This document provides information on paragraph rhetoric models, including describing, defining, classification, compare/contrast, and cause and effect. It discusses how to write paragraphs using these models, with examples for each. Key details covered include using sensory details in descriptive paragraphs, extending dictionary definitions, organizing compare/contrast paragraphs in block or point-by-point format, and establishing direct and indirect causes and effects. The document also reviews patterns of development in writing like narration, description, definition, exemplification, and persuasion.

1. Reading and Writing Skills
Grade 11/12

2. PARAGRAPH RHETORIC MODELS

3. DESCRIBING DEFINING
 Giving readers a mental
picture of what have
been seen or
experienced
 Must observe and
record specific details
that appeal to your
readers’ senses
 Introducing your
readers to new terms
which are unfamiliar to
them
 Start with the
Dictionary meaning of
a term
 May extend the
meaning of a term

4. How to Extend Meaning to a Term…
 Illustrate how the term operates in a given context…
 Classify its functions to explain how it differs from
the others…
Thus, a term may have multiple extended
meanings when it is defined according to its specific
usage.

5. Let us define CEO…
 Chief-Executive-Officer
Dictionary meaning: it means the operations
manager of a business organization
Extended meaning: is the operations manager
who leads and inspires people in a business
organization

6. DESCRIBING
 A descriptive paragraph relies on concrete, sensory
detail to communicate its point (the use of 5
senses)
 It can be objective or subjective
 Objective: would mention such facts as height, weight,
coloring, and so forth
 Subjective: would include the above details, but would
also stress your feelings toward the subject, as well as its
personality and habits

7. Let us define EDUCATION…
 Dictionary meaning: teaching people what they do
not know; teaching the youth to shapes of letters,
arithmetic ands literature
 Extended meaning: training them into the perfect
exercise and kingly continence of their bodies and
souls… it is a painful, continual, and difficult work to
be done by kindness, by watching, by precept, and
by praise, but above all, by example.

8. DESCRIBING
1. Avoid being static or flat.
2. Think of what pieces readers need, in what order,
to construct a scene.
3. Description is not what you saw, but what
readers need to see in order to imagine the
scene, a person, or an object.
4. Record a series of detailed observations.
5. Use sensory details. Do not rely much on
adjectives and adverbs.
6. Give your description away as generously as the
world gives away sights.

9. DESCRIBING
7. Use an approach that show decay, change or
improvement.
8. Use the description to substantiate or elaborate your
point, or move your story along.
THINK: Readers first read this, now
this, now this; what do they need
next?

10. CLASSIFICATION COMPARE/CONTRAST
 Elaborates on the
meaning by explaini8ng
the parts of a term
relate to its whole and
vice-versa
 Ascertain the parts or
categories that make up
a term
 Writing about 2 or more
subjects: focus mainly
on their similarities and
differences
 Understand each of the
two subjects more
clearly and make sound
judgments

11. CLASSIFICATION
 Example:
 Medicine as a Profession
1. Pediatrician – a doctor specializing on children
2. Dermatologist – a doctor specializing on skin
and skin allergies
3. Cardiologist – a doctor specializing on heart-
related diseases

12. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
1. BLOCK FORMAT
the details are organized according to the
subjects being compared and contrasted
2. POINT-BY-POINT FORMAT
the details are organized not according to
the subjects but according to the distinct
features of the two subjects

13. CAUSE AND EFFECT METHOD
An expository method of explaining
occurrences and reoccurrences of a
phenomena.
It is important that READERS need to
understand why such things about certain social
conditions, events, situations or even people’s
behaviors and emotions occur.

14. HOW DO YOU DO IT?
 You need to have factual evidences of the real
cause/s and effect/s of a certain phenomenon.
CAUSE
A factor that triggers something to
happen…
EFFECT
The consequence or the result of that
triggering factor…

15. TWO KINDS OF CAUSE AND EFFECT
 DIRECT Cause
Skipping
breakfast
 DIRECT Effect
Stomach and head
aches
 INDIRECT Cause
Wake up late in
the morning and no
time of taking it
 INDIRECT Effect
Not able to
concentrate in class
thus, failed the
morning subjects

16. HOW DO YOU DO IT?
 Begin your paragraph by stating the direct
cause (in the topic sentence) first.
 Support it with an indirect cause/related cause
when necessary, followed by the direct and
indirect effect/s or coincidence.
 Alternatively, you may do it the other way
around starting with the effects (direct and
indirect) followed by the causes (direct and
indirect)

17. Reading and Thinking Strategies Across Text Types:
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 Content Standard:
The learner realizes that information in a
written text may be selected and organized to
achieve a particular purpose
 Performance Standard:
The learner critiques a chosen sample of each
pattern of development focusing on information
selection, organization, development

18. Reading and Thinking Strategies Across Text Types:
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
 Learning Competencies:
Distinguishes between and among patterns of
development in writing across disciplines:
a. narration
b. description
c. definition
d. exemplification/classification
e. comparison and contrast
d. cause-effect
f. problem-solution
g. persuasion

19. LESSON RECAP

20. expository, narrative, persuasive,
and descriptive
1. _____________ This type of paragraph is used to
present information, ideas, or opinions.
2. _____________ In this type of paragraph, the
author is writing about what a person, place, or thing
is like.
3. _____________ Which type of sentence would this
topic sentence best go with: My best friend's freckled
face always has a glowing, crooked smile.
4._____________ Which type of sentence would this
topic sentence best go with: Despite what dog lovers
might believe, cats actually make better pets.

21. expository, narrative, persuasive,
and descriptive
5. _____________Which type of sentence would this topic
sentence best go with: The Himalayan Mountains are
the tallest mountains in the world.
6. _____________ Which type of sentence would this topic
sentence best go with: The day I won first place in the box
car derby race was the proudest day of my life.
7. _____________ This paragraph is used to tell a story.
There is a logical sequence of events.
8. _____________ The goal of this type of paragraph is to
convince another person to change, or at least think about
changing, their opinion about something.