position and performance of entity. It includes financial assets, held to maturity investments, loans and receivables, sale assets etc..

discuss the rationale for the global harmonization of financial repo.pdf

discuss the rationale for the global harmonization of financial repo.pdf

discuss the rationale for the global harmonization of financial repo.pdf

Describe the need to multitask in BBC (behavior-based control) systems? Solution Behavior-based control employs a set of distributed, in-teracting modules, called behaviors that collectively achieve the desired system-level behavior. To an ex-ternal observer, behaviors are patterns of the robot’s activity emerging from interactions between the robot and its environment. To a programmer, behaviors are control modules that cluster sets of constraints in order to achieve and maintain a goal. Each behavior receives inputs from sensors and/or other behaviors in the system, and provides outputs to the robot’s actuators or to other behaviors. Thus, a behavior-based controller is a structured network of interacting behaviors, with no centralized world representation or focus of control. In-stead, individual behaviors and networks of behaviors maintain any state information and models. The basic principles of behavior-based control can be summarized briefly as follows: • Behaviors are implemented as control laws (some-times similar to those used in control theory), either in software or hardware, as a processing element or as a procedure. • Each behavior can take inputs from the robot’s sen-sors (e.g., proximity sensors, range detectors, contact sensors, camera) and/or from other modules in the system, and send outputs to the robot’s effectors (e.g., wheels, grippers, arm, speech) and/or to other modules. • Many different behaviors may independently re- ceive input from the same sensors and output action commands to the same actuators. • Behaviors are encoded to be relatively simple, and are added to the system incrementally. • Behaviors (or subsets thereof) are executed con- currently, not sequentially, in order to exploit parallelism and speed of computation, as well as the interaction dynamics among behaviors and between behaviors and the environment. The ability to improve performance over time and to reason about the world, in the context of a chang-ing and dynamic environment, is an important area of research in situated robotics. Unlike in classical ma-chine learning, where the goal is typically to optimize performance over a long period of time, in situated learning the aim is to adapt relatively quickly, toward attaining efficiency in the light of uncertainty. Models from biology are often considered, given its proper- ties of learning directly from environmental feedback. Variations and adaptations of machine learning, and in particular reinforcement learning, have been effectively applied to behavior-based robots, which have demon- strated learning to walk [38. , navigate and create topological maps, di-vide tasks, behave socially , and even identify opponents and score goals in robot soc- cer. Methods from artificial life, evolutionary computation/genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, vision and learning, multi-agent systems, and many other research areas continue to be actively explored and applied to behavior-based robots as their role in ani.

Describe the need to multitask in BBC (behavior-based control) syste.pdf

Describe the need to multitask in BBC (behavior-based control) syste.pdf

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ble below to calculate the Gross Domestic Product uning the ral Gross Domestic Product? Fully explain your anower. (4 mak) or rea overnment expenditures on goods and service Wages, salaries and supplementary labour income 2,000 reciation nvestment 400 sumption expenditure et exports direct taxes 150 Solution Gross domestic product be expenditure method= consumption expenditure+ government expenditure+ investment+ net export =2200+500+400+(-50) =3050 This is the nominal GDP as well as real GDP because base year price and current year price is not given. Hence real GDP and nominal GDP will be same..

ble below to calculate the Gross Domestic Product uning the ral Gro.pdf

ble below to calculate the Gross Domestic Product uning the ral Gro.pdf

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1.The limbic system: A. matures before the prefrontal cortex B. is another name for the prefrontal cortex C. is responsible for emotional regulation and impulse control D. matures before the amygdala Solution The limbic system is responsible for emotional regulationand impules control. Limbic system is that portion of the brain which deals with the emotions, arousal, learning aw well as formation of memories. It has a complicated structure that lies on the both side of the thalamus just beneath the cerebrum. It includes amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia and cingulate gyrus. Amygdala also known as the emotional centre of the brain. Hippocampus helps in the formation of new memories from our past experinces. While thalamus and hypothalamus are governs the changes occuring to the emotional activities. Basal ganglia involved in motor control and habbit learning. And cingulate gyrus manage smell and sight and regulate our behaviour..

1.The limbic systemA. matures before the prefrontal cortexB. is.pdf

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1.The limbic systemA. matures before the prefrontal cortexB. is.pdf

Why is leadership a critical factor in implementing change and quality improvement initiatives? Why is leadership a critical factor in implementing change and quality improvement initiatives? Solution Leadership is required for inspiring and motivating followers to work towards common objectives. The leader employs enthusiasm and charisma to motivate the employees to think out of the box.Leader lays emphasis on the values, morals, ideas and needs of the organization and the followers. Leadership is critical for transformation and change in the firm in a turbulent and challenging environment. By concentrating on innovation and creation rather than just daily planning and execution, the leader ensures that the changes are implemented with minimum resistance. Below is how the leaders can implement change and quality improvement initiatives while overcoming resistance- 1. Communicating the objective of the change and how it would positively affect the productivity of the employees and the organization 2. Developing training and mentoring programs to train the employees to adopt to the new process or system 3. Removing fears from the minds of employees through openhouse discussions etc. 4. Explaining the employees how the change would help in the development of the individuals..

Why is leadership a critical factor in implementing change and qua.pdf

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Why is leadership a critical factor in implementing change and qua.pdf

Why are there bubbles in beer and champagne? Solution Bubbles of gas, typically carbon dioxide are produced from beer and champagne , rising to the surface. Because . yeasts ferment sugars and form carbon dioxide gas during fermentation. In the bottle, where the pressure is high, the carbon dioxide disappears. However, when you open the bottle and lower the pressure, the carbon dioxide escapes in the form of bubbles. In Champagne and other sparkling wines, the bubbles pop, while in beer, the bubbles remain and form the beer\'shead..

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Why are there bubbles in beer and champagneSolution Bubbles of .pdf

Which of the following is true of a traditional master budget? a. It uses the zero-base budgeting approach. b. It is department oriented. c. It recognizes interdependencies. d. It is dynamic in nature. Solution Correct Answer is b. it is department Oriented One of the critisism of Traditional Master Budget is that it is Department oriented and does not recognise independencies among departments, further it is static not dynamic in nature..

Which of the following is true of a traditional master budget a. It.pdf

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Which of the following is true of a traditional master budget a. It.pdf

Which ethnic groups were a part of the former Yugoslavia? Croats, Serbs, Bosnian Muslims, Macedonians Janjaweed Israelis, Palestinians, Arabs Hutu & Tutsis Croats, Serbs, Bosnian Muslims, Macedonians Janjaweed Israelis, Palestinians, Arabs Hutu & Tutsis Solution The ethnic group can be defined as a social category based on common culture or nationality. In other words, it can be said that an ethnic group is a category of people who recognize with each other based on similarities for example as a common ancestry, language, society, culture or nation. First Yugoslavia contains people of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–29). Hence it can be said that the ethnic groups which were a part of the former Yugoslavia were Croats, Serbs, Bosnian Muslims, Macedonians. Hence option first is the correct answer. Option first; Croats, Serbs, Bosnian Muslims, Macedonians.

Which ethnic groups were a part of the former YugoslaviaCroats, S.pdf

Which ethnic groups were a part of the former YugoslaviaCroats, S.pdf

Which ethnic groups were a part of the former YugoslaviaCroats, S.pdf

What would the components of the development be in an early learning(1st – 3rd) website environment be? Solution For a website,major components include Front end,images,contents navigation,page structure. For early learning website.As it for the children,content along with effective graphic design is most preferable. Graphic design: Many of the elements described, such as the logo, the navigation menus, the layout, images, etc., fall under the general category of graphic design. But graphic design is more than these. It is the look and feel the website will have as a result of proper use and integration of all these elements. Content management is considered. The website is not recommended to be a static as it should be more creative and changes is necessary. Content management system: This is the ability to update your website without having to directly edit the html. Simple systems create areas on a web page that can be easily changed on a regular basis. Include multiedia and databases. Multi-media. It is for than just text and images. Photo-tours, video-clips, sound-clips all can add to the experience if they are well matched to the type of site and profile of the target audience..

What would the components of the development be in an early learning.pdf

What would the components of the development be in an early learning.pdf

What would the components of the development be in an early learning.pdf

What is true of all fungi? They are a. eukaryotic, heterotrophic plants. b. eukaryotic, parasitic plants. c. saprobic/decomposing plants. d. eukaryotic heterotrophs with cell walls. e. saprobic heterotrophs. Solution Answer: a. eukaryotic, heterotrophic plants. Fungi are non-chlorophyllous(absence of chloroplasts) plants. They are eukaryotes due to the presence of true nucleus. Fungi live as heterotrophic, parasitic, saprophytic, etc..

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