History 1301 Unit one ppts 3-4

1. Welcome back!
It’s day 4!... Sure…look over your
notes
A table, a chair, a bowl of fruit and a
violin; what else does a man need to
be happy? Albert Einstein

2. PRINCE HENRY
THE NAVIGATOR
Prince Henry the
Navigator (1394-1460)
is most famous for the
voyages of discovery that
he organized and
financed, which led to
the rounding of Africa
and the establishment of
sea routes to the Indies.
He may have started a
school for navigators.

3. PTOLEMAIC PRINCIPLES
• THE EARTH IS ROUND.
• DISTANCES ON ITS SURFACE COULD
BE MEASURED BY DEGREES.
• NAVIGATORS COULD “FIX” THEIR
POSITION AT SEA ON A MAP BY
MEASURING THE POSITION OF THE
STARS.

4. THE QUADRANT
• THE INVENTION IN THE 1450’S OF THE
QUADRANT, WHICH ALLOWED A
PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF STAR
ALTITUDE NECESSARY FOR
DETERMINING LATITUDE,
REPRESENTED A LEAP FORWARD IN
NAVIGATION.

5. CARAVEL
A lateen rigged CARAVEL
with triangular sails was
adapted from a Moorish ship
design. The triangular sails
permitted ships to sail into the
wind, allowing them to travel
southward along the African
coast and return northward
against prevailing winds.

6. Bartholomeu Dias
sailed to Cape of Good Hope-
1487

7. Where is the
Cape of Good Hope?

8. Vasco de Gama

9. Vasco de Gama
• Vasco da Gama (1460-1524) was a Portuguese
explorer who discovered an ocean route from
Portugal to the East. He sailed from Lisbon,
Portugal, on July 8, 1497. At the time, many people
thought that the trip would be impossible because it
was assumed that the Indian Ocean was not
connected to any other seas.
• Da Gama rounded Africa's Cape of Good Hope on
November 22, and continued on to India. After
many stops in Africa, and problems with Muslim
traders who did not want interference in their
profitable trade routes, da Gama reached Calicut,
India on May 20, 1498.
• At first, da Gama and his trading were well-received,
but this did not last for long. Da Gama left
India on August 29, 1498, after he was told to pay a
large tax and leave all of his trading goods. When
he left, da Gama took his goods with him, together
with some Indian hostages.

10. • Da Gama returned to Lisbon, Portugal, in
September, 1499. Along the way many crew
members died from scurvy (a disease caused by a
lack of Vitamin C). Upon his return, da Gama was
treated as a hero and was rewarded by the king.
• King Manuel I of Portugal then sent da Gama, now
an Admiral, on another expedition to India (1502-
1503). On this second trip, da Gama took 20 armed
ships (anticipating problems from Muslim traders).
On this voyage, da Gama killed hundreds of
Muslims, often brutally, in order to demonstrate his
power.
• After King Manuel's death, King John III sent da
Gama to India as a Portuguese viceroy (the King's
representative in India). Vasco da Gama died of an
illness in India on December 24, 1524; his remains
were returned to Portugal for burial.

11. Vasco de Gama
Portugal to India-1497

12. Pedro Cabral
• Pedro Alvares
Cabral: (1467-1520).
was another
Portuguese Explorer.
He was a Portuguese
nobleman, explorer,
and navigator who
discovered Brazil on
April 22, 1500.
His commission was
to establish
permanent
commercial relations
and to introduce
Christianity wherever
he went, using force
of arms if necessary.

13. FERDINAND MAGELLAN
Ferdinand Magellan
(1480-1521) was a
Portuguese explorer
who led the first
expedition that sailed
around the Earth
(1519-1522).
Magellan also named
the Pacific Ocean (the
name means that it is
a calm, peaceful
ocean).

14. Magellan
• Magellan proposed to King Charles V
(of Spain) that a westward voyage
around the tip of South America
would take them to the Moluccas
(spice-rich islands) and avoid the
Portuguese (with whom they were
competing fiercely). The voyage
began 9/8/1519, and lasted until 9/
6/1522 (almost 3 years). Magellan
sailed from Seville, Spain, with five
ships, the Trinidad, San Antonio,
Concepcion, Victoria, and Santiago.
Three years later, only one ship (the
Victoria) made it back to Seville,
carrying only 18 of the original 270
crew members. Magellan was killed
while in the Philippines, during a
battle with natives.

15. AFRICA ON THE EVE OF
CONTACT
• Beginning in 610 C.E. when
Muhammad began
preaching, Islam rose to a
high importance not only in
Arabia but throughout Africa.
• A rich African culture
developed in four historically
important areas which
overlapped.

16. 700-1600 C.E.
• From A.D. 700 to 1600 the ancient empires of
Ghana (700-1100), Mali (800-1550) and
Songhay controlled vast areas of West Africa
Although each empire rose to assert its power,
they coexisted independently for centuries. At its
peak (1200-1300), the Mali Empire covered an
area that encompasses significant portions of
the present-day country of Mali, southern and
western Mauritania and Senegal. Note that the
old kingdoms of Mali and Ghana are not the
present-day countries of Mali and Ghana.

17. Ghana Empire

18. Things To Know
• Wealth based on caravan trade, not
military conquest.
• 100,000 square mile territory, Hundreds of
thousands of people. (potential slaves)
• Lots of Gold. So much that a pound of
gold was traded for a pound of salt.
• Significant Muslim influence.

19. Mosque in Mali

20. Timbuktu, Mali

21. FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
Ferdinand of Aragon
and Isabella of Castile
wed in 1469 bringing
political stability and
effective rule to
Spain. With religious
zeal they waged a
war on Moslems in
Granada to convert
them or to drive them
out of Spain.

22. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
• Meanwhile, as a sugar
buyer working for an
Italian company in the
Portuguese islands off
Africa, Christopher
Columbus met pilots
and navigators who
believed in the
existence of islands
farther west.

23. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
• Columbus was but one among many who
believed one could reach land by sailing
west. His uniqueness lay in the
persistence of his dream. Seeking
support, he was repeatedly rebuffed, first
at the court of John II of Portugal and then
at the court of Ferdinand and Isabella of
Spain.
• Their advisors said that the estimates of
distance made by Columbus were wrong.

24. The Story continues…
• In 1486 Columbus goes to Isabella with
his plan. Her only focus is the war.
• She thinks that his plan is expensive and
risky, but she appoints a committee to
study it. (Twice this happens)
• The committee takes years and then
returns with a negative report saying the
same thing. Risky, much too risky.
• The story is in doubt as to what really
happened next, but as you know…

25. PERSISTENCE PAYS
• After eight years (maybe 10?) of pleading by
Columbus, the Spanish monarchs, having by
now conquered Granada, though short on cash
after the wars, decided to risk some money.
• Columbus signed a deal with Spain on 17 April.
It stated (roughly) that Columbus could govern
over any lands he found and was entitled to 10%
of the land's revenue. About half of the voyage
was to be financed by other investors, and
Columbus set them up. The story that Isabella
had to sell the crown jewels to pay for the
voyage is a myth. With investors and favors
used, the country really didn't have to use very
much money to pay for the voyage.

26. • Once underway, Columbus benefited from calm seas
and steady winds that pushed him steadily westward
(Columbus had discovered the southern "Trades" that in
the future would fuel the sailing ships carrying goods to
the New World).
• However, the trip was long, longer than anticipated by
either Columbus or his crew. In order to mollify his
crew's apprehensions, Columbus kept two sets of logs:
one showing the true distance traveled each day and
one showing a lesser distance. The first log was kept
secret. The latter log quieted the crew's anxiety by
under-reporting the true distance they had traveled from
their homeland.
• This deception had only a temporary effect; by October
10 the crew's apprehension had increased to the point of
near mutiny. Columbus headed off disaster by promising
his crew that if land was not sighted in two days, they
would return home. The next day land was discovered.

27. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
After near mutiny,
Columbus meets
success and lands.
Not India.
But the inhabitants
become “Indians.”
Three more voyages
follow, 1493-1504.

28. WHAT ABOUT YOU?
• What have you been taught?
• What is your opinion of Christopher
Columbus? Hero or something
worse?
• Did Columbus seek wealth to sponsor
a crusade to retake the holy land?

29. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
• Historian John Fisk stated that when
Columbus started out, “he did not
know where he was going; when he
arrived he did not know where he
was; and when he returned he did not
know where he had been.”

30. AMERICA, NOT COLUMBIA
• In 1507, Martin Waldseemuller, a German
cartographer (map maker) added a fourth
part to the known world of Europe, Asia,
and Africa. Much of what he drew came
from the accounts of voyages of Amerigo
Vespucci. The map maker admired him so
much that he named the land after him.
Translated, the name is “America.”

31. Upon the return of Columbus
Who gets what?
• Since one of the stated reasons for exploration was the
spread of Christianity, the Pope stepped in. Pope
Alexander Vi, (who by the way was Spanish,) drew a line
in the ocean to settle the matter.
• The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the "newly
discovered" lands outside Europe between Spain and
Portugal. The dividing line would be a north-south
meridian 100 leagues (about 300 miles) west of the
Cape Verde islands, (off the west coast of Africa). This
was about halfway between the Cape Verde Islands
(already Portuguese) and the islands discovered by
Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Spain, Cuba
and Hispaniola). The lands to the east would belong to
Portugal and the lands to the west to Spain.
• A year later the line was extended 270 leagues farther
west and the Portuguese would develop Brazil.

32. Why sail? The Three G’s
• God
• Glory
• Gold

33. Columbian Exchange
• The exchange of plants, animals, culture
and diseases between Europe and the
Americas from first contact through the era
of exploration.
• Europeans got corn, potatoes, tobacco,
buffalo and syphilis. The Indians got
domesticated animals like horses and
cattle along with fatal diseases, smallpox
and measles.

34. Hernando Cortes
1519-1521 Fought
and Conquered the
Aztecs. Spanish had
horses, fire arms and
a populace unhappy
with Aztec tyranny. A
small pox epidemic
killed thousands of
Aztecs. In a few
short years they
would subdue the
Mayans.

35. Francisco Pizarro
With 168 men Pizarro toppled the Inca
Empire and captured Cuzco.

36. Ponce de Leon
• In 1493, he sailed with
Columbus on second
voyage. to the Americas.
• Was deputy governor of
two islands. Removed
from post by the king.
• First European to set foot
in Florida.
• He never found the
“fountain of youth.”

37. HERNANDO DESOTO
Explored Florida and
large areas of Florida and
the continent. First to find
the Mississippi River.
Also explored the south-west.

38. Cabeza de Vaca
• The Spanish conquistador
Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
was shipwrecked in 1528 on
what is now Galveston Island.
He lived among America's
native peoples for the next
eight years, transcending
enslavement to become
recognized as a great spiritual
leader. He was the first to
explore what is now Texas
and the Southwest and write
about it.
• An original 1555 edition of La
relación is at Texas State
University-San Marcos.
• His name translates “head of
the cow.”

39. John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto)
• John Cabot was born in Genoa in 1450.
Cabot thought there was a better route to
the riches of the Orient by heading west
instead of east. After being turned down by
the monarchs of Spain and Portugal, Cabot
was granted a charter to explore by Henry
VII of England. He was given one small ship
less than 70 feet long called the Matthew
and a crew of 18 men. The expedition set
sail from Bristol, England, on May 2, 1497.
• His heading was farther north than the
Columbus routes and well out of the way of
Spanish-held territories. Five weeks later on
June 24, his crew sighted land somewhere
in Newfoundland. Even though the distance
was shorter than Columbus', it took longer
because the winds were not as favorable up
in the north. It was the first documented
landing in Newfoundland since the Viking
voyages centuries before.

40. John Cabot
• Cabot was convinced he'd found an island off the coast
of Asia and he named the island "new found land." He
returned to England on August 6, 1497. Although he
brought no spices or treasure back with him, he was able
to map out the first details of the North American coast.
• King Henry VII approved a second voyage and financed
one ship. Four other ships were financed by merchants
hoping to cash in on the new route to the Orient. In May
1498, the five ships set sail. One returned for repairs and
the other four, with John Cabot as captain, disappeared
and never returned.

41. A BIT LATER, IN ENGLAND
• Another Protestant
Reformation was led by
King Henry VIII, who
split with the church in
1529 in order to be able
to divorce his wife, and
commanded the English
people to follow suit.
Some English people
protested this action, and
wanted to get away from
England because they
were persecuted.
• Divorced-beheaded-died
Divorced-beheaded-survived

42. ELIZABETH I
(1533-1603)
• Queen Elizabeth I –
second daughter of Henry
VIII who served as queen
for over 50 years while
England became the most
powerful country in the
world. Her sister, Mary, had
taken England back into
the Catholic Church, but
Elizabeth chose to return
the country to the
protestant world.

43. Sir Walter Raleigh
• Sir Walter Raleigh,
Raleigh's plan in
1584 for colonization
in the new world
failed at Roanoke
Island, but paved the
way for subsequent
colonies in what is
now North Carolina
and Virginia.

44. SIR FRANCIS DRAKE
Pirate, sea dog. English
hero, Spanish bad guy.
Stole from Spanish
expeditions on their
way to and from the
New World. He went
all around the world
stealing from the
Spanish, and brought in
the gold to Queen
Elizabeth who knights
him and starts the war
in which the Spanish
Armada was defeated.

45. Defeat of Spanish Armada
• 1588 - Spanish
Armada was
defeated by small
English ships with the
aid of a terrible storm.
Signified the
beginning of the
English colonization
of the New World.

46. ENGLAND-Northwest Passage
• Northwest Passage – non-existent waterway around
the north of the United States that the English spent
lots of time looking for. Therefore, their colonies and
settlements were much farther north than the
Spanish.
• English settlers brought families instead of just male
settlers to the New World.
• The Spanish had brought almost all males in the form
of soldiers or missionaries. This caused the English to
move the Indians out instead of settling with them &
inter-marrying like the Spanish did.
• The Spanish/Native Americans combined to form a
new group of people – Hispanics – that shared
culture, foods, religion, and language.

47. Sir Thomas More
• Sir Thomas More, Utopia - More
wrote about Utopia, a perfect
place, society and environment, a
fictitious place in the New World.
• He gave English people the idea
that they might be able to create
such a place in the New World
and get away from the
urbanization in England which had
been caused by industrialization.
• The people had moved into the
cities where the jobs were and had
discovered the problems
associated with inner city living.
• They were eager for new world
opportunities!

48. How about the
French?
• The French came later when Jacques
Cartier came to Canada, did not like it and
went home.
• Focus on trade rather than settlement
would come later with Samuel De
Champlain founded Quebec in 1608.

49. Sistine Chapel-Rome
Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling between 1508 and 1512

50. God reaching out to Adam…

51. After restoration…

52. PIRATES, REEFS, STORMS

53. • On September 4, 1622 the Tierra Firme flota of
twenty-eight ships left Havana bound for Spain.
With it was carried the wealth of an empire;
Silver from Peru and Mexico, gold and emeralds
from Colombia, pearls from Venezuela.
• Each ship carried its crew, soldiers, passengers,
and all the necessary materials and provisions
for a successful voyage.
• The following day, the fleet found itself being
overtaken by a hurricane as it entered the
Florida straits.
• By the morning of September 6th, eight of these
vessels lay broken on the ocean floor, scattered
from the Marquesas Keys to the Dry Tortugas.
• In them were the treasures of the Americas, and
the untold stories of scores of Spanish sailors,
soldiers, noblemen, and clergy.

54. The Dry Tortugas
• The Dry
Tortugas were
discovered by
Ponce de Leon
in 1513. It is
thought he
called the
islands “Las
Tortugas” as a
result of all the
turtles he
caught there.
The word “dry”
was added later

55. • The flotilla included three treasure carrying
galleons Nuestra Señora de Atocha,
Santa Margarita, and Nuestra Señora del
Rosario.
• The Rosario made it on shore in the Dry
Tortugas but did not sink. The Atocha and
Santa Margarita sank in the Quicksands to
the west of the Marquesas Keys.
• Only five men from the Atocha and sixty-eight
from the Santa Margarita survived. In
total, there were 550 deaths

56. Atocha
• Atocha was loaded with a cargo that is, today, almost
beyond belief -- 24 tons of silver bullion in 1038 ingots,
180,00 pesos of silver coins, 582 copper ingots, 125 gold
bars and discs, 350 chests of indigo, 525 bales of
tobacco, 20 bronze cannon and 1,200 pounds of worked
silverware! To this can be added items being smuggled
to avoid taxation, and unregistered jewelry and personal
goods; all creating a treasure that could surely rival any
other ever amassed.
• The Nuestra Señora de Atocha sank with 265 people
onboard. Again, only five survived.

57. • For several years the Spanish tried to recover
their treasures.
• They met with very limited success.
• When Gaspar de Vargas salvaged the Rosario
off loggerhead Key in the Dry Tortugas he left an
entire galleon full of artifacts, and at least one
silver bar behind. The ballast pile of the Rosario
lies in ten feet of water and on the western side
of the reef that extends to the west of
Loggerhead Key.
• This was all before Mel Fisher.

58. Mel Fisher-Today’s the Day!
• Read Treasure Island
as a kid.
• Was a Chicken
Farmer in California
when he opened the
first dive shop.
• Expensive-money and
family.

59. TREASURE HUNTER

60. Atocha Treasure

62. Atocha Gold

63. • CHAPTER 2, PART ONE…
• “Every part of history is like a puzzle
piece. We have to gather each piece and
every piece attaches to each other
through some kind of connection.”

64. The 1500’s
• 1504 Leonardo paints Mona Lisa
• 1506 St Peter's basilica begun in Rome
• 1509 Michelangelo takes three years to paint ceiling of
Sistine Chapel
• 1517 Martin Luther defies the pope with Wittenberg
theses
• 1522 Ferdinand Magellan sails around the world
• 1522 Luther translates Bible into German
• 1531 Henry VIII of England breaks with Rome
• 1532 Machiavelli writes The Prince
• 1558 Elizabeth I becomes Queen of England
• 1564 William Shakespeare born
• 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada
• 1599 First production at Globe Theatre is Shakespeare's
Julius Caesar

65. • Columbus’ return from his 1492 voyage to the
New World sparked an era of exploration
throughout Europe. Explorers and settlers
traveled to the New World for many reasons.
REMEMBER THE 3GS?
• The Spaniards and Portuguese who first arrived
in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries mainly
sought to make their fortune. These explorers
conquered the natives and plundered ancient
cities in search of riches.
• Later, most settlers came to the New World to
seek a new beginning, with the freedom to
worship and live as they pleased.

66. • Within 200 years of Columbus’s initial
discovery, Spain, Portugal, France,
England, and the Netherlands had all
established colonies and vied for
dominance in the Western Hemisphere.
• Spain eventually gained control of most of
Central and South America, while Britain
dominated North America. American
colonists in British North America enjoyed
a relative degree of political autonomy and
later grew resentful of Britain’s attempts to
exert more control.

67. REASONS FOR ENGLISH MIGRATION
• Spanish gold and silver from the New World had
flooded Europe and created a severely inflated
economy.
• England did not have any colonies that produced
gold and therefore suffered greatly from the
inflation.
• The increased population combined with
extreme inflation fueled the unemployment rate
in England.
• With a depressed economy, high unemployment
rates, and growing populations, England needed
somewhere to send its citizens to discover
riches and relieve the cities of their unemployed
masses.

68. (English) Mercantilism
• The concept of Mercantilism encouraged the
development of colonies by “Mother Countries”
• The English needed cheap raw materials for
their factories. They wanted to be able to get
these from their own colonies instead of having
to buy them from other countries.
• The English wanted to get rid of their "problem
population", such as prisoners, religious
dissenters, poor people.
• The English could, by establishing colonies,
create a market for the products of the mother
country. England also established colonies in
India, Australia (prison colonies), South Africa,
Egypt, East and West Indies.

69. How to maintain it…
• COLONIAL DOMINION-maintain control,
militarily if necessary.
• TRADE MONOPOLY OVER IT-again, with force
if necessary.
• INCREASE IN MERCHANT SHIPS FROM THE
COLONY TO STIMULATE TRADE
• The sun never sets on the British Empire.

70. Managing the Costs of
Colonization
• New-World colonization was so expensive that
no single individual could fund expeditions.
Instead, English entrepreneurs formed joint-stock
companies in which stockholders shared
the risks and profits of colonization. These
stockholders expected to earn a return on their
investments in the form of gold and silver, wines,
citrus fruits, olive oil, and other spoils that would
result from colonization.

71. JAMESTOWN
• One of these was the
Virginia Company,
granted by charter in June
of 1606 by King James I to
establish a satellite English
settlement in the
Chesapeake region of
North America.
• By December,104 settlers
were ready to leave
England behind and find a
new life in the New World.

72. • After setting sail on December 20, 1606,
this famous expedition finally reached
Virginia after enduring a lengthy voyage of
over four months in three tiny ships.
• When the sealed box that listed the names
of the seven council members who were
to govern the colony was opened, Captain
John Smith's name was on the list. On
May 13, 1607 the settlers landed at
Jamestown ready to begin the task of
surviving in a new environment.

73. Captain John Smith
• Today’s Virginians know
that Captain John Smith
was one of the first
American heroes. But
because he was a proud
and boastful man, it is
difficult to know which
parts of his life are fact
and which are fiction.

74. • The settlers chose a site along the James
River in present-day Virginia and
established the small settlement of
Jamestown.
• Those pioneers could not have been more
ill-suited for the task. Because Captain
John Smith identified about half of the
group as "gentlemen", it is logical for
historians to assume that these gentry
knew nothing of or thought it beneath their
station to tame a wilderness. Mostly the
first, some of the second.

75. • The Jamestown settlers faced extreme difficulty from the
outset, and many fell to disease, starved to death, or
died in skirmishes with Native Americans.
• Many new settlers spent their time looking for gold
instead of planting crops for food. Note that the colony
was not settled because of religious persecution.
The colonists were looking for economic
opportunity, despite the obvious dangers.
• Only John Smith’s military expertise and leadership
saved the colony. By the time another English ship
arrived in 1609, only fifty-three of the original 100
colonists remained. Unfortunately, the ship carried 400
more settlers without any supplies.
• Smith tried everything in his power to make the
settlement work. He even instituted a “you don’t
work, you don’t eat” policy.
• Overwhelmed and suffering from battle injuries, Smith
abandoned the colony and returned to England.

76. The “Starving Time”
• Smith’s departure and the advent of winter
marked the beginning of the “starving time” in
Jamestown. Weak from disease and hunger, the
450 colonists destroyed the town for firewood
and then barricaded themselves inside their fort
to evade hostile natives. Once inside the fort,
they resorted to eating dogs, rats, and even one
another after food supplies disappeared. Only
sixty people survived the winter. As the survivors
prepared to abandon the colony the following
spring, four English ships arrived with 500 more
men and supplies. Settlers struggled for two
more years until colonist John Rolfe discovered
a new American treasure:

77. TOBACCO

78. Cash Crop: Tobacco
• Rolfe discovered that the soil in and around
Jamestown was perfectly suited for growing
tobacco, and England and the rest of Europe
couldn’t buy enough of it. In fact, so many
Europeans smoked or sniffed tobacco that
Jamestown had exported thirty tons’ worth of
leaves to England by 1619. As a result, the little
colony prospered and so did Virginia Company
investors. At last, stockholders and the
monarchy found it profitable to fund expeditions
to the Americas. More importantly, the discovery
of tobacco solidified England’s position in North
America.

79. There is a cost…
• The tobacco economy rapidly began to
shape the society and development of the
colony. Growing tobacco takes its toil on
the soil. Because tobacco drained the soil
of its nutrients, only about three successful
growing seasons could occur on a plot of
land. Then the land had to lie fallow for
three years before the soil could be used
again. This created a huge drive for new
farmland.

80. The start of a problem…
• To glean a share of the wealth, Parliament
and the Crown forbade the colonists from
shipping their tobacco anywhere but
England. Even with the limited market,
tobacco generated enough profit that the
colonists grew richer too. Women
eventually joined the farmers in Virginia as
the colony flourished.

81. No Government bailouts
• Despite the introduction of tobacco cultivation, the colony
was a failure as a financial venture. The king declared
the Virginia Company bankrupt in 1624.
• About 200,000 pounds were lost among the investors.
The charter was thereby revoked, and Virginia became a
royal colony, the first in America to be ruled by the
Crown.
• Investments in permanent settlements were risky indeed.
The merchants and gentry paid with their pocketbooks.
Many colonists paid with their lives. For every six
colonists who ventured across the Atlantic, only one
survived.

82. Remember the rules of
MERCANTILISM
• COLONIAL DOMINION-maintain control,
militarily if necessary.
• TRADE MONOPOLY OVER IT-again, with force
if necessary.

83. • The colonists in Virginia had tried a
number of different enterprises: silk
making, glassmaking, lumber, sassafras,
pitch and tar, and soap ashes, with no
financial success. It was tobacco that
would turn the tide.

84. Meanwhile….
• Pocahontas, daughter of the
local Indian Chief Powhatan,
was kidnapped and brought to
Jamestown to be traded for
English prisoners and
weapons that Powhatan held.
The exchange never took
place. Pocahontas was taken
to the settlement at Henrico
where she learned English,
converted to Christianity, was
baptized, and christened
Rebecca. It was about this
time that she presumably
came to the attention of John
Rolfe.

85. • Rolfe was a pious man who agonized for many
weeks over the decision to marry a “heathen.”
He composed a long, laborious letter to the
Governor asking for permission to marry
Pocahontas. The letter reflected Rolfe's
dilemma. The tone suggests it was intended
mainly for official records, but at some points
Rolfe bared his true feelings. "It is Pocahontas,"
he wrote, "to whom my hearty and best thoughts
are, and have been a long time so entangled,
and enthralled in so intricate a labyrinth that I
(could not) unwind myself thereout." The
wedding took place in the spring of 1614. It
resulted in peace with the Indians long enough
for the settlers to develop and expand their
colony and plant themselves permanently in the
new land.

86. Powhatan Indian relations
• Powhatan admonished the governor to treat his
daughter well and seemed content to allow her
to remain among the English. Later that same
year Pocahontas asked permission from her
father to marry the colonist John Rolfe.
Powhatan gave his blessing and sent his brother
and two sons to witness the ceremony. For the
remaining years of his life, Powhatan maintained
a tenuous peace with the settlers at Jamestown.
He died in April 1618 and was succeeded by his
more militant brother, Opechancanough.

87. Powhatan
• Powhatan was the leader, or chief, of the
Powhatan federation of Indians that occupied
Virginia in the early seventeenth century. At the
time of settlement, Powhatan and the
Pamunkeys had reduced about thirty tribes and
8,000 persons into an area of control that
extended from Jamestown to the Potomac. As
the English saw him, Powhatan was "a tall well
proportioned man, with a sower looke" who ruled
with an iron hand. Few doubt his word was law
and he did hold life and death powers over his
many subjects.

88. Powhatan Indian relations
• Jamestown colony had common
assumption that they could exploit Indian
tribes the way the Spanish had done in
Mexico and Peru.
• 24000 Indians were not densely settled so
they were not easily subjugated.
• England had not sent either an army or
soldiers nor an army of priests.

89. No-Man's-Land
• Many cultural differences separated the Native
Americans and the colonists. The most important
contrast was each side's differing view of land
ownership. According to Powhatan's people, land was
owned by no one; rather, it was collectively used by the
tribe.
• Because land could not be owned, it could not be sold or
yielded in treaty. Selling land was the equivalent of
selling air.
• The English view of individual land ownership was
completely foreign to the Powhatans, who could not
understand being pushed off tribal lands so it could be
sold to individuals. To the Powhatans, the loss of their
land was a matter worth fighting for.

90. • Who came to “The New World” and,
of course, WHY?
• One group consisted of sons who had
no legal right to an inheritance
because they were not the oldest.

91. Primogeniture
• Etymology:
– Late Latin primogenitura, from Latin primus + genitura
birth, from genitus, past participle of gignere
• Date:
– 1602
• 1 : the state of being the firstborn of the children
of the same parents 2 : an exclusive right of
inheritance belonging to the eldest son

92. "Separatists”
• In the first years of the 17th century, small numbers of
English Puritans broke away from the Church of England
because they felt that it had not completed the work of
the Reformation. They committed themselves to a life
based on the Bible. Most of these Separatists were
farmers, poorly educated and without social or political
standing. One of the Separatist congregations was led
by William Brewster and the Rev. Richard Clifton in the
village of Scrooby in Nottinghamshire. The Scrooby
group emigrated to Amsterdam in 1608 to escape
harassment and religious persecution. The next year
they moved to Leiden, in Holland where, enjoying full
religious freedom, they remained for almost 12 years.

93. Pilgrims, not Bo Pilgrim
• In 1617, discouraged by
economic difficulties, the
pervasive Dutch influence
on their children, and
their inability to secure
civil autonomy, the
congregation voted to
emigrate to America. The
group, joined by other
colonists recruited by the
venture's financial
backers, began the move
to America in 1620.

94. Pilgrim’s outfits

95. How did they pay for it?
• Through the Brewster family's friendship
with Sir Edwin Sandys, treasurer of the
London Company, the congregation
secured two patents authorizing them to
settle in the northern part of the
company's jurisdiction. Unable to finance
the costs of the emigration with their own
meager resources, they negotiated a
financial agreement with Thomas Weston,
a prominent London iron merchant.

96. MAYFLOWER MEANS MOVING

97. • The twelve year old Mayflower was a three
masted 180 ton merchant ship that had
originally been constructed for transporting wine.
It was chartered by John Carver who had gone
to London to make arrangements for the voyage
to America. The ship was made ready at
Southampton with a passenger list that included
English Separatists, hired help (among them
Myles Standish, a professional soldier, John
Alden, a cooper, Peter Browne, a carpenter and
Stephen Hopkins, perhaps a soldier), and other
colonists who were to be taken along at the
insistence of the London businessmen who were
helping to finance the expedition.

98. »WAIT A MINUTE, Mr.
Galloway, WHAT’S A
COOPER?

99. This is a Cooper!

100. Coopers
• Ancient trade
• The art of coopering dates back centuries, and the basic
trade has remained unchanged. Coopering requires skill,
intelligence, and strength. The tools of the trade are
often handed down for generations.
• Coopers crafted casks which:
• Held flour, gunpowder, tobacco, and other
commodities
• Served as shipping containers
• Stored liquids from wine to milk

101. • Meanwhile…the Separatists, who had initiated
the venture, sailed for Southampton on July 22,
1620, with 35 members of the congregation and
their leaders William Bradford and William
Brewster aboard the 60-ton Speedwell. Both the
Speedwell and the Mayflower, carrying a total of
about 120 passengers, sailed from Southampton
on August 15, but they were twice forced back
by dangerous leaks on the Speedwell.
• At the English port of Plymouth some of the
Speedwell's passengers were regrouped on the
Mayflower, and on September 16, the historic
voyage began. The Mayflower had problems too
and many of the mariners wanted to turn back,
until they were halfway to the new world.

102. Life continued on the Mayflower
• The voyage marked by illness took 65 days,
during which two persons died. A boy, Oceanus
Hopkins (son of Stephen Hopkins), was born at
sea, and another, Peregrine White, was born as
the ship lay at anchor off Cape Cod. The ship
came in sight of Cape Cod on November 19 and
sailed south. The colonists had been granted
territory in Virginia but probably headed for a
planned destination near the mouth of the
Hudson River. The Mayflower turned back,
however, and dropped anchor at Provincetown
on November 21.

103. • The Pilgrims had an important question to
answer before they set ashore. Since they
were not landing within the jurisdiction of
the Virginia Company, they had no
CHARTER to govern them. Who would
rule their society?

104. MAYFLOWER COMPACT

105. THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT
• In the name of God, Amen. We whose
names are under-written, the loyal
subjects of our dread sovereign Lord, King
James, by the grace of God, of Great
Britain, France, and Ireland King,
Defender of the Faith, etc.

106. • Having undertaken, for the glory of God, and
advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our
King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in
the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents
solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God, and one
of another, covenant and combine our selves together
into a civil body politic, for our better ordering and
preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and
by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just
and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and
offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet
and convenient for the general good of the Colony, unto
which we promise all due submission and obedience. In
witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our
names at Cape Cod, the eleventh of November [New
Style, November 21], in the year of the reign of our
sovereign lord, King James, of England, France, and
Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth.
Anno Dom. 1620.

107. Agreement
• The day they dropped anchor 41 men signed the so-called Mayflower
Compact, a "plantation covenant" modeled after a Separatist church
covenant, by which they agreed to establish a "Civil Body Politic" (a
temporary government) and to be bound by its laws.
• This agreement was thought necessary because there were rumors that
some of the non-Separatists, called "Strangers," among the passengers
would defy the Pilgrims if they landed in a place other than that specified in
the land grant they had received from the London Company.
• The compact became the basis of government in the Plymouth Colony.
After it was signed, the Pilgrims elected John Carver their first governor,
with Stephen Hopkins as Assistant governor.
• In the landmark MAYFLOWER COMPACT OF 1620, the Pilgrims decided
that they would rule themselves, based on majority rule of the townsmen.
This independent attitude set up a tradition of self-rule that would later lead
to TOWN MEETINGS and elected legislatures in New England.
• Like the Virginia House of Burgesses established the previous year, 1619,
Plymouth colony began to lay the foundation for democracy in the American
colonies.

108. • After weeks of scouting for a suitable
settlement area, the Mayflower's
passengers finally landed at Plymouth on
Dec. 26, 1620. Although the Mayflower's
captain and part-owner, Christopher
Jones, had threatened to leave the
Pilgrims unless they quickly found a place
to land, the ship remained at Plymouth
during the first terrible winter of 1620-21,
when half of the colonists died. The
Mayflower left Plymouth on Apr. 15, 1621,
and arrived back in England on May 16.

109. • To finance their journey and settlement the Pilgrims had
organized a joint-stock venture. Capital was provided by
a group of London businessmen who expected--
erroneously--to profit from the colony. During the first
winter, more than half of the settlers died, as a result of
poor nutrition and inadequate housing, but the colony
survived due in part to the able leadership of John
Carver, William Bradford, William Brewster, Edward
Winslow, and Myles Standish.
• Squanto, a local Indian, taught the Pilgrims how to plant
corn and where to fish and trap beaver. Without good
harbors or extensive tracts of fertile land, however,
Plymouth became a colony of subsistence farming on
small private holdings once the original communal labor
system was ended in 1623.
• In 1627 eight Pilgrim leaders assumed the settlement's
obligations to the investors in exchange for a 6-year
monopoly of the fur trade and offshore fishing.

110. Six areas of Colonization
• Chesapeake Bay
• Southern New England
• French and Dutch Areas from the St.
Lawrence River to the Hudson River
• The Carolinas
• Pennsylvania
• Spanish Areas in the South

111. Areas of Comparison
• Backgrounds
• Ideologies
• Modes of Settlement
• Uses of Labor-Free, Slave and
Indentured.

112. Colonial Problems
• Internal Strain
• A series of Indian Wars
• Reactions to England’s Attempts to
reorganize its overseas colonies.

113. Tobacco
• Required Extensive Labor
• They recruited English and Irish laborers
who willingly sold years of their working
lives in exchange for free passage to
America.
• Roughly four of every five 17th Century
immigrants to Virginia and later Maryland
were indentured.

114. Indentured Servants Profile
• 75% of them were male.
• 15-24 years old
• Lower rungs of the social ladder.
• Many had been unemployed
• Orphans.
• Political prisoners
• Convicts who escaped the gallows by
coming to America.

115. Indentured Servants
• In return for free passage to Virginia, a
laborer worked for four to five years in the
fields before being granted freedom. The
Crown rewarded planters with 50 acres of
land for every inhabitant they brought to
the New World.

116. Future Prospects
• Not good.
• Only one in twenty ever saw freedom
• Malaria and dysentery killed many early.
• Brutal work killed many.
• Half died during the first years of
“seasoning”

117. Indentured Servants
• Bought and sold as property
• Gambled for them
• Worked them to death.
• No motive for keeping them alive beyond
the terms of their contracts.
• Their contracts were often continued
seemingly without reason.
• Owners controlled courts.

118. Role of indentured Women
• Contrary to English Custom, women were put to
work at the hoe.
• Sexual abuse was common.
• Pregnancy posed problems for them.
• Mothers were deprived of their children who also
became indentured.
• Similar to slavery a bit later. Different than
slavery had been in Africa.
• For many women, marriage was the only way
out.

119. Population Elimination
• Warfare and disease eliminated about
90% percent of the Native American
population in Virginia within the first 60
years of English settlement.