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2.  London  most important city in Europe
 Population  six million
 Landownership to modern economy
 Impact of industrialism
 Increase in wealth
 World’s foremost imperial power
 Anxiety Technology replaces people

4.  1837 – 1901
 Victorian qualities: earnestness, moral
responsibility, domestic manners

5.  1830  the Liverpool and Manchester
Railway (First Public in theWorld)
 Train  growth of commerce
 1832&1867  Reform Bill (All males vote)
 1830’s – 1840’s 
 Unemployment
 Poverty
 Rioting
 Slums in large cities
 Poor working conditions for women and children

6.  1848-1870 
 prosperity
 improvement
 stability
 Optimism

7.  Immigration to colonies
 1857 Victoria, empress of
India
 Expansion  Moral
Responsibility
 Missionaries

8.  Jeremy Bentham and his disciple
James Mill
 Rationalist test of value
 The greatest good for the greatest
number
 Utilitarianism failed to recognize
people’s spiritual needs

9.  Science
 Huxley
 Darwin- the Origin of Species andThe Descent of Man
 Higher Criticism
 Examination of the Bible as a mere text of history
 Source studies
 Geology
 Astronomy

10.  Decay ofVictorian values
 British imperialism
 Boer War
 Irish question
 Bismarck's Germany became a rival power
 United States became a rival power
 Economic depression led to mass immigration
 Socialism

11.  TheWoman Question
 Changing conditions
 The Divorce and Matrimonial Causes
Act – established a civil divorce court
 MarriedWomen’s PropertyActs

12.  First women’s college -
1848 in London.
 Degrees at twelve
university colleges.

13.  Thousands of women into
prostitution.

14.  The very nature of women.
 To create a place of peace where man
could take refuge from the difficulties
of modern life.

15.  Literacy was almost universal.
 Compulsory national education
 An explosion of things to read,
including newspapers, periodicals,
and books.
 Serial literature
 The reading public expected
literature to illuminate social
problems.