EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTION

1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION I
BLD 60603
EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTION
Experiencing, documenting and analysing the construction process
VANESSA CHAI PEI YEI 0327887
VANESSA LIM KAR YARN 0326791
TOH YI LIN 0327984
TAN ZHI YING 0327853
HIBA MOHAMED ELMAGZOUB AHMED 0326533

2. Content
1. Introduction (TYL) 2-3
1.1. Introduction to site 4
2. Site Safety (TYL) 5
2.1. Site and Safety 6
2.2. Safety Features 7-8
2.3. Machineries and equipment 9-10
3. Preliminaries Work (TYL) 11
3.1. Site Layout 12
3.2. Setting Out 13
3.3. Site Clearance 14
3.4. Earthwork & Excavation 15
4. Building Foundation (HIBA) 16
4.1. Introduction 17
4.2. Raft Foundation 18
4.3. Pile Foundation 19-20
5. Building Structure (VLKY) 21
5.1. Ground Beams 22
5.2. Columns 23-24
5.3. Beams 25-26
5.4. Slabs 27-28
6. Staircase (TZY) 29
6.1. Introduction 30
6.2. Staircase Installation 31
6.3. Staircase Materials 32
7. Wall (VCPY) 33
7.1. Introduction 34
7.2. Construction of Wall 35
7.3. Finishes of Wall 36
8. Summary (TYL, HIBA, VLKY, TZY, VCPY) 37
8.1. References 38
1

3. 1. INTRODUCTION
BY: TOH YI LIN

4. 1.0 INTRODUCTION
Project 1 of building construction 1 allowed us to experience the construction site in person. From experiencing
to documenting to analyzing the construction process. It allows us to understand the sequence and coordination
of construction at site. This project also introduce us to the basic principles and procedures of construction
process through a real life project. Besides, this project exposed us to the construction technology and methods
responding to site context to us.
Through this project, we are able to express our understanding and knowledge of the construction, technology
and material used in a site by producing a complete documentation with the attachment of photo, sketches,
analysis of construction elements etc. Our understanding towards the current construction.
Technology on local sites is widened and we are able to explain the basic construction elements and
components throughout the project.
3

5. 1.1 Introduction to site
1.1.1 Multipurpose Hall, SJK (C) Ladang
Harcroft @ Puchong
1.1.2 Banglow @ Bandar Petaling Jaya
(3 storey houses)
4

6. 2. SITE SAFETY
BY: TOH YI LIN

7. Construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of an infrastructure. It is one of the most dangerous land-
based occupations in the world with a high rate of fatal accidents. Due to the uncertainty of the weather and the working
environment, safety problems and hazards in the construction sites are hard to avoid and prevent. It is a responsibility for
people who station or close to the construction site to follow the rules and take safety precaution to avoid the occurrence of
any mistakes or accidents.
2.1 SAFETY MEASUREMENTS
Every personnel in the construction site are restricted to follow the Laws and Regulations of the Department of Occupational
Safety and Health under the Ministry of Human Resources to ensure the safety of the workers and public. Prior to enter or visit
the site, everyone will need to be informed about every safety precaution and knowledge about the site by the program
supervisor. Concentration and awareness in vital during a site visit.
Multipurpose Hall, SJK (C) Ladang Harcroft @ Puchong
2.1 Site and safety
6

8. CONSTRUCTION
- First thing that you see when you
enter a construction.
- Making its visible, is easier for the
public to know the information
regarding the project.
- Information included contact of
different bodies involved which is
Project Owner, Architect, Structural,
Engineer, M&E Engineering
Landscape Architecture , Quantity
Survey and Contractor.
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
The most commonly used fire extinguisher
on construction site in the ABC fire
extinguisher. The ABC fire extinguisher can
put off burning solids. Liquid fire and gases
fire
FIRST AID
Due to the regulation, there is a first aid kit in
office/meeting place, it is to ensure victims to
receive prompt first aid treatment and some
further medical attention if necessary.
SAFETY BOARD
- The most apparent thing that can
be seen on the site. It give the staff
and anybody stepping the site a
heads up regarding their safety
hazards.
- Normally, in big eye catching size
and colours like red, yellow and
blue.
SAFETY HELMET
Protect the head from falling objects
REFLECTIVE VEST
Alert others of one’s presence
GLOVES
Protect hands while working
SAFETY BOOTS
Protect feet from stepping on sharp / dangerous
objects and falling objects
2.2 Safety features
7

9. SCAFFOLDING
A temporary support system that is design
to easily be transported, dismantled and
stored compactly as it is use quite
frequently in a large quantity.
Basic component of a scaffold consists of
tubes, boards and couplers at the joint.
ROAD BARRIER
- Prevent public from entering
construction site
- Prevent vehicles from
entering the site
BARRICADE TAPE
Used to warn passersby of possible
hazard and prevent them from
accidentally entering the site
SAFETY NETS
- To ensure workers are safe
when climbing up the
scaffolding
- To prevent objects from
falling and injuring passerby
2.2 Safety features
8

10. MACHINERIES & EQUIPMENTS
Machineries can be found at every construction site. They are used to ensure high output of quality work, to save cost and to complete task that are
dangerous to do manually. These machineries are also dangerous and can cause fatality if not handle properly. Hence, the site safety professional will
always make sure that the machineries are only used and handled by trained and skilled workers.
EXCAVATOR
Excavating below or above natural surface of ground
on which machine rests.
- Dig bigger trenches.
- General grading work.
- Lifting.
BACKHOE-LOADER
- To digging shallow excavations.
- Digging trenches.
- General grading works.
- Loading and carrying materials.
- Landscaping
- Breaking Asphalt
- Paving roads
AUGER MACHINE
- Used to drill earth horizontally.
- It consists of a cutting head, a fighted
drive tube and the drive mechanism to
supply the force to push the auger
through the earth.
- The cutting head penetrates the earth
and the spoil is carried back to the entry
pit along the auger coil.
2.3 Machineries and equipments
9

11. CONCRETE DRUM MIXER
Concrete mixer is a machine that combines
cement, aggregates and water to form concrete.
Operated either electrically or mechanically. It is a
alternative for mixing concrete by hand. Concrete
discharge by mixer must be used within before it
starts to harden.
PLATE COMPACTOR
Used to compact soil or road surface.
Compacted soil can free from shifts and settles
that cause by the exposure to water, freezing
and thawing cycles thus pressure from above
due to vehicles or foot traffic that can lead to
unstable and uneven surface.
POWER GENERATORS
Generators used fuel such as petrol or diesel
to produce and provide electrical equipment
and site lights. It allows contractors to
continue working without disruption and meet
deadlines.
CIRCULAR ELECTRIC SAW
A circular saw turns a round,
flat blade to cut wood, metal or
plastic depending on the blade
selected. It is popular as a
woodworking tool because of
the time and labor it saves,
precision and it is case of
handling and maneuverability.
HOST (DEVICE)
Hoists are similar to cranes
except that they are compact
and portable. They are used to
transport loose materials
vertically in small loads.
2.3 Machineries and equipments
10

12. 3 PRELIMINARIES
WORKBY: TOH YI LIN

13. 3.1 Site Layout
PRELIMINARIES WORKS
Describe what is required to complete all activities and preparation before the main construction works, in accordance with the contracts.
HOARDING / FENCING
Build around the
construction site to
prevent unauthorized
access into the site.
SITE ENTRANCE
STORAGE
SITE OFFICE, TEMPORARY
TOILET, AND STORAGE
Use for site meeting, storing
important site document and
guess room during visitation.
Store excess material and
park unused machinery and
workers vehicles.
ACCESS ROAD
Allows vehicles and
machineries to access the
construction site form the
main road
POWER
GENERATORS
12

14. SITE CLEARANCE
Site clearance is necessary to remove any vegetation or obstruction in site to prepare the
site for excavation or structure building. It involves the demolition and removal of existing
buildings and structure , digging out vegetation and removing the top soil.
Purpose:
(a) Remove all unwanted materials
(b) To prevent soil movement caused by decaying organic matter which may threaten the
foundation or other elements of the surrounding site
(c) To prevent future problems like insect infestation, diseased wood and lawn mower
damage.
Precaution:
(a) Advance warning must be done before work
(b) Protection on those existing structure.
3.2 Site Clearance
A proper procedure must be done for both side establishment and site
clearance. For site establishment, firstly, pre-entry survey must be done
before work commences i the site, preferably a photographic survey
supplemented with a written record. Next, advance warning must be done
before work began on site to make sure that if any parties who will be
affected by the works must be notified of the intention to commence work.
13

15. SETTING OUT
Setting out is done after site clearing is finished. Boundaries are marked and
line on site differentiate land between different occupants. The position of the
line must be cleaned marked in site to be set up at any time and to ensure the
correct positioning of various elements of the building plot.
SITE BOUNDARY
Functional external features may take the form of access requirement
where security may be an issue. To enhance security on any project
fencing could be used to separate the site from adjacent properties and
land. Any form of fencing whether it be full perimeter fencing or partial
fencing installed at key access of the site, can stop or cut down any
unwanted pedestrian or vehicular access.
The primary form of fencing present on out site is mainly metal hoardings
placed mostly around the whole site boundary except around the hill side.
Another form of protection at our site boundary would be the retaining wall
(R.E Wall).
Retaining wall (R.E. Wall)
Metal hoarding
LINING OUT
Determine the position of the corners and
the distance between them. Then mark
the positions of foundations, footings and
walls (including the thickness) by pegging
in the ground.
DIRECT MARKING
For building that are small like the
houses in site A and site B may
marked directly on the flat ground.
But for site B the uneven ground
may have to be fatten first.
UNEVEN GROUND
During setting out in site B, the distance between 2 horizontal points is used, not the
distance along the slope. The point have to be extended upwards using a plumb bob
and then the distance between 2 point is measured.
3.3 Setting Out
14

16. 3.4 Earthwork & Excavation
Earthwork involves removing, moving and adding large quantities of soil, rocks from an existing land to another area. This is done to achieve a suitable
elevator height for a construction purpose. The specific type of earthwork done is determined by the condition of the site and soil and to prepare the site
for other construction works such as making roadways, works on bridge and under tunnels.
Safety Measures on Excavation
- Keep the fence on all sides of an complete excavation.
- Use safe access of access and way out.
- Do not pile soil or any other materials at the edge of an excavation.
- Make sure that a trench is securely shored before working in it.
IMPORTANT OF EXCAVATION
Earthwork, though board by its many aspects, is a specific and important
engineered phase of construction. Engineered earthwork begins with a soils
investigation and ends as a foundation for all construction. The widest highway, the
longest bridge, and the tallest building could not exist were it not for a solid
foundation: this foundation is earthwork.
Construction earthwork requires careful planning of the process and likely
impacts during the development and implementation stages. Due to the
site being a former mining area and located on a slope land, careful
planning is essential.
15

17. 4 BUILDING
FOUNDATIONBY: HIBA MOHAMED ELMAGZOUB AHMED

18. Foundation :
Is the part of the structural system that carry the entire weight and transmit all
types of loads associated with the building ( dead load , live load , wind load ,
etc..) . It’s constructed below the surface on different depths depending on the
type of foundation .
Foundation requirements :
- Must be able to carry all types of loads ( dead , live , wind ,…etc )
- Foundation base should be stiff to minimize differential settlements .
- The depth of the foundation is based on load of structure , type of soil ,
ground water level , bearing capacity and other consideration
soil investigation :
Before commencement of work , it’s important to test the soil on the site , to
determine the most suitable foundation . Its part of site investigation , it is a
procedure done to identify the type of the soil on site and it’s suitability for the
proposed structure .
4.1 Introduction
Purpose of soil investigation:
1. To examine the stability of the soil and its ability to *** the loads of the proposed
project .
2. To help on the decision of the most suitable foundation design .
3. Determine the difficulties that might take place during the construction process .
4 . Location of groundwater and its pressure .
The information about the physical properties of the soil and the bedrock in addition
to the ground water condition , help on the decision of the most suitable foundation
for the building .
Types Of Foundation Used :
1 . Raft slab foundation :
Also known as mat foundation , it’s a large concrete base that covers the whole
structure and equally spread the load of the building over a large area to minimize
the pressure on the soil .
Advantages of raft slab :
- Easy to construct (install ) .
- Long term strength guarantee .
- Reduce differential settlements .
- Required less excavation work .
- It considered economical as compared to other types of foundation .
When to use Raft slab :
- when the soil bearing capacity is low .
- For large structures (loads) .
- If the walls of the building are so close that if individual footing where used it
would cause is to overlap *GR
- If footings would cover over half of the construction area.
17

19. Raft Foundation Construction Process ( site visit ) :
1.Setting out , determine the location for the foundation and where excavation
will happen .
2 Excavation , the vegetative top layer of the soil must be removed then the
soil left is compressed and leveled .
3 .a hardcore layer and a sand layer are added .
4. To add more stiffness of the foundation , reinforcements are added .
5. . In this step wood is used as a formwork to support the steel reinforcements
and to keep the concrete in shape .
6 . : After adding the formwork , concrete is then poured and left to cure for
some days .
7. . After concrete dries , formwork is removed and a layer of waterproof membrane is
spread over the entire area of the foundation .
.
4.2 Raft Foundation
18

20. 2. Pile Foundation :
Is a type of deep foundation , A pile is basically a long column of a strong
material inserted in the ground to transfer the loads of the building to a stronger
layer of soil
- Classification of piles based on material :
- Classification of piles based on method of construction :
1 . Bored (Replacement) :
Replacement piles are installed by creating a borehole in the ground which the
pile is then placed . Its called replacement because the pile simply replaces the
soil that has been removed .
2 . Driven (Displacement) :
Piles are driven into the soil using huge piling hammer , which causes the soil to be
displaced radially
4.3 Pile Foundation
Piles used in site :
Bored pile was used to build the multipurpose hall, due to the existing of the other
school parts on the same site , to minimize the vibration and cracks on the adjacent
buildings:
Advantages of bored pile :
- No vibration .
- Can be used on variable lengths.
- Require less excavation work .
- pile length can exceed below frost penetration .
- less damage to adjacent soil and structures .
- Require less excavation work .
When to use pile foundation :
- When the subsoil is weak or compressible .
- The site space is limited .
- High loads .
- In areas where earthquakes happens regularly.
What is pile cap ?
A pile cap is a thick concrete mat the rests on a group of piles , It used to spread the
load equally into the piles .
19

21. Pile Foundation Construction Process ( site visit ) :
1. Setting out , the location where piles will be placed is marked
2 . Excavation , soil is drilled using an auger
3. . Concreting , the borehole is filled with concrete .
5
4 .Reinforcement , , a steel cage is installed into the bored hole .
.5 . Construction of the pile cap , the reinforcement for the pile cap and the
column connected to it are added inside , then the framework is build around
and filled with concrete .
20
4.3 Pile Foundation

22. 5 BUILDING
STRUCTURESBY: VANESSA LIM KAR YARN

23. Structure
The framework of identifiable elements in a construction which gives form and stability,
and resists stress and strains. These include the beams, columns and slabs.
Construction of Building Structures
1. Ground Beams
A reinforced concrete beam for supporting walls, joists, etc., at or near ground level, itself
either resting directly upon the ground or supported at both ends by piers.
Site: Ground Beams
Construction Process of Ground Beams
5.1 Ground Beams
The ground beam on site is an ordinary reinforced concrete beam.
1. Support
The prop is fixed up in the first step to provide support to
the formwork later on.
2. Formwork
Formwork is constructed to act as a mold for the concrete.
3. Reinforcement work
Reinforcing bars are bent and placed in to increase tensile
strength and durability of the concrete.
4. Pouring
Concrete is poured into the formwork and left for curing
before the formwork is removed to reveal completed
ground beam.
22

24. 2. First Floor Columns
A column is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight
of the structure above to other structural elements below.
Site: Columns
Layout
Work
Location of
columns are
determined and
marked by
laying rope
according to
grids.
Reinforcing
Work
Reinforcing
bars are placed
accordingly to
increase tensile
strength of
concrete.
Column
Formwork
Timber
structure to
provide support
for wet
concrete.
Pouring
Concret
e
Concrete is poured
into the formwork
and left for 2
weeks to cure
before removing
formwork.
Construction Process of Column
The construction of RCC Columns included 4 stages, from the layout work to the
reinforcement to the formwork and finally pouring the concrete and letting it dry.
Layout Work
The location of the columns are determined in the field. It is done by laying ropes
according to grids shown in drawings and marking the location of the columns
using rope.
On site: Layout work
Reinforcement Work
When locations are marked, reinforcement steel bars are placed as instructed in
the structural drawings. This is to increase the tensile strength and durability of
concrete.
Site: Reinforcement work
5.2 Columns
23

25. Formwork
Timber formwork are done to support the form and act as molds for the concrete to
be poured.
On site: Timber Formwork
Pouring Concrete
Machine mixed concrete is poured into the formwork and let dry for a minimum of 2
weeks duration before removing the formwork.
On site: Completed Columns
5.2 Columns
Type of Column on Site
On site: Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Columns
All columns within the site is categorized as ordinary columns, constructed in a rectangular
form and are reinforced concrete columns.
Site Sketch: Rectangular form reinforced concrete column
24

26. 3. Beams
Horizontal or inclined structural member spanning a distance between one or
more supports, and carrying vertical loads across (transverse to) its longitudinal
axis.
Construction Process of Beam
The process can be divided into 4 stages of work arrangement.
Formwork
Formwork is a mold used to shape and support the concrete beam until it attains
sufficient strength to carry its own weight. It is the first and most important stage
in the construction of a beam as it should be able to safely withstand without
distortion or danger the dead weight of the fluid concrete placed on it, labour
weight, equipment weight and any environmental loadings.
On site: Beams Formwork
Bending and Binding Steel Bars
Reinforcing steel bars are embedded passively before cement is poured into the
formwork to increase the relatively low tensile strength and ductility of concrete.
These steel bars have the properties of high relative strength, high toleration of
tensile strain, good bond concrete, thermal compatibility and durability.
On site: Rebar in Beams
5.3 Beams
Site Sketch: Beams 25

27. Laying of Cement Concrete
Machine mixed concreete is poured into the formwork containing the reinforcing
steel bar to fill it accordingly. The concrete hardens and dries in a span of 2
weeks.
Curing
After the duration of curing up to a minimum of 2 weeks, formwork is removed
and beam is completed.
On site: Beams revealed after formwork is removed
On site: Completed Beams
5.3 Beams
Type of Beams on Site
The type of beams widely used in the sites are continuous beam. They are supported
by more than two columns, providing extra support in between the two corner columns.
On site: Continuous beams
Site Sketch: Front elevation
Beam is supported by many columns to create a
corridor area and later support the slab.
26

28. 4. Slabs
A slab is a flat piece of concrete constructed to provide surfaces, usually
horizontal, in building floors, roofs, bridges, and other types of structures. The
slab may be supported by walls, by reinforced concrete beams usually cast
monolithically with the slab, by structural steel beams, by columns, or by the
ground.
On site: Slabs
Construction Process of Slabs
According to work arrangement, the construction of slabs are done in 4 stages, from the
formwork, to the bending and binding of steel bars, to the spacing of the steel bars and
finally the laying of concrete.
Formwork
Formwork acts as a mold to retain concrete. Centering and shuttering is required to
provide support to the wet concrete until it gained sufficient strength to be self supporting.
On site: Forwork for slabs
Bending and Binding of Steel Bars
Reinforcing steel bars are bent binded to be later added into the slab to strengthen the
concrete from tensile stress and to increase durability.
On site: Reinforcing Bar
5.4 Slabs
27

29. Spacing of Steel Bars
Reinforcing steel bars’ diameter and spacing in RCC slabs are calculated according to
load and span of the slab. Generally, 12mm, 10mm and 8mm in diameter steel bars are
used, with spacing of 4.5” to 6” in the main bars and 6” to 8” in distribution bars.
On site: Spacing of Rebars
Pouring of Concrete
Concrete is poured into the formwork with the rebars and cured for a minimum of 2-4
weeks until it dries completely. The formwork is then removed and slab construction is
complete.
On site: Concrete Poured into Formwork
5.4 Slabs
Type of Slab on Site
On site: Conventional Slabs
The slabs on sites are conventional two-way slabs. They are supported by beam and
columns, whereby the thickness of slabs is small compared to the larger depth of
beams.
Site sketch: Two way Slab
The slab is supported by beams
on all the four sides and the
loads are carried by the supports
along both directions. The
weight of load is transferred
throughout both directions to the
four supporting beams and
columns side, highlighting
distribution of weight in
two-ways.
28

30. 6 STAIRCASE
BY: TAN ZHI YING

31. 6.1 Staircase
A staircase or stairway is considered as one or more flights of stairs leading from one
to another, and includes supports, frameworks, handrails and additional parts. In
building construction, stairs is a term applied to a complete flight of steps between
two floors and designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller
vertical distances, called steps.
1. Tread: The top or horizontal surface of a step.
2. Riser: The board that forms the face of the step.
3. Stringer: The distance between the top of the string and the
pitch line measured at 90° to the pitch line.
4. Rise: (5’’ )The vertical distance between finish floors.
5. Run: (16’’) The total horizontal distance that the staircase covers.
Stairs Terminology
On site: staircase towards the stage. On site: staircase towards the stage.
● Provide an access from one floor to another.
● Provide a safe means of travel between floor.
● Provides a suitable mean of escape in case of fire.
● Provides a mean of conveying fittings and furniture between floor levels.
Function of stairs
1
2
3
4
5
6.1 Introduction
30

32. Step 1: Calculate the dimension of stairs
Before start building concrete steps, you, first calculate
the dimension for each step required based on
difference in floor height, the length of the stairway and
the number of risers to have; to prevent ending up with
a concrete staircase consisting of uneven steps.
After measured the differences between both floors,
you need to determine the overall size of the concrete
stairs.
Then, measure the distance from the landing or top
platform of the steps. This measurement is the total
rise of the stairs. After figure the amount of risers
needed then follow by the run. Each treads should be
at least 11 inches deep for a rise of 6 - 8 inches. The
top tread or landing should be wide enough to
comfortably stand on if the steps lead to an entry.
The dimension of the stair’s foundation are the
total length of run and width of staircase as
measured in step 1.
6.2 Staircase Installation
The general idea of ground prepping is to ensure that
the ground to build your staircase upon is very
compact to prevent any sinking in during cement
pouring.
After figure the rise and run of the concrete steps and
then decide on a width. The width should be at least 6
inches wider than the doorway on each side. Level all
the ground in front of the door at least 6 inches wider
than the size of the concrete stairs. Dig down and
remove any grass or topsoil to a depth of at least 6
inches. After removed the topsoil and leveled the
area, fill the area with gravel or crushed rock.
Compact the newly filled material with a hand tamper
to give you a solid base to begin with.
Step 2: Preparing the base
Step 3: Dimension of foundation
Step 4: Constructing the form
Use either plywood or framing lumber to build the
form that help maintain the shape of the steps while
the concrete is being poured in. Then remove the
excess form according to the thread and riser
measurement.
Step 5: Pouring the concrete
Before pouring in mortar grease the inner surface
area of the panel with form oil or diesel fuel to
make it easier to release the panels once the
cement has set.
Then, use portable cement mixer to produce well-
mixed mortar and start pouring the concrete into
the bottom step first; continue this process with
each step, leveling with the top of the forms, until
the forms filled to the top. Lastly, use the spade to
remove trapped air bubble.
31

33. 6.3 Staircase Material
Concrete Stairs
Concrete staircases are especially popular as it lasts longer relative to wooden staircases
and is cheaper than installing staircases constructed from metallic materials. When designed
correctly, a concrete staircase is not only functional but can also add aesthetic value to the
overall design of the building.
On site: staircase towards the stage.On site: staircase towards the stage.
Once the concrete has reasonably hardened, apply
trowel and edger to remove additional imperfections.
Finally, dip a concrete broom into water and lightly
pull said broom across the concrete the achieve
desired finish.
Once a further 24 hours has passed, remove the
form board panels and then lightly spray the surface
of the concrete steps with water. Next, cover the
entire stairs with plastic to prevent evaporation and
allow the curing process to run for at least a whole
week. Lastly, remove the plastic and allow the steps
to air dry for a further seven days before use.
Step 4: Drying process
Step 6: Adding finishing touches
The best method to get a perfect finish for each step is
to repeat the troweling process several times for each
step to smoothen the surface of the step and remove
any bumps.
On site: staircase towards the stage.
6.3 Staircase Material
32

34. 7 WALLS
BY: VANESSA CHAI PEI YEI

35. 7.1 Wall
A wall is a structure that defines an area, carries a load,
or provides shelter or security.
7.2 Construction of wall
● Sound proofing
● Fire protection
● Load bearing
● Thermal protection
● Moisture protection
● Aesthetics and privacy
● Separate interior spaces
Function of wall
Walls constructed on site: Clay bricks masonry wall
Masonry wall
Masonry is the building of structures from individual unit laid in and bound
together with mortar.
Features:
● Load bearing or non-load bearing
● One of the most common materials for wall construction in Malaysia
● Durable
● Good sound insulation, fire insulation and thermal insulation
● Offers great flexibility in form and appearance
Bricks bond used on site: Stretcher bond (Running bond)
Features:
● Most common bond
● Easy to build
● Produce very little waste
7.1 Introduction
34

36. Step 1:
Start by putting a brick down at each end of where you want the wall to go.
Measure the size of your brick because bricks come in variety of sizes: long,
short, wide, etc.
When the brick is 9 ⅝ inches long, we need to leave some space for the mortar,
so mark 10 inches intervals for each bricks.
Step 2:
Hook a line at both end so it lines up with the top of both bricks at the ends, fill up
the gap between with bricks.
Step 3:
Cement mortar are applied on the header and stretcher.
Step 4:
Bricks are placed firmly.
7.2 Construction of Wall
Step 5:
The bricks are hit to improve bonding between bricks.
Step 6:
Normal-sized bricks are hammered and cut into queen-size bricks (half of the
normal size) with a chisel.
Step 7: Queen-sized bricks are cut accordingly to the structural arrangement
of the brick bonding.
Step 8:
Pegs are used to ensure the right angle and spirit level for correct levelling.
35

37. Cement plastered Finish
It is prepared in the form of mortar with cement, sand and water in proper
proportions and applied on masonry manually to achieve a smooth finish or sand
faced finish.
Step 1:
Avoid working in direct sun or drying wind. Plaster needs to retain as moisture as
long as possible.
7.3 Finishes of Wall
Step 2:
Load hawk with plaster mix and scoop it onto the steel trowel.
Step 3:
Plaster small areas at once, A whole wall should be complete in one operation.
Step 4:
Level the surface by pulling a straight edge over the plaster with swing motion,
once the plaster start to sitten.
Step 5:
Wet the leveled plaster with water, then use a float to smoothen the surface.
Step 6:
Keep the plaster area damp up to 7 days.
hawk
trowel
On site, for the exterior, they used
rough surface and for interior they used
smooth surface.
Metal brackets are installed to ensure straight
edges when walls are being plastered. Thickness
of plasters are also marked to ensure even
plastering work.
36

38. 8 SUMMARY
BY: VANESSA CHAI PEI YEI

39. 1. Site Safety
○ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_site_safety
○ https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
2. Preliminaries work
○ https://www.wastedisposalhub.com/site-clearance.html
○ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_(drill)
○ https://www.thebalance.com/must-have-earth-moving-construction-heavy-equipment-844586
○ https://theconstructor.org/tips/setting-out-a-building-plan-on-ground/5897/
3. Building Foundation
○ http://www.kellerholding.com/bored-piles.html
○ http://www.understandconstruction.com/types-of-foundations.html
4. Building Structure
○ http://www.dictionary.com/browse/ground-beam
○ http://www.basiccivilengineering.com/2015/03/column-and-beam-system-in-construction.html
○ https://civilread.com/16-different-types-slabs-construction/
○ https://www.slideshare.net/NabeelRajpoot1/construction-processcolumnbeamslab
○ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_slab
○
5. Staircase
○ http://www.everything-about-concrete.com/building-concrete-steps.html
○ http://www.idscontractors.com/articles/building-concrete-stairs/
○ https://www.wikihow.com/Build-Concrete-Steps
○ http://www.popularmechanics.com/home/how-to-plans/how-to/a2145/4224738/
6. Walls
○ https://www.slideshare.net/mohitishere/types-of-masonry-walls
○ https://www.slideshare.net/Zelkhan/plastering-process
○ http://www.cement.org/learn/materials-applications/stucco/stucco-installation-standards
○ http://www.architecture-student.com/architecture/various-types-of-wall-finishes-interior-design-and-architecture/
○ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall
DESIGNED BY: VANESSA CHAI PEI YEI
8.1 References
38