1. List two potential causes of chest pain other than a myocardial infarction. 2. Some diseases can cause fluid to build up in the pleural cavities around the lungs. This fluid may need to be drained via a tube that is inserted through the chest wall, as shown in the below image. Name two structures (not including the skin and hypodermis) that such a tube would have to pierce through in order to drain fluid from the pleural cavity. 3. Describe the purpose of the ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation. Explain why it is important for this duct to close once a baby is born. Collapsed lung Ribs Chest tube Fluid Solution 1) Pulmonary Embolism (PE) Pulmonary embolism (PE) is in which the main pulmonary artery or one of their branches are blocked. It occurs when a thrombus or blood clot developed in other part of the venous system and gets lodged in the pulmonary arteries. Pericarditis It is caused by an inflammation or infection of the sac around the heart. The pain caused by it is similar to angina. 2) This procedure is called Thoracentesis. The tube is inserted through intercostals muscles, fats and between ribs apart from skin and hypodermis. 3) The ductus arteriosus, also called the ductus Botalli is a blood vessel through which the pulmonary artery is connected to the proximal descending aorta. It causes the blood from right ventricle to bypass the lungs and flows directly into body in fetus. For nutrition and oxygen a Fetus depends on its mother. A fetus is connected to its mother through placenta by the umbilical cord. All life supports like nutrition, oxygen etc. and waste products like carbon dioxide goes in and out respectively through placenta. During birth the umbilical cord is cut and the baby starts breathing fresh air on its own and lungs begin to expand closing ductus arteriosus. Thus it is necessary for ductus arteriosus to close for proper functioning of lungs..