The document provides information about computers including definitions, characteristics, capabilities, limitations, types according to size, technology, purpose, and capacity. It discusses the history of computers from Charles Babbage to modern computers. It also describes the different components of a computer system including input devices, output devices, memory, the central processing unit, and software.

2. COMPUTER

3. What is “COMPUTER”?
A computer is a device that store and
process data.
What is “DATA”?
These are what we call raw facts.
What are “RAW FACTS”?
These are the letters, symbols, and
numbers

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
1. Electronic
All computers are powered by electricity.
2. Programmable
All computers are able to follow a set of
instructions called programs, from which a
user may derive the specific information he
wants.
3. Storage capability
All computers are able to store data intended
for later use. This characteristic makes them
to electronic filing cabinets.

5. 4. Retrieval capability
 All computers are able to regain stored programs and data. Storing is a
useless exercise if programs and data cannot be retrieved for later use.
5. Processing capability
 All computers are able to process data that is useful information can be
gleaned after the computer has performed the necessary operational
instruction on the raw data it is fed.

6. a. On medicine
Example: The computer tonography
at Makati Medical Center used to examine
the nervous system and the more difficult
areas of the human body to detect
tumors, strokes, cancer and other
lesions.
b. On money and Banking
Examples: Automated Teller Machine
(ATM), electronic fund transfer and
credit cards.
c. On factories

7. d. On education
Examples: Computer-aided learning
(CAL) and computer-aided instruction
(CAI).
e. On Information and Communication
Examples: Postal services through
electronic mail (e-mail), electronic
libraries through the INTERNET and the
use of cellular phones.
f. On the Houses/Offices of the Future
Examples: Computer-operated

8. COMPUTER
CAPABILITIES
1. SPEED
 The computer can process and calculate large amounts of data.
2. ACCURACY/ACCURATE
 It can process the right data quickly with 100% correctness.
3. AUTOMATIC
 It can execute instructions automatically.

9. 4. ENDURANCE
 Durable
5. WIDE RANGE OF APPLICATION
 Computer are essential tools of everyday living from simple household tasks to the most
complicated activities.
6. STORE AND RECALL DATA
 Computer can retrieve or get information from memory.

10. 7. SELF CHECKING
 It verifies the correctness of it’s work to ensure that all data are correct and accurate.
8. REPETITIVENESS
 Computers never complain or get bored like us. They can do tasks many time as a
computer operator wants to be done.

11. COMPUTER LIMITATIONS

12. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
1. Programmable
2. Storage
3. Reduction of Cause
4. Versatility
5. Arithmetic and Logical
Operations
6. Reliability
7. Automation
8. Diligence
9. Consistency

13. DATA PROCESSING
What is “Data Processing”?
It is the process of transforming data into
useful and meaningful information.
What is “DATA”?
These are collection of facts such as
numbers, letters or special symbols relating to
events that take place.
Where do “Information” refers?
It refers to data that has been organized and
processed so that it becomes meaningful.

14. DATA PROCESSING CYCLE
ORIGIN
OUTPUT INPUT
PROCESSING

15.  Input
The data or source information entering the system to be
processed by a computer. Input may also be computer programs
that will process the data.
 Processing
The orderly planned actions by the computer (sorting,
classifying, calculating, and other data operations) with the
information or data that is entered into the system.
 Output
The results of processed data or information. The output
may be sent to a disk, CD or USB flash drive (soft copy) or to a
painter (hard copy).

16. Input Activities
1. Coding
data has been transformed into more concise.
2. Editing
the elimination of data that are not needed for processing.
3. Verifying
the checking of accuracy of the coded data.

17. Processing Activities
1. Recording
documentation of data In order to produced an information.
2. Sorting
Arrange data in space order such as: ascending, descending.
3. Classifying
Groups data into categories.
4. Calculating
Refers to computation perform on data either in the same storage.
5. Summarizing
Refers to aggregation of data such as: total, average and standard deviation.

18. Output activities
1. Reproducing
Refers in making copies of data either in the same storage.
2. Storing
Placing similar data into farther references.
3. Retrieving
Recovering the data stored.

19. What is ICT?
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) encompasses the
use of computers, telecommunications, and office systems technologies.
There are types of components to consider in creating an ICT resource:
1. tools to access services, most obviously telephone and personal computers.
2. telecommunication links that course the tools to those services.
3. transaction processing hardware and software, and
4. Information stores.

20. I. According to size
 Supercomputers
Supercomputers are widely used in specific applications such as aerodynamic design stimulation,
processing of geological data.
 Supercomputers are most powerful computers.
 Because of their size and expense, supercomputers are relatively rare.
 Supercomputers are used by universities, government agencies, and large businesses.

21.  Mainframe Computers
Mainframe Computers are usually slower, less powerful and
less expensive than supercomputers.

22.  Minicomputers
Are smaller than mainframe, general purpose computers, and give
computing power without adding the prohibit expenses associated with larger
systems.

23.  Workstations
• Powerful single-user computers.
• Used for tasks that require a great deal of number-crunching
power, such as product design and computer animation.
• Often used as network and Internet servers.

24.  Microcomputers
Microcomputer or Personal Computer is the
smallest, least expensive of all computers.
Personal Computers (PC)
Laptop Desktop
Palm Top Tablet

25. II. According to Technology
 Analog Computers
These computers recognize data as continuous measurement
of a physical property (voltage, pressure, speed and temperature).
Example: Automobile speedometer
 Digital Computers
These are high speed programmable electronic devices that
perform mathematical calculations, compare values and store results.
 Hybrid Computers
A computer that processes both analog and digital data.

26. III. According to purpose
 General Purpose Computers
A machine that is capable of carrying out some general
data processing under program control.
 Special Computers
A computer that is designed to operate on an restricted
class of problems.

27. ACCORDING TO
CAPACITY
1.Microcomputers
2.Minicomputers
3.Super computers
4.Mainframe computers

28. HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Charles Babbage
father of modern computer
Charles
William “Bill” Gates
Babbage
 monopolize computer
 1993 ( most powerful people)
 he establish the microsoft
company
 rated 53rd among the youngest at William “Bill”
age of 37 among the chief executive. Gates
 1997 ( ranked 2nd)
Lady Augusta Ada Byron
World’s first programmer.
Wrote a demonstration program for
Lady Augusta
Babbage’s Analytical Engine. Ada Byron

29. THREE TYPES OF DEVICES
I. Manual Mechanical Devices
These are devices powered by hand in
hand physical effort from the user.
Abacus is the first manual data processing
device developed in China in the 12th century.

30. Napier’s Bone is a set of rods, made of bone or ivory, each divided into nine
spaces, and containing the numbers of a column of the multiplication table.
This was invented by John Napier in 1617 for facilitating the operations of
multiplication and division.

31. Gunter and Oughtred’s Slide Rule is a ruler upon which are marked several
graduated scales that may be moved relative to one another so that certain
calculations may be carried out. This was invented by Englishmen Edmund
Gunter and William Oughtred.

32. Pascal’sPascaline is the gear-driven machine that can be used to add and subtract by
means of rotating toothed wheels. This was invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.

33. Leibniz’s Calculator utilizes the same techniques for addition and subtraction as
Pascal’s device but could also perform multiplication and division as well as
extract square roots. This was invented by Baron Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz in
1674.

34. Babbage’s Analytical Engine was designed to use
two types of cards  one called operation cards
to indicate the specific functions to be
performed and other called variable cards to
specify the actual data. This was invented by
Charles Babbage in 1882. Babbage is known as
the “Father of Computing”. Lady Augusta Ada
Byron is known as the world’s first programmer
and wrote a demonstration program for
Babbage’s Analytical Engine.

35. II. Electromechanical Devices
These are devices powered by electric motor
and uses relays and switches.
Hollerith’s Punched-Card Machine is a machine
invented by Herman Hollerith in 1880 to tabulate
census data more efficiently than by traditional
hand methods.

36. Jacquard’s Loom is a weaving machine or a mechanical loom that used punched
cards to weave fabric in a variety of patterns. This was invented by Joseph
Marie Jacquard in 1804.

37. Harvard Mark I or Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator was an early form of
the digital computer controlled by electromechanical relays or switching
devices. The electrical engineer and physicist Howard H. Aiken of Hardvard
University together with the assistance of IBM and its engineers built in 1943.

38. III. Electronic Devices
These are devices h=which use only
electrical switches and circuitry instead of
mechanical relays and consist of circuit board,
transistors or silicon chips.
Atanasoff-Berry Computer was the first digital
computer that used binary logic circuitry and
had regenerative memory. This was invented
by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry in 1942.

39. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was the first large-scale
vacuum-tube computer. This was invented by John Presper Eckert and John W.
Mauchly in 1943 to 1946.

40. Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) was a modern version
of ENIAC, which used the stored-program concept and the binary arithmetic
concept or the von Neumann’s concept. Dr. John von Neumann a Hungarian-
born mathematician, proposed the idea that programs could be coded as
numbers and stored with data in a computer’s memory.

41. Electronic Delayed Storage Automatic Computer (EDSAC) was the first full-scale
computer with electronic stored programs Maurice V. Wilkes and his team at
the University of Cambridge constructed the EDSAC.

42. Universal Automatic Computer
(UNIVAC) was the first
generation computer sold by
Remington Rand Companies in
1951. Developed by Eckert and
Mauchly.

43. IV.Computer Generations
First Generation-1940-
1955: Vacuum Tubes
The first computers
used vacuum lubes
for circuitry and
magnetic drums for

44. Second Generation-
1956-1963:
Transistors
Transistors
replaced vacuum
tubes and
ushered in the

45. Third Generation-
1964-1970:
Integrated Circuits
The
development of
the integrated
circuit was the

46. Fourth Generation-1971-
Present: Microprocessors
The microprocessor
brought the fourth
generation of computer,
as thousands of
integrated circuits were
built onto a single
silicon chip.

47. Fifth Generation-Present and
Beyond: Artificial
Intelligence (AI)
Fifth generation
computing devices,
based on artificial
intelligence, are
still in
development though
there are some

48. COMPUTER SYSTEM
What is Computer System?
COMPUTER SYSTEM consists of devices, programs, operating aids and
procedures required to prepare and to process date, and the personnel
who keep these elements efficiently functioning.

49. II. HARDWARE
 Hardware-physical component of the computer system
involved in data processing.
a. Input Devices
Keyboard-is the most commonly used input device to enter
information or commands into the computer.
Mouse-is a hand-sized input devices with control buttons
used to move the pointer on screen.
trackpad-is a small, touch-sensitive pad, usually a couple
of inches square, which acts as an alternative to a mouse
on laptop or notebook computers.
Light pen-is an input device that utilizes a light-sensitive
detector to select objects on a display screen.

50. Optical mark reader-was designed initially to read
penciled and graphic information on exam answer sheets.
Scanner-is a device that can read text or illustrations
printed on paper and translate the information into a
form the computer can use.
Digital camera-is a device that records images in digital
form.
Microphone-is a device for converting sound waves into
electrical energy.
Web camera-is a camera that is in some way connected to
the world wide web or internet.
Joystick-is used in most video games to enter the player’s
choices when playing computer games.

51. Touch screen-is a type of display screen that has a touch-
sensitive transparent panel covering the screen.
Digitalizing tablet-is an output device that enables you
to enter drawings and sketches into a computer.
Stylus-is a pointing and drawing device shaped like a pen.
Bar code reader-is an output device used to scan a
pattern of lines using optical sensing techniques.
Sensor-is a device which responds to an output quantity
by generating a functionally related output usually in
the form of an electrical or optical signal.

52. Optical character recognition-permits users to input
printed or typewritten documents with a scanner.
Voice recognition-is used either to control a computer’s
operations and to issue commands to special application
programs or to allow users to dictate into a computer
using a microphone.
B. Ouput devices
Monitor-consists of a device that takes signals from a
computer and displays them on a crt or lct screen.
Printer-is a peripheral that uses ribbon, ink or toner to
output documents, images, and plain text files onto
paper.
Plotter-is a device for reducing bar charts, maps,
architectural drawings, and even three-dimensional
illustrations.

53. Speaker-is a device used to produce sound.
Modern-modulates the computer output to an acceptable
signal for transmission and then demodulates the
signal back for computer input.
C.MEMORY-storage devices
memory-storage devices are used for storing data
and operating programs through the input devices for the
use of the cpu.

54. Main Memory
• Random-access memory (RAM) chips. As a computer
processes data and instructions, it temporarily
stores information internally or in its ram chips.
• Read-only memory (rom) chips. The switches of rom
chips are set when they are manufactured and are
unchangeable.

55. Secondary or auxiliary memory units supplement the main
memory by holding parts of programs that are too large
to fit into the random-access memory at one time.
• Floppy disk drive is computer hardware that holds
and spins a magnetic or optical disk and reads and
writes information on it.
• Hard disk drive is a rigid magnetic disk mounted in a
drive unit

56. • Optical Disk is a direct-access disk.
• Usb (universal serial bus) flash drive is a form of a
DIGITAL STORAGE DRIVE.

57. D. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
CPU IS THE BRAIN OF THE COMPUTER. SOMETIMES
REFFERED TO SIMPLY AS THE PROCESSOR OR CENTRAL
PROCESSOR, THE CPU IS WHERE MOST CALCULATIONS TAKE PLACE.

58. ARITHMETIC /LOGIC UNIT. IS THE PART OF A COMPUTER THAT
PERFORMS ALL ARITHMETICAL COMPUTATIONS.
CONTROL UNIT SUPERVISES OR MONITORS THE FUNCTIONS
PERFORMED BY ENTIRE COMPUTER SYSTEM ACCORDING TO
CONDITIONS SET FORTH BY STORED PROGRAM.
MEMORY UNIT IS SOMEWHAT LIKE AN ELECTRONIC FILING CABINET
CAPABLE OF HOLDING DATA OR INSTRUCTIONS.

59. III. SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE REFERS TO A GROUP OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE CONSISTS OF PROGRAMS DESIGNED TO
FACILITATE THE USE OF THE CONPUTER BY THE USER.
oOPERATING SYSTEM IS A SET OF PROGRAMS DESIGNED TO
EFFICIENTLY MANAGE THE RESOURCES OF THE COMPUTER
SYSTEM.
oLANGUAGE TRANSLATOR IS A SYSTEM PROGRAM THAT CONVERTS
THE ENGLISH-LIKE INSTRUCTIONS USED BY THE COMPUTER
PROGRAMMERS INTO THE MACHINE-READABLE CODE USED BY THE
HARDWARE.
oUTILITY PROGRAM PERFORMS SUCH STANDARD TASKS AS
ORGANIZING AND MAINTAINING DATA FILES.

60. APPLICATION SOFTWARE IS A TYPE OF PROGRAM THAT SOLVES
SPECIFIC USER-ORIENTED PROCESSING PROBLEMS.
oWORD PROCESSOR IS A PROGRAM THAT ACCEPTS WORDS TYPES
INTO A COMPUTER AND PROCESSES THEM TO PRODUCE EDITED
TEXT.
oDESKTOP PUBLISHING SYSTEM IS A SYSTEM THAT ALLOWS YOU TO
USE DIFFERENT TYPEFACES, SPECIFIES VARIOUS MARGINS AND
JUSTIFICATIONS AND EMBEDS ILLUSTRATTIONS AND GRAPHD
DIRECTLY INTO THE TEXT.
oSPREADSHEET IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM THAT LETS PEOPLE
ELECTRONICALLY CREATE AND MANIPULATE SPREADSHEETS.
oDATABASE MANAGEMENT IS A SET OF PROGRAMS NECESSARY TO
FACILITATE ADDING NEW DATA AS WELL AS MODIFYING AND
RETRIEVING OF EXISTING DATA WITHIN A DATABSE.

61. oELECTRONIC GAME IS AN INTERACTIVE HARDWARE OR SOFTWARE
PLAYED FOR ENTERTAINMENT CHALLENGE, OR EDUCATIONAL
PURPOSES.
oGRAPHIC PACKAGES ARE COMPUTER PROGRAMS THAT ENABLE
USERS TO CREATE HIGHLY STYLIZED IMAGES FOR SLIDE
PRESENTATIONS AND REPORTS.
ROGUE SOFTWARE IS ANY PROGRAM THAT RUNS ON THE
COMPUTER WITHOUT THE user’s KNOWLEDGE AND CONSENT.
oBACK DOOR OR TRAP DOOR IS A SPECIAL PASSWORD OR STARTUP
CODE THAT IS PROGRAMMED TO BYPASS NORMAL SECURITY
PRCEDURES.

62. oLOGIC BoMBS are planted in another program by
a mischievous programmer.
oWorms are self-contained programs that
replicate by creating copies of them.
oVirus attaches itself to a program.