COM 101: Introduction To Computing

1. COM 101
Introduction to Computer
1
Course Goal: This course is designed to acquaint
students with basic knowledge of Computer

2. GENERAL OBJECTIVES
On completion of this course the student
should be able to:
• Understand the Roles of Computers in Modern Society
• Understand Computer Hardware Components
• Know the Concept of Software
• Know the Various Types of Computer Data Processing
Techniques
• Know the Basic Procedures for Operating Computer Systems
• Understand Security and Safety Procedures Within a
Computer Environment.
• Understand the Concept of a Computer Networks
• Understand the Use of the Internet
2

3. 1.0:
Understand the Role of Computers
in Modern Society

4. Definition of
A Computer
4
There are many ways of defining a computer.
Firstly, we can define a computer as a device for working with information. The information can
be numbers, words, pictures, movies, or sounds.
Computer information is also called Data.
A computer is a powerful electronic device that can process huge amounts of data very quickly
and store information. It's like a super-smart friend that can follow instructions, perform tasks,
and help us solve problems.
Computers are everywhere - in our homes, schools, and even inside our phones!

5. Key Components of a Computer Includes:
5
• Input Devices:
Computers receive data through input devices such as keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and other
specialized interfaces. These devices enable users to convey information to the computer.
• Processing Unit (CPU):
At the core of every computer is the Central Processing Unit (CPU). This is the brain of the
computer, responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations at an extraordinary
pace.
• Output Devices:
The processed information is then presented to users through output devices like monitors,
printers, and speakers. These devices translate the computer's results into human-readable
forms.
• Storage Devices:
Computers utilize storage devices such as hard drives, solid-state drives, and memory modules
to retain data even when the power is turned off. This allows for the persistence of information
over time.

6. Computers Exhibit A Wide Range Of Functionalities
Including:
6
• Mathematical and Logical Operations: Computers excel at performing intricate mathematical
calculations and logical operations, forming the backbone of scientific, engineering, and financial
computations.
• Data Processing: They manipulate and process vast amounts of data efficiently, aiding in tasks like
sorting, filtering, and analyzing information.
• Communication: Computers facilitate communication through networks, enabling the exchange of
data and information across the globe. This includes internet communication, email, and collaborative
tools.
• Creativity and Multimedia: Advanced computers support creative endeavors, from graphic design to
video editing and music composition, contributing significantly to artistic and multimedia industries.

7. The History Of Computers
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From the Abacus to ENIAC

8. ABACUS(c. 3000
BC)
8
The history of computing dates to ancient times, with the abacus
standing as one of the earliest tools for numerical calculations.
Originating in Mesopotamia around 3000 BC, the abacus became a
ubiquitous counting device across various cultures.
It consists of a series of rods or wires, each holding movable beads.
Users perform calculations by manipulating these beads, providing a
manual but effective means of computation.

9. 9
Blaise Pascal and the Pascaline
(1642)
In the 17th century, Blaise Pascal, a brilliant French mathematician,
made a significant contribution to computing with the invention of the
Pascaline.
At the tender age of 19, Pascal created this mechanical calculator
capable of performing addition and subtraction through a system of
gears and wheels.
Pascaline marked a crucial step in automating numerical calculations,
offering a glimpse into the possibilities of mechanical computation.

10. 10
Herman Hollerith and the Punched Card System
(1889)
Fast-forwarding to the late 19th century, Herman Hollerith
introduced a revolutionary data processing method for the
1890 U.S. Census.
Hollerith's punched card system involved encoding
information on perforated cards, which were then processed
by machines.
This innovation greatly expedited the tabulation of census
data, marking a crucial shift towards automated data
processing and storage.

11. 11
ENIAC (1946)
The pinnacle of early electronic computing arrived with the
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) in 1946.
Developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University
of Pennsylvania, ENIAC was the world's first general-purpose
electronic digital computer.
With a size which occupied a 20 x 40-foot room and over 17,000
vacuum tubes, ENIAC could perform complex calculations for
scientific and military applications, showcasing the potential of
electronic computing on a grand scale.
ENIAC set the stage for the rapid advancement of computing
technology in the decades that followed.

12. Computers Generation Characteristics,
Key Technologies and Examples.
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13. 13
First Generation (1940s – 1950s)

14. 14
Second Generation (1950s – 1960s)

15. 15
Third Generation (1960s – 1970s)

16. 16
Fourth Generation (1960s – 1970s)

17. 17
Fifth Generation (1980s – Present)

18. Subsequent Generation (Post-5th Generation):
• The concept of distinct "generations" becomes less
rigid as technology advances rapidly. Ongoing
advancements in technology continue to shape the
computing landscape.
18
Notable Developments Include:
• Mobile Computing: Smartphones, tablets, and other
mobile devices redefine computing accessibility.
• Cloud Computing: The widespread adoption of cloud
services transforms the way data is stored, processed,
and accessed.
• Quantum Computing: Ongoing research in quantum
computing explores the potential for vastly enhanced
computational power

19. Types Of Computers
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Based on Data Handling Capabilities
Based on Size

20. Computers Based on Size
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Supercomputers belong to the category of the largest, fastest, most
powerful, and most expensive computers designed for processing vast
amounts of data.
These computers can handle trillions of instructions per second and
consist of thousands of interconnected processors.
Supercomputers are especially used in scientific and engineering
applications such as weather forecasting, quantum mechanics, climate
research, scientific simulations, nuclear energy research, etc. where a
high level of performance is required.
Examples of Supercomputers include IBM Road burner, INTEL ASIC
RED, PARAM-1000, IBM Blue Gene, and CRAY-XMP-14.
Supercomputers:

21. Computers Based on Size
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Mainframe computers are multi-programming, high-performance and
multi-user computers, which implies they can manage the workload of
more than 100 users at a time on the computer.
They are Computers utilized by large organizations to manage bulk
data.
The storage capability of the mainframe is enormous, with high-speed
data process as well.
The main purposes of such a type of computer include managing
customer statistics, census, and other heavy data in a single device.
Mainframe computers, therefore, are mainly employed by
departmental and commercial organizations like Banks, Scientific
research centers, companies, and governmental departments like
railways, paying employees, ticket booking, maintaining details of
purchases by users, keeping detailed tax details, etc.
Mainframe Computers:

22. Computers Based on Size
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Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes, falling between
mainframes and microcomputers in size.
They are digital, multi-user systems that integrate more than
one CPU, enabling simultaneous work by multiple users.
These computers find application in various institutes and work
units, where they are utilized for tasks like billing, accounting,
and record management.
Minicomputers:

23. Computers Based on Size
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The microcomputer, commonly known as a personal computer,
is known for its cost-effectiveness.
These compact computers include essential components like a
microprocessor, Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory, storage
area, an input unit, and an output unit.
Designed for general-purpose personal use, microcomputers are
characterized by minimal circuitry on a single circuit board.
They are suitable for a range of personal tasks, such as
completing assignments, office work, or watching a movie.
Examples include desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, and
more.
Microcomputers:

24. Computers Based Data Handling Capabilities
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An analog computer is a type of computing device that represents and
processes data in a continuous, physical form. It uses continuous
signals, such as electrical voltages or mechanical quantities, to perform
calculations and simulations.
Analog computers are well-suited for tasks involving real-world
phenomena and continuous data, such as scientific, technology,
research, engineering, and industrial applications.
Speedometer, mercury thermometer, thermometer, operational
amplifiers, electric integrators, etc. are examples of analog computers.
Analog Computer:

25. Computers Based Data Handling Capabilities
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A digital computer is a computing device that represents and
processes data using discrete, numerical values, typically in
binary code (0s and 1s).
Digital computers perform calculations through discrete
processing, breaking down information into individual pieces.
They are versatile and widely used for general-purpose
computing tasks, including arithmetic calculations, data
processing, programming, and simulations. Examples include
Digital Wristwatch, Calculator, Digital Thermometer.
Digital Computer:

26. Computers Based Data Handling Capabilities
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A hybrid computer combines elements of both analog and
digital computing technologies.
It leverages the strengths of analog and digital components
to handle tasks that benefit from both continuous and
discrete data processing.
Hybrid computers are often used in specialized applications,
such as real-time control systems and scientific simulations,
where a balance between the accuracy of digital systems and
the real-world representation of analog systems is required.
Examples include Certain medical equipment, Petrol Pump,
real-time control systems.
Hybrid Computer:

27. Difference Between Analog, Digital and Hybrid Computers
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28. How Computers Impact Our Privacy And
How They Affect Our Overall Quality Of Life.
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29. How Computers Impact Our Privacy
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• Data Collection: Computers help collect a lot of information about us. Sometimes, this makes
us worried about our personal lives being watched. The Impact of this is Individuals may feel
a sense of intrusion into their private lives, affecting trust in digital technologies.
• Online Presence and Social Media: Social media platforms and online activities contribute to
a wealth of personal information available online. This information can be vulnerable to
hacking, cyberbullying, and misuse. Users may become more cautious about sharing personal
details online, impacting social interactions and self-expression.
• Government Policies and Cybersecurity: Government policies on cybersecurity and
surveillance can impact citizens' privacy rights. The balance between national security and
individual privacy is a complex societal issue. Citizens may experience a tension between the
need for security measures and the desire to safeguard personal freedoms.

30. How Computers Affect Our Overall Quality Of Life.
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• Access to Information: Computers have facilitated access to vast amounts of information,
contributing to knowledge empowerment. However, the digital divide, where some lack
access to technology, can exacerbate societal inequalities. Unequal access to information and
digital resources may contribute to disparities in education and opportunities.
• Communication Dynamics: Computer-mediated communication has transformed social
interactions. While it enables global connectivity, concerns arise about the impact on face-to-
face relationships and the authenticity of online interactions. Changes in communication
patterns may influence the quality and depth of personal relationships.
• Workplace Automation and Employment: The rise of automation and artificial intelligence in
the workplace can reshape employment dynamics, creating both opportunities and
challenges. Individuals may face job displacement, requiring adaptability and the
development of new skills for the changing job market.

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32. As we use computers,
we must be responsible
and think about how
they impact our lives
and the lives of others.
Understanding how computers
affect our lives is important. We
need to find a balance between
the good things computers bring
and making sure we still have our
privacy and a good quality of life.
32

33. Benefits Of Computers To the Society
2.
They enable instant global
communication and
connectivity, fostering
collaboration and
information exchange.
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1.
Computers enhance
efficiency and productivity
by automating tasks and
speeding up data
processing.
3.
Computers provide easy
access to vast information
resources on the internet,
promoting knowledge
sharing and learning.
4.
Automation and
streamlined processes
driven by computers lead
to increased precision and
reduced human error in
various industries.
5.
Computers play a crucial
role in medical research,
diagnostics, and the
development of treatment
plans, improving patient
care.
6.
They contribute to a wide
range of entertainment
options, including video
games, streaming
services, and virtual
reality.
7.
Computers drive
economic growth through
innovation, creating
opportunities and
markets, especially in e-
commerce and online
businesses
8.
They enable global
collaboration on projects,
research initiatives, and
humanitarian efforts,
connecting people
worldwide and fostering
cultural exchange.