1. COURSE OUTLINE
Module Number CoSc-M1011
Course Title: Introduction to Computer Science
Course Code: CoSc1011
ECTS 5
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2. CHAPTER ONE
Introduction to computer science
Definition of Computer and Computer Science
Characteristics of computers
Types of computers
Applications of computers
History and generations of computer
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3. CHAPTER 2
2.1. Introduction to Computer Systems
2.2. Computer hardware
2.3. Computer software
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4. CHAPTER 3: DATA REPRESENTATION IN
COMPUTERS
3.1. Units of data representation
3.2. Concept of number systems and binary
arithmetic
3.3. Coding method
3.4. Representation of negative numbers and
arithmetic
3.5. Floating-point representation
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5. CHAPTER 4: COMPUTER SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
4.1 Hierarchical structure of computer system
architecture
4.2 Logic elements and Boolean algebra
4.3 Implementation of Boolean algebra
4.4 Types of circuits
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6. CHAPTER 5
5.1 Introduction to computer networking and its
applications
5.2 Types of networks
5.3 Introduction to the Internet
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8. ASSESSMENT METHOD
Continuous Assessment
Method
Weight Week of
assessment
Date of
assessment
Assessment
feedback date
Quizzes Quiz - 1 5% Week 1
Quiz- 2 5% Week 7
Tests Test - 1 15% Week 8
Assignment
Assign - 1 5% Week-2
Assign -2 10% Week 8
Lab Test Test – 1 and
2
20% Week12
Final Examination 40% Based on the Final Exam Schedule
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9. OBJECTIVES
Find out what computer science is about and explore
its applications and impact in other disciplines
Explain how the computer understands words, numbers,
and how data and instructions are stored, retrieved and
processed
Describe basic characteristics of components of a
computer system, Illustrate and analyze basics of
Computer architecture
Demonstrate basics of networking. explain what the
Internet is , browse and use the Internet for information
and communication purpose ,
Discuss and explain importance of securing computer-
based resources (including hardware, software, and
information) 9
12. WHAT IS DATA?
It is a collection of raw facts that represent features or
details about something, like people, object, place, ideas
or events.
It is a set of isolated and unrelated raw facts.
In digital age, data can be found in the form of :
numbers,
characters,
symbols,
sound,
animation, 12
•text,
•picture,
•photograph or
•the combination of these.
13. THE PROPERTIES OF DATA
Data is, when clean, a fact.
Data can be stored easily, and at a low cost.
Data can be copied easily, often using computerized methods.
Data can exist in more than one place, so data is often
duplicated.
Data can be modified and moved quickly and simply.
Data can be misrepresented, depending on its interpretation.
Data has no value until it is used.
Data does not mature, nor does it improve with age — in fact,
data decays.
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14. EXAMPLES OF DATA
Student Data on Admission Forms: -
when students get admission in a college. They fill admission
form. This form contains raw facts (data of student) like name,
father’s name, address of student etc.
Data of Citizens: -
During census, data of all citizens is collected.
Survey Data: -
Different companies collect data by survey to know the opinion
of people about their product.
Students Examination data: -
In examination data about obtained marks of different subjects
for all students is collected.
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15. WHAT IS INFORMATION?
Information is a collection of meaningful facts and figures
that can be used as basic for guidance and decision
making.
It is the processed outcome of data or it is derived from
data.
When data is organized and converted into meaningful
forms.
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17. EXAMPLES OF INFORMATION:
Census Report :- Total population, Literacy Rate, Male /
Female ratio etc.
Survey Reports and Results.
Result Cards of Individual Students, Result sheets of a
particular Class.
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19. Data is the raw material for information.
Hence, data must be processed in some way to make it
meaningful or to change it to information. This process is
known as Data processing.
What is Data Processing?
It is the re-structuring or re-ordering of data by people or
machine to increase their usefulness and add values for
particular purpose.
It is simply the conversion of raw data to meaningful
information through a process.
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20. Data processing consists of basic steps input, processing
and output.
These three steps constitute the data processing cycle.
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the input data is
prepared in some
convenient form for
processing
input data is changed
to produce data in a
more useful form
After completing the
processing, the
processed information is
now transmitted to the
user
21. METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING
Depends on the volume of task to be accomplished, there
are two ways of data processing.
1. Manual data processing
• data is processed manually
• No machine or device is used
• Brain, pen and paper are the main tools
2. Electronic data processing
data is processed with the help of electronic devices or
machines (computers, calculators, etc…)
very fast and accurate
used in almost every field of life
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23. It is an electronic device that:
accepts data,
performs computations, and makes logical decisions
according to instructions that have been given to it;
stores the intermediate and final results
then produces meaningful information in a form that is
useful to humans and in a required format
It is a programmable electronic device
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24. CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTER
Computers are available in different shapes, sizes and
weights, due to these different shapes and sizes they
perform different sorts of jobs from one another.
They are classified according to :
Purpose of Application
1. Special purpose Computer
2. General purpose Computer
Data handling
1. Analog Computer
2. Digital Computer
3. Hybrid Computer
Functionality
1. Super Computer
2. Mainframe Computer
3. Mini Computer
4. Micro Computer
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25. 1. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS BASED ON
PURPOSE OF APPLICATION
1. Specific purpose computers
designed to handle a specific problem or to perform a
specific task.
designed to solve a single type of problem, that is their
components and function are uniquely adapted to a
specific situation involving specific application.
Most analog computers are specific purpose
computers.
Examples: The public telephone box, Traffic control
system, Ticket machines (used in grocery, super
market etc.), Pocket calculators etc. 25
26. 2. General purpose computers
designed to solve variety of problems through the use
of “store program concept”
They have the ability to store numerous programs, but
lack in speed and efficiency.
more flexible and versatile than specific purpose
computers.
Examples: Micro computers, Mini computers, Super
computers etc.
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27. 2. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS BASED ON DATA
HANDLING
1. Analog computers
work on the principle of measuring, in which the
measurements obtained are translated into data.
deal with continues variables; they don’t compute
directly with numbers, rather, they operate by
measuring physical magnitude such as pressure,
temperature, voltage, current etc.
Analog computers are specific purpose computers and
they have limited accuracy.
Examples: Thermometer, Voltmeter, Speedometer,
Gasoline pomp, etc.
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28. 2. Digital computers
deal with discrete variables; they operate by counting
rather than measuring.
They operate directly up on numbers (or digits) that
represent numbers, letters, or other special symbols.
They give the results with more accuracy and at a
faster rate than analog computer.
Examples: Abacus, Desk & pocket computers, general
purpose computers.
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29. 3. Hybrid computers
The best features of analog and digital computers can
be combined into a single device to form a hybrid
computer.
They incorporate the measuring feature of an
analog computer and counting feature of a digital
computer.
They use analog components for computational
purposes, and digital memories for storage purposes.
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30. 3. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS BASED ON FUNCTIONALITY
There is a wide variety of general purpose digital
computers on the market place today, in terms of physical
size, price, capacity, and performance.
1. Super computers
the fastest, largest and most powerful & potential
types of computer.
multi-user systems in intercontinental range
very expensive and are employed for specialized
applications that require immense amounts of
mathematical calculations.
Such type of computers are used in:
weather forecasting
fluid dynamic calculations
nuclear energy research,
petroleum exploration
space technology centers,
meteorology stations,
astronomical observatories
intercontinental communications
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31. 2. Mainframe computers
smaller in size, capacity, lower in speed, memory capacity
than the super computers.
also very expensive
multi-user systems (hundreds or even thousands of users)
executes many programs concurrently and supports much
simultaneous execution of programs.
usually used in large organizations and centralized databases,
such as insurance company, banks, and airline & railway
reservation systems.
also used as controlling nodes in wide area network.
In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than
supercomputers because they support more simultaneous
programs. But supercomputers can execute a single program
faster than a mainframe. 31
32. 3. Mini computers
a midsize multi-processing system.
multi-user (capable of supporting up to 250 users)
use terminals for inputs and output.
used in small organizations and used as servers in
local area network.
popular in scientific laboratory, research centers,
colleges, universities, etc
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33. 4. Micro computers
the lowest end of the computer range in terms of speed and
storage capacity
whose CPU is microprocessor
since its CPU is integrated in a single circuit, it can serve only a
single user at a time.
most of home and personal office computers are
microcomputers.
include Desktop computer, Laptop computer, and hand held
models computer such as personal digital assistants (PDA).
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35. The characteristics of a computer show the capability
and the potential of the computer for processing data.
This saves time, space, money, labors etc.
And they answer the questions:
Why computers are used?
Why have they become so popular?
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36. 1. Speed
carry out their instructions in a very short period of time
can perform within a matter of seconds or minutes
tasks that would be impossible for a person to
complete by hand in lifetime
its speed measured in terms of micro second (10-6 one
millionths), nano second (10-9 one billionths), and Pico
second (10-12 one trillionths).
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37. 2. Accuracy
In addition to speed, the computers are very accurate.
Now a day’s computers are being used life-and-death
situations
For example,
jet pilots rely on computer computations for guidance,
Hospitals rely on patient-monitoring systems in critical –care units:
which needs almost hundred percent accuracy
The degree of accuracy level of computer is very high and
every calculation is performed with the same accuracy.
The level of accuracy depends on the instructions given to
the computer and the machines being used.
Therefore, the errors in computer are due to human and
inaccurate data.
GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out) 37
38. 3. Storage
A computer has much more storage capacity than
human beings.
It can store large amount of data.
It can store any type of data such as images, videos,
text, audio and many others.
4. Diligence
Unlike human beings, a computer is free from
tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc.
It can work for hours without creating any error
They constantly perform similar tasks over and over
again without creating error. 38
39. 5. Automation
Automation means ability to perform the given task
automatically.
Once a program is given to computer i.e., stored in
computer memory, the program and instruction can
control the program execution and it continuous
without the need of human interaction and
intervention until completion.
It does not require any human intervention between its
processing operations.
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40. 6. Versatility
Computers are quite versatile in nature.
They can perform multiple tasks simultaneously with
equal ease.
For example,
at one moment it can be used to prepare a letter,
the other moment it can be used to play music and
in between you can print a document as well.
All this work is possible by changing the program
(sequence of instructions for computers).
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41. LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER
No IQ: - it cannot do any work without instruction from the user.
It is you to decide what you want to do and in what sequence.
So a computer cannot take its own decision as you can.
Cannot think: - even if computer is artificially intelligent, it
does nothing more than it is programmed to do. It does not
create a brand new idea.
No feeling: - It does not have feelings or emotion, taste,
knowledge and experience. It does not distinguish between
users.
Computer can only operate on the user provided data.
A computer needs well-defined instructions to perform any
operation.
It cannot identify its problem.
It cannot decide the input needed to solve the problem
Software that generate automatically is also designed by
humans
Computers are merely tools, useless without humans.
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43. Today, it would be difficult to think about our world without
computer. Every company, large or small, is now directly
or indirectly dependent on computers. The following are
some of the capability of Computers, which are reasons to
use Computers.
Store and process large amount of information with high
speed and accuracy;
Transmit information across continents via communication
channels;
Simulate events;
Perform complex mathematical computations and make
comparisons;
Monitor ongoing industrial operations;
Perform repetitive processes with great ease, speed, and
reliability;
The main areas of computer applications can be listed as
follows: 43
44. Business
to enhance productivity and competitiveness
needed to perform business operations that require
handling large amounts of data
Computer is used in business organizations for:
Payroll calculations,
Budgeting,
Sales analysis,
Financial forecasting,
Managing employees database,
Maintenance of stocks etc.
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45. Education
The computer has provided a lot of facilities in the
education system.
Currently, the class rooms, libraries, and others are
efficiently utilizing computers to make the education
much more interesting.
The computer provides a tool in the education system
known as CBE (Computer Based Education).
CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of
learning.
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46. Science
Scientists have been using computers to develop
theories, to analyze and to test the data.
They can be used computers to generate detailed
studies of how earthquakes affect buildings or how
pollution affects weather pattern.
Satellite based applications have not been possible
without the use of computers and also it would not be
possible to get the information our solar system without
computers.
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47. Medicine and Health care
Computer technology is radically changing the tools of
medicine.
All medical information can now be digitized.
The computers are being used in hospitals to keep the
record of patients and medicines.
It is also used in scanning and diagnosing different
diseases.
ECG, EEG, Ultrasounds and CT Scans etc., are also
done by computerized machines.
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48. Engineering/Architecture/ Manufacturing
Computers are widely used in engineering purpose.
The architect and engineers are extensively using
computers in designing and drawing.
One of major areas is CAD (Computer aided design),
which provides creation and modification of images.
Computers are also used in Design of machines and
Control of manufacturing process.
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49. Military
Computers are used in defence in missile control,
military communication, military operation and
planning, smart weapons.
Computers are used in tanks and planes and ships to
target enemy forces
Marketing
In marketing computers are used for advertizing and home
shopping.
E-commerce
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50. Banking
Today banking is almost totally dependent on
computer.
Banks provide following facilities:
Banks provide online accounting facility, which includes
current balances, deposits, overdrafts, interest
charges, shares, and trustee records.
ATM machines are making it even easier for customers
to deal with banks.
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51. Communication
Computers play a major role in communication through
wide area network and local area network
Some main areas in this category are:
E-mail
Chatting
Usenet
FTP
Telnet
Video-conferencing.
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