Hardware fundamental and network technology

1. Fundamentals of Hardware
and Network Technology

2. ● A computer system is made of a combination of hardware and
software.
● The software consists of a set of instructions that instruct the
computer to perform a task.
● It can be system software or application software

3. ● Hardware is the part of a computer that can be touched.
● In other words, computer hardware consists of the physical
components of a computer.
● The internal parts of a computer are called components and the
external hardware components are called peripherals.

4. ● Computer hardware consists of the following types of components:
● A central processing unit (CPU)/ processor
● Storage devices
● Input devices
● Output devices

5. ● The Central Processing Unit
● The CPU is the central part of the computer. It is the brain of a
computer.
● It handles all the functions such as data processing operations,
storing results, and executing instructions.
● CPU consists of five components: control unit (CU), arithmetic
logic unit (ALU), registers, buses, and clock.

6. ● Control unit
● The control unit of the CPU controls the data transfer and instructions processing
part.
● Arithmetic logic unit
● The ALU is a digital circuit that handles all the arithmetic and logic operations when
an instruction is passed into the computer system.
● Registers
● The arithmetic logic unit is made of registers. Registers are high-speed circuits that
store data, instructions, and memory addresses when the data is being processed in
the ALU.
● Buses
● In a register, the data is stored as a unit of eight bits. Every bit is transferred from
one register to another using a single wire. When eight such wires combine, a bus is
formed.

7. ● Clock
● Clock calculates and allots a fixed time slot to every micro-operation performed by
the CPU.
● The speed is measured in terms of megahertz.
● It is used for the synchronization of different components and instructions.

8. ● Memory
● Memory is the part of the computer, typically a storage area
where the computer stores the instructions before and after
processing them.
● Two types of memory
● Primary memory
● Secondary memory
● Primary memory
● The primary memory is the memory that is included within
the computer. That means it is a part of the computer.

9. ● Secondary Memory
● Apart from the internal memory, the computer also uses external storage devices
(secondary memory devices) to store data.
● Below are some of the commonly used secondary memory devices
● Floppy disks
● Hard disk
● Optical disk drives
● Compact disks
● Input devices
● Input devices are the physical components that send data, information, or
instructions to a computer.Below are examples of the commonly used input devices
● Keyboard
● Mouse
● Joystick
● Scanner

10. ● Output devices
● Output devices are the devices used to display or print information from the
computer system.
● They are connected externally or built-in the computer system.
● Some of the commonly used output devices include
● Monitor or visual display unit (VDU)
● Printer
● Speakers
● Plotter

11. ● Network Technology
● Network technology refers to a collection of technologies used for
data transmission across computer networks.
● Types of Network Technology
● The classification of network technology can be done based on
transmission and scale.
● Network Technology based on Transmission
● The network technology based on transmission can be done using
the two concepts like point-to-point and multipoint.
● Point to Point
● In point to point, when sender & receiver (nodes) are connected
directly, then the data transmission can be done with the help of a
guided medium, used for the wired network and unguided medium,
used for the wireless network

12. ● Multi-point
● In multi-point, several nodes are connected directly with the help of
a common medium in a linear manner.
● This kind of transmission mainly works on any of these two
connections like time-sharing otherwise spatially shared.
● Network Technology based on Scale
● The network technology based on the scale can be done using
concepts like LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN, and VPN
● LAN (Local Area Network)
● An alternate name of LAN is IEEE 802 network and this network
uses devices like computers, laptops, and mobiles that are
connected in a small range which ranges from 100m to 10km. The
properties of this network mainly depend on its users, speed, range,
as well as error rate.

13. ● MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
● A network where numerous LANs are united jointly through a
networking device is known as Bridge, and it forms a MAN
(metropolitan area network).
● WAN (Wide Area Network)
● A network where numerous WANs are united jointly through a
networking device is known as route, and it forms a WAN (wide area
network)
● PAN (Personal Area Network)
● A PAN (personal area network) is a computer network, and it allows
communication between computer devices close to a person. These
networks can be wired like USB otherwise FireWire and also they
are wireless like IR, ultra-wideband, and ZigBee.

14. ● VPN (Virtual Private Network)
● A VPN (a virtual private network) is started virtually on the public
network for communicating as well as transmitting data from sender
to receiver. This network creates a secure, encrypted link above a
less-secure network like the public internet
● Advantages
● It is extremely flexible
● It improves communication & accessibility of information.
● It allows for convenient resource sharing
● Disadvantages
● It lacks independence & robustness.
● It creates security difficulties
● It allows viruses & malware.

15. Thank you