History 1301 Unit one 5

1. History
1301
History 1301-5
Royal Connections in Europe
Chapter 2
AMERICA 1600’s
VIRGINIA, MASSACHUSETTS,
RHODE ISLAND, NEW YORK
AND CONNECTICUT
A leader is a dealer in hope. ~
Napoleon Bonaparte

2. Let’s take a trip back into world history for
just a moment….
No, you do not have to remember all of this
or take notes…just get the general idea.
People who came from the New World
came from a very strange place.

3. Before 1500’s-1600’s and later
There were a lot of arranged marriages
between the royalty of Europe. Many were
arranged for children who were as young
as two or three years old.
These were done for political and military
purposes.
The gene pool was very small.
Rules for who you could marry went out the
window. 3 Generations?

4. Spain-Strong Catholics
The marriage in 1469 of
royal cousins (2nd),
Ferdinand of Aragon
(1452-1516) and
Isabella of Castile
(1451-1504),
eventually brought
stability to both
kingdoms.
Had five children

5. 1) Isabella, Princess of Asturias
• Oldest daughter
married Alfonso,
Crown Prince of
Portugal. It was
arranged, but they
fell in love. He died.
• She married his
Uncle, Manuel I of
Portugal.

6. Manuel The Fortunate
• Manuel had troubles
with Jews and
Moors.
• Great Wealth for
Portugal due to
exploration.
• Isabella died in
childbirth so he then
married her younger
sister Maria.

7. 3) Maria of Aragon
• Maria of Aragon and
Manuel had 10
children.
• One was named
Isabel.
• (after Maria dies,
Manual marries her
niece, Joanna’s
daughter Eleanor,
but you don’t know
about her yet)

8. Isabel of Portugal
• Isabel was the second
child and eldest
daughter of
Manuel I of Portugal
and his second wife,
Infanta Maria of Castile and Aragon
. She was named after
her maternal
grandmother,
Isabella I of Castile and
her aunt
Isabella, Princess of Asturias
, who had been her

9. 2) Joanna (the Mad)
• Married Philip the
Handsome
• Was very jealous of
her husbands affairs
even cutting off the
hair of one of his
mistresses. She
really went mad
when he died.

10. Philip the Handsome
• Son of Holy Roman
Emperor of Holy
Roman Emperor
Maximilian I and
Mary of Burgundy
• They had a six
children…Eleanor,
Charles, Isabella,
Ferdinand, Mary,
and Catherine.

11. Charles becomes Charles V
• The Holy Roman
emperor Charles V
(1500-1558) inherited
the thrones of the
Netherlands, Spain,
and the Hapsburg
possessions but failed
in his attempt to bring
all of Europe under his
imperial rule.
• Had great power over
the Pope
• Remember Isabel of
Portugal?

12. They were (1st?) cousins but got
married, and had a son

13. His name was Philip,
now…hold that thought

14. 5) Catherine of Aragon
• Before she was even
two years old,
ambassadors of England
came to Catherine's
parents to ask
Catherine's hand in
marriage for Arthur,
Prince of Wales and son
of Henry VII. Upon this,
Catherine became
Queen of England.
• In 1501, Catherine left
Spain for England to
marry Arthur, but their
marriage was brief as

15. So Catherine Marries Arthur’s younger
brother, the Prince of Wales.
His name was Henry…

16. Henry became Henry VIII
Henry VIII wanted to
have a male child who
would become king.
Catherine and Henry
had one child, a girl,
named Mary. Henry
petitions the Pope to
annul the marriage
with Catherine so he
can remarry and
produce a male
offspring.
• Divorced-beheaded-died
Divorced-beheaded-survived

17. But the Pope is afraid
• He’s afraid of this
guy, Charles V, who
happens to be
Catherine of
Aragon’s nephew.
He has just sacked
Rome and the Pope
is more afraid of him
than he is Henry
VIII, because
England is a long

18. So…Henry Marries
• So, no divorce or
annulment from the
Pope.
• Henry divorces
Catherine and
Marries Anne
Boelyn. They have a
daughter named
Elizabeth.
• Hold that thought…

19. You remember…
• Catherine and Henry
VIII did have a child, a
daughter. She was later
to become Queen, Mary
I, 19 July 1553 – 17
November 1558.
• More famously known
as Bloody Mary.
• Tried to return England
to Roman Catholic.
• Who did she marry?

20. King Philip II of Spain
• 13 Sep 1598. He was son of the Holy
Roman Emperor Charles V and Isabella
of Portugal
• 1543: Philip married his cousin, Maria
of Portugal
• 1545 July: Maria of Portugal, wife of
Philip II of Spain, died in childbirth,
when their son Don Carlos (1545-1568)
was born
• 1554 July 25: Philip II of Spain married
Queen Mary I ( Mary Tudor) of
England. Mary was eleven years older
than Philip. The English Parliament
refused to crown him jointly with Mary
so he had little power in England
• Shortly after their marriage Queen
Mary I announced she was pregnant but
it was a false pregnancy
• Mary was besotted with Philip. At his
request she reconciled, at the insistence
of Philip, with her sister Princess
Elizabeth

21. ELIZABETH I
(1533-1603)
You remember that Henry VIII and
Ann had a daughter named
Elizabeth.
Elizabeth I – second daughter of
Henry VIII who served as queen
for over 50 years while England
became the most powerful
country in the world. Her (half)
sister, Mary, had taken England
back into the Catholic Church,
but Elizabeth chose to return the
country to the protestant world.

22. James I-(ruled 1603-1625)
Following the death of Elizabeth I
in 1603 without issue, the
Scottish king, James VI,
succeeded to the English throne
as James I in what became
known as the
Union of the Crowns.
James was descended from the
Tudors through his great-grandmother,
Margaret Tudor,
the eldest daughter of Henry VII.
In 1604 he adopted the title King
of Great Britain, although the
two kingdoms remained
separate.
King James Bible? (1611)

23. Where’s Virginia?

24. JAMESTOWN

25. CHESAPEAKE BAY

26. TOBACCO

27. EXPANSION & INDIAN WAR
IN VIRGINIA
AS TOBACCO PRODUCTION GOES UP,
SO DOES POPULATION.
MORE POPULATION MEANS MORE
LAND IS NEEDED.
MORE LAND CAN COME FROM ONE
SOURCE, POWHATAN INDIAN LAND.
1614 POCAHONTAS MARRIAGE TO
JOHN ROLFE BROUGHT BRIEF PEACE

28. TOBACCO PROFITABILITY AGAIN CREATED
INTENSE DEMAND FOR LAND. (REPEATED
TIME AND AGAIN)
1617 POWHATAN RETIRED,
OPECHANCANOUGH TOOK OVER AND
QUICKLY BEGAN PLANS TO ATTACK.
ENGLISH MURDERED A POWHATAN WAR
CAPTAIN. INDIANS RETALIATED IN 1622 AND
WIPED OUT ONE FOURTH OF THE
POPULATION AND MUCH OF THE VIRGINIA
COLONIES INFRASTURCTURE.
VIRGINA COMPANY GOES BANKRUPT. KING
ANNULED CHARTER IN 1624 ALLOWING THE
LEGISLATIVE BODY, ESTABLISHED IN 1619,
THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES TO CONTINUE
LAWMAKING IN CONCERT WITH THE ROYAL
GOVERNOR AND HIS COUNCIL.

29. INDIAN ASSAULT OF 1622 GAVE THE
PLANTERS THE EXCUSE THEY NEEDED TO
PURSUE A RUTHLESS NEW INDIAN POLICY.
MILITARY EXPEDITIONS FOLLOWED AGAINST
INDIAN VILLAGES.
AFTER 1630 WITH POPULATION INCREASES
AND SOIL EXHAUSTION FROM THE
TOBACCO, THE DESIRE FOR MORE LAND
INTENSIFIED.
ENCROACHMENT ON INDIAN TERRITORY
PROVOKED WAR IN 1644.
CHESAPEAKE TRIBES WERE NOW MERELY
AN OBSTACLE TO BE REMOVED.

30. WHAT WAS PURITANISM
“THE HAUNTING FEAR THAT SOMEONE,
SOMEWHERE, MIGHT BE HAPPY.”
THE PURITANS REBELLED AGAINST
THE DEGENERACY OF THE TIMES
WHICH INCLUDED DANCING AROUND
THE MAYPOLE ON SUNDAY, CARD
PLAYING, FIDDLING, AND BOWLING

31. IMPORTANCE OF PURITANS
PURITANS BELIEVED IN A STRICT
PROTESTANT THEOLOGY
THEIR BELIEFS SOWED THE SEEDS OF A
PROVIDENTIAL MISSION OF THIS NATION.
PREDISTINATION WAS THE CORNERSTONE
OF THEIR RELIGION, THE BELIEF THAT GOD
KNEW AND FOREORDAINED ALL THINGS.
THOSE DESTINED FOR SALVATION WERE
ALREADY DETERMINED.

32. PURITANS
TRYING TO DETERMINE IF ONE WAS
SAVED OR NOT WAS AN EMOTIONAL
ROLLERCOASTER.
ONE FAMOUS WOMAN IN BOSTON HAD
ENOUGH OF THE UPS AND DOWNS,
THREW HER BABY DOWN A WELL AND
SAID, “NOW, IT’S SETTLED, I’M GOING
TO HELL.”

33. PURITANS
MOST OF MANKIND WAS CONSIGNED
TO DAMNATION. THE CHOSEN ONES,
CALLED “THE ELECT” COULD
GENERALLY BE RECOGNIZED BY
THEIR MORAL BEHAVIOR.

34. VALUES
STRESSED WORK AS A PRIMARY WAY
OF SERVING GOD.
EMPHASIS ON WORK MADE THE
RELIGIOUS QUEST OF EACH EQUALLY
WORTHY
WORK ETHIC WOULD BANISH IDLENESS
AND IMPART DISCIPLINE
CONGREGATIONS FOR SUPPORT AND
CONTROL OF THE UNCONVERTED

35. • JOHN WINTHROP SAID
THAT THE PURITAN
COMMUNITY WOULD
BE A CITY ON A HILL. A
LIVING TESTIMONY TO
A GODLY LIFE. THE
PURITANS BELIEVED
THAT GOD HAD, BY HIS
OWN VOLITION, MADE
A COMPACT WITH THE
PURITANS. THE
COMPACT WAS A
STRONG REASON FOR
PURITAN SUCCESS. THE
PURITANS ARGUED “IF
GOD BE WITH US, WHO
CAN BE AGAINST US.”
GOVERNOR
JOHN WINTHROP

36. POPULATION GROWTH
BETWEEN 1630 AND 1642 NEARLY 18000
PURITANS ARRIVED IN NEW
ENGLAND. AFTER THE FIRST
HORRIBLE WINTER WHEN MANY DIED,
THE PURITANS WERE LARGELY A
SUCCESS STORY.

37. MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY
FARMERS
MERCHANTS
CRAFTSMAN
INDIVIDUALS WHO WERE SELF
SUFFICIENT.
FISHERMEN

38. PURITAN ACCOMPLISHMENTS
• FIRST PRINTING
PRESS IN
AMERICA
• 1642 LAUNCHED
AN ATTEMPT AT
A TAX
SUPPORTED
SCHOOL SYSTEM
OPEN TO ALL
WHO WANTED
AN EDUCATION

39. HARVARD COLLEGE
1636 TO TRAIN CLERGY

40. PURITAN ECONOMY
WAS DIVERSIFIED…
FISHING
AGRICULTURE
LUMBER
FUR TRADE

41. PROBLEMS
FRUSTRATED IN THEIR ATTEMPTS TO
BUILD A GODLY COMMUNITY.
INDIANS AND LAND PROBLEMS
DISSIDENTS-FAILURE TO MAINTAIN
CONTROL
THOSE IN BOSTON WANTED MORE
POLITICAL RIGHTS
ROGER WILLIAMS AND ANNE
HUTCHINSON

42. ROGER WILLIAMS
SALEM PURITAN MINISTER-PURITANS
WERE NOT TRULY PURE…C.O.E.
EARLIEST SPOKESMAN FOR THE
SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE
“COERCED RELIGION ON GOOD DAYS
PRODUCES HYPOCRITES AND ON
BAD DAYS RIVERS OF BLOOD.”

43. ROGER WILLIAMS
COMMENTS ANGERED THOSE WHO
CONSIDERED CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS
AFFAIRS AS INSEPARABLE.
ALSO CHARGED THE PURITANS WITH
ILLEGALLY INTRUDING ON INDIAN
LAND.

44. ROGER WILLIAMS
WILLIAMS FLED
WITH A BAND OF
FOLLOWERS TO
PROVIDENCE IN
WHAT WAS TO
BECOME RHODE
ISLAND.

45. ROGER WILLIAMS
HE BELIEVED THAT THE LAND
BELONGED TO THE INDIANS SO HE
PURCHASED WHAT HE NEEDED FROM
THE NARRAGANSETT TRIBE.

46. BY 1636, GROUPS OF PURITANS HAD
SWARMED NOT ONLY TO RHODE
ISLAND BUT ALSO TO HARTFORD AND
NEW HAVEN IN WHAT BECAME
CONNECTICUT.
GROWTH, GEOGRAPHIC EXPANSION
AND “OUTSIDE” COMMERCE ENDED
THE PURITAN IDEAL.

47. HALFWAY COVENANT
In 1662, several congregations met and
approved the "Half-Way Covenant," a
move designed to liberalize membership
rules and bolster the church's position in
the community. Henceforth, children of
partial members could be baptized and,
with evidence of a conversion experience,
aspire to full membership. The beginning
of the end of Puritan solidarity.

48. DUTCH/NEW YORK
HENRY HUDSON CLAIMED THE AREA
SURROUNDING THE HUDSON RIVER FOR
THE DUTCH.
IN 1624 PLANTED NEW NETHERLAND AS A
COLONY AT THE MOUTH OF THE HUDSON
RIVER AND GREW.
DUTCH HAD MUSCLED IN ON TRADE ROUTES
WITH BRITISH, SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE.
BECAUSE THEY WERE FEW IN NUMBER THEY
HAD GOOD RELATIONS WITH THE
IROQUOIS FOR GENERATIONS.

49. DUTCH RAIDERS
1667 CAPTURED 20 TOBACCO SHIPS
WAR WITH BRITAIN BROKE OUT THREE TIMES
BETWEEN 1652 AND 1675.
NEW NETHERLAND BECAME AN EASY
TARGET FOR THE BRITISH.
CAPTURED IT, LOST IT AND GOT IT BACK.
NEW NETHERLAND BECAME NEW YORK
WHEN CHARLES II GAVE IT TO HIS
BROTHER THE DUKE OF YORK.

50. NEW YORK, NEW YORK…
DUTCH REMAINED DISTINCT FOR SEVERAL
GENERATIONS IN LANGUAGE, DUTCH
REFORMED CALVINIST CHURCHES AND
THEIR ARCHITECTURE.
IN TIME ENGLISH POPULATION PASSED THEM
AND INTERMARRIAGE DILUTED ETHNIC
LOYALTIES.
NEW YORK RETAINED ITS POLYGLOT
RELIGIOUSLY TOLERANT CHARACTER
NEVER LETTING RELIGIOUS CONCERNS TO
INTERFERE WITH THE PRAGMATIC
CONDUCT OF BUSINESS.

51. Anne Hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson was a wife, mother,
religious leader, and perhaps the first
American feminist.
It is important to note that even though her
views were construed as dissent by the
rulers of the Puritan colony, Anne had
never intended to offend anyone.
Her views were simply those of an
educated individual with a healthy
attitude towards a Church she wished
to actively participate in and help
flourish.
Anne's creed was simple, perhaps too
simple, and this is what worried the
leaders of the colony; after all, how
could you control a flock which did not
feel they had to abide by a strict set of
rules to gain admittance to heaven?

52. William Penn
Holy Experiment
Penn established an American
sanctuary which protected
freedom of conscience
He insisted that women deserved
equal rights with men.
He gave Pennsylvania a written
constitution which limited the
power of government,
provided a humane penal
code, and guaranteed many
fundamental liberties.

53. William Penn
Despite the remarkable clarity of Penn's vision for
liberty, he had a curious blind spot about
slavery. He owned some slaves in America, as
did many other Quakers. Antislavery didn't
become a widely shared Quaker position until
1758, 40 years after Penn's death. Quakers
were far ahead of most other Americans, but it's
surprising that people with their humanitarian
views could have contemplated owning slaves at
all.

54. Pennsylvania
On March 4, 1681, Charles II signed a charter for territory
west of the Delaware River and north of Maryland,
approximately the present size of Pennsylvania, where
about a thousand Germans, Dutch and Indians lived
without any particular government.
The King proposed the name "Pennsylvania" which meant
"Forests of Penn"--honoring Penn's late father, the
Admiral. Penn would be proprietor, owning all the land,
accountable directly to the King. According to traditional
accounts, Penn agreed to cancel the debt of £16,000
which the government owed the Admiral for back pay,
but there aren't any documents about such a deal.
At the beginning of each year, Penn had to give the King
two beaver skins and a fifth of any gold and silver mined
within the territory.

55. Maryland
The father of Maryland was George Calvert, the actual
founder was his son, Cecilius Calvert.
Receiving a grant of land in Newfoundland, which he
named Avalon, he removed thither and started a colony;
but after a brief sojourn he determined, owing to the
severity of the climate and the hostility of the French, to
abandon the place.
He sailed for Virginia, in which he already been interested
as a member of the original London Company and later
of the governing council. But Baltimore, having espoused
the Roman Catholic faith, found the Virginians
inhospitable, owing to the spirit of religious intoleration of
the times.

56. Maryland
Returning to England he obtained the promise of a charter for a large
tract of land north of the Potomac River, and King Charles in
granting it named the place Maryland in honor of his queen,
Henrietta Maria. The object of the lord proprietor, as Baltimore was
now called, was twofold. He wished to found a state and become its
ruler, for he was truly a man of the world; he loved power and he
loved wealth. Second, he wished to furnish a refuge for the
oppressed of his own faith; for the Roman Catholics, as well as the
Puritans, were objects of persecution in England.
But before he could carry his purpose into execution, and before the
Great Seal was placed upon his charter, George Calvert died. The
charter was then issued to his son, Cecilius, and the son, who
became the second Lord Baltimore, was faithful in carrying out the
project of his father.

57. Maryland
Never before had an English sovereign conferred such
power upon a subject as that now granted to Lord
Baltimore. He was required by the charter to send the
king two Indian arrows each year, as a token of
allegiance to the Crown, and if any gold and silver were
mined in Maryland, one fifth of it was to be paid to the
king. But aside from this the proprietor was invested with
almost kingly power. He could not tax his people without
their consent, but he could coin money, make war and
peace, pardon criminals, establish courts, and grant titles
of nobility.

58. The Toleration Act
Aside from the fact that Maryland was the first of the
proprietary governments, the colony is especially
remembered in American history as the first in which
religious toleration had a place.
The Toleration Act was very liberal for that period, but it
would not be so considered in our times. For example, it
did not "tolerate" one who did not believe in Jesus or the
Trinity, the penalty for this offense being death. Anyone
speaking reproachfully concerning the Virgin Mary or any
of the Apostles or Evangelists was to be punished by a
fine, or, in default of payment, by a public whipping and
imprisonment. The calling of anyone a heretic, Puritan,
Independent, Popish priest, Baptist, Lutheran, Calvinist,
and the like, in a "reproachful manner", was punished by
a light fine, half of which was to be paid to the person or
persons offended, or by a public whipping and
imprisonment until apology was made to the offended.

59. Georgia
General James Oglethorpe
• Hope for debtors
• Occupy Land
claimed by England
and Spain
• No rum
• No slaves

60. Georgia was different from the other
twelve colonies. It received money from
Parliament to get it started, and alone
of the 12 colonies, prohibited slavery
and the import of alcohol. It is generally
believed that lawyers were not allowed
in the colony, but no legislation has
been found to prove it. The settlers had
no control of their own government - it
was entirely ruled by the trustees.