This document provides an overview of different types of claims that can be made in written texts: claims of fact, policy, and value. It defines each type of claim and provides examples. Claims of fact refer to verifiable statements grounded in evidence, such as historical facts. Claims of policy call for actions and solutions to problems. Claims of value involve judgments based on tastes, morals, or aesthetics. The document explains how to identify each type of claim and what is required to prove or validate different kinds of claims.

1. Lesson 3
Text and
context
connections
Claims in
Written
Texts

2. Objective
By the end of this lesson, you are
expected to:
1. Identify claims explicitly and
implicitly made
in a written text
a.) Claim of Fact
b.) Claim of Policy
c.) Claim of Value

3. Objectives

4. Text and context
connections
Claims in a Written Text
Lesson
3.1

5. Critical
reading
- enables to
distinguish the explicit
and implicit
information provided
by the author

6. Two Kinds
of
information

7. Explicit
informatio
n
• information
that is clearly
stated in the
text.
• direct

8. Implicit
informatio
n
• ideas
suggested in
the text but not
directly stated.
• indirect

10. Claims
• state the point or position
of an author regarding a
certain topic
• claim statement is further
proven by supporting
details from various
resources and reliable
evidence

11. 1. A claim should be
argumentative and debatable.
2. A claim should be specific
and focused.
3. A claim should be interesting
and engaging.
4. A claim should be logical
Tiongson (2016) gave the
following characteristics of
good claims:

12. So, what
are the
types of
claims?

13. Claim of Fact
01

14. Claim of fact
• pieces of information which are
grounded on reliable authority
such as science and history
• relates to statements that can
easily verified and not dependent
on a person’s preferences
• are often qualified by such terms
as generally, probably, or as a
rule

15. Claim of fact
Is it debatable? Is it
verifiable? Is it
specific? Can it be
solved objectively?

16. Types of factual claims
(generally “objective”)
● Factual/historica
l
● Relational –
causal
connections
● Predictive

17. proof requires:
✓ sufficient and appropriate grounds
✓ reliable authority
✓ recent data
✓ accurate, typical data
✓ clearly defined terms – no loaded
language
✓ a clear distinction between fact and
inference

18. Examples of claims
of fact
1. The oldest known disease in the world is
leprosy.
2. Generally, obesity causes health
problems.
3. Neil Armstrong was the first man to step
on the moon.
4. The first Mindanaoan President is Rodrigo
Duterte.

19. Claim of Policy
02

20. Claim of policy
• calls for some form of action
• states what the reader should or ought to
do about a particular situation/topic
• specific policies should be instituted as
solutions to problems
• “should” or “ought to do” or “must” are
included in this claim
• specific statements on procedures or laws
that need to be modified based on certain

21. proof requires:
✓ making proposed action
(clear)
✓ need (justification)
✓ plan (must be workable)
✓ benefit (advantages)
✓ consider opposition/counter
arguments

22. Example of a Claim
of policy
To attract more non-
traditional students,
this college must
review and revise
its course offerings.

23. Examples of claims
of policy
1. The mayor should suspend the classes
today.
2. You must send your children to public
schools.
3. The government should legalize medicinal
marijuana.
4. The Boy Scouts should not have to
include gay scout leaders.

24. Claim of Value
03

25. Claim of value
• involve judgments and evaluations
• refers to statements that appeal to a
person’s taste and morals or the sense of
what’s good and what’s bad
• weighs the values according to which is
more desirable
• deals with topics concerning moral,
philosophical, or aesthetic aspects
• expressions of taste, preferences, and

26. proof requires:
✓ establishing standards of evaluation (i.e. a
warrant that defines what constitutes instances
of the relevant value)
✓ note the priority of the value in this instance
✓ establish the advantage (practical or moral) of
your standards
✓ use examples to clarify abstract values
✓ use credible authorities for support

27. Example of a Claim of
Value
Honesty is the best
policy.

28. Examples of claims
of value
1. It is better to be feared than loved.
2. Cheating is not good.
3. Gay marriage is immoral
4. Buying a house is a lot better than
building it.
5. Rock music sucks.
6. The government is doing a great job
during the Covid-19 pandemic.

29. Check this out!
Claim of Fact
Generally, Facebook
received most visits
than Twitter and
Instagram.
Debatable,
verifiable, specific,
objective
Claim of
policy
Facebook must be
doing well considering
the number of visitors
it has every day.
Suggest a solution of
a policy
Claim of
value
Facebook is
better than
Twitter and
Instagram.
Requires a
“standard” to
verify

31. CREDITS: This presentation template was created
by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon,
infographics & images by Freepik
Thank
s!