Skyscrapers Changed the Skylines

Skyscraper and Sears Tower
skyscraper architecture "http://www.coshe.com/search/" The architectural design of the 20th century skyscrapers has been redefined due to the
advancement of our modern technology. Benny Louie Humanity 450 Dr. Maureen Schmid 17 May 1999 The architectural design of the 20th century
skyscrapers has been redefined due to the advancement of our modern technology. In our modern society, the architectural design of skyscrapers is
changing the downtown landscape of metropolitan areas. Due to the change of technologies, it has changed the architectural design of skyscraper
dramatically in terms of the its function, design structures, heating and cooling systems and it social status in society. The basic function of the
architecture is to provide a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The improvement of the skyscraper structures starts from 10 floor stories to high as 150 floor stories high. The Reliance Building Chicago, USA, in
1895, 15 stories high used the semi–rigid steel frame. The semi–rigid steel frame was held together with steel beams and connected by rivets. (Bennett,
P.42) The 60 stories high First Wisconsin Center, Milwaukee, USA in 1974 employed the steel belt truss with framed shear truss. This structure used
the horizontal trusses at the upper and lower stories to enhance the framed shear truss. (Bennett, P.44) The Sears Tower, Chicago, USA, in 1974, 110
stories high used the Bundled tube. The bundled tubes were made up of a cluster of connected frame tubes, reinforced by steel beams at each story to
increase the strength of the structure. Various tubes terminated at different level to further strengthen the bundled tubes at the center. (Bennett, P.44)
The future structure was the Superframe, which can reaches at least 150 stories high. It used the concept of the Eiffel Tower with framed tubes
connected by horizontal trusses. (Bennett, P.45) It was the innovation of the structural design that enables skyscrapers to reach new height. These
methods include the use of
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Gothic, Art Deco
Victorian setting. In spite of the current look and soul of the tall working when the new century rolled over, society was not prepared to acknowledge
any structure without remnants of customary ornamentation, and amid the early years of the twentieth century, Gothic, Art Deco and a variety of
different styles praised new statures. This diversity, additionally depicted as a come back to style, has been viewed subsequently of the moderate
impact of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. For reasons unknown, the work of the Chicago School neglected to awe its era, and just the
engineers who grasped neoclassicism, for example, Daniel Burnham, went ahead to have proceeded with achievement. By the turn of the century,
innovation was no longer the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the rehashing auxiliary module turned into the arrangement, there was no longer an issue to fathom. Mies and his adherents made lovely
structures that could be acknowledged as masterpieces; imitators could do close to nothing yet rehash the technique. By the 1960s, two patterns had
turned out to be clear: designers were starting to depend on improving components and recorded inferences to shift the recipe and use of the mark
window ornament divider was turning into a simple technique for refreshing more established structures. Postmodernism would convey a differing
qualities to skyscraper generation that, all things considered, would reinvigorate the work of the 1950s. The incongruity of the amusing postmodern
style is that its push to legitimize both well known and chronicled references regularly brought about an absence of any genuine significance. One case
of a 1960s skyscraper that stood separated from its companions is the Ford Foundation Building (1967) in New York City, composed by the successor
firm to Eero Saarinen– – Kevin Roche, John Dinkeloo Associates. The Ford Foundation building is commended in design history overviews for its
thoughtful and motivating utilization of inside space to mitigate the force of the run of the mill corporate office building. The greater part of the
workplaces investigate an inside chamber that ascents the full tallness of the building, lessening important corporate space however immeasurably
enhancing the workplace. In an AIA Journal study of the nation's best structures professionals, faultfinders and students of history designated the Ford
Foundation eleven times, positioning it among the main ten most huge structures composed in the last two hundred years. The skyscraper has always
modified the urban scene. In the

Essay On Skyscrapers
Skyscrapers are the symbols of urbanization and provided a great advantage to the industrial revolution. As the working class flocked to the cities in
pursuit of a higher paying work, the cities themselves grew. Eventually, as the cities grew larger, there was no room to expand horizontally, so we
stretched vertically. More space was needed to hold the large machines used often in factories of the industrial revolution. Scyscrapers also changed
architecture, the view of cities, and the thought of how to build. And as one great innovation comes, so does another, the elevator was then invented to
help people get to the higher floors of the skyscraper thus improving economy.
When people imagine big cities, one large thought comes to mind first, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was not enough space to stretch cities horizontally so the only solution was to build up. By building up, it created more job opportunities and
more space for businesses. Skyscrapers are stilled used today for the same reason. Cities have gotten to their limit horizontally and now they are going
vertically. The invention of the skyscraper was formed by, Henry Bessemer. His invention of the skyscraper has led to the invention of the elevator by,
Elisha Otis. Also, the skyscraper has led to the invention of the escalator.
Skyscrapers are still a major force in the world. They are used all around the world in many different countries and there are more than 80,000
skyscrapers today. Skyscrapers have made it possible for economies all around the world grow and develop into more modern societies. Skyscrapers
are the symbol of urbanization in modern days.] [skyscrapers changed the skylines of inner cities. They made producing with machines easier, but they
also worked as bait, drawing more people into cities, thus improving workload.]
[The first skyscraper was permitted in 1884. It was The Home Insurance Building, which quickly started a

Skyscraper Ethos
Today we complete the long journey that many us started 13 years ago as young children. Now in the coming years we will continue this journey
for knowledge and worldly experiences that will never end. Though this may sound cheesy life is a lot like a skyscraper and I want to leave you
all with is that in our life success and failures are the foundation of who we are. From that we have built a skyscraper that can reach to sky and is
forever limitless. To keep the building going up one must have the pillars on top of the foundation to support our skyscraper. Today I want to say that
these pillars are made up of many different ideals and habits that make us who we are. The first and most important pillar is integrity, without integrity
we are nothing the foundation becomes rotten when one does not have integrity lacking this will destroy you and the ones you love. Your integrity
follows your reputation and if... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This acts as the crane for skyscraper always adding new additions to the top and pushing you higher into the clouds. Without hard work,
procrastination comes in and life becomes stagnate and you stop growing. I recommend to all of you to always be working and if you feel it is to
much don't stop because one who does not work does not know what the clouds look like and only can see the ground. The third and final pillar for
today is love. Love of living, the love for family or even a dog it does not matter what you love, but love something because no matter what love is
everlasting, it allows us get through the hard times. Love is everlasting while the other pillars may rot and crumble. A life without love will not
allow your skyscraper to grow. There will be no base for your other pillars to hold your building up and if you don't have love then any gust of wind or
shaking of the ground will bring everything falling

The American Architectural Firm Skidmore
Introduction– Formed in 1936, the American architectural firm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) is one of the most successful and innovate firms
to focus on high–end commercial building and lead the paradigm of the use of the modern international, or "glass box" style of skyscraper. Since its
inception, the firm has designed and built several of the world's largest buildings including the John Hancock Center (1969), the Sears Tower (1973)
and the Burj Khalifa (2010), currently the world's tallest building. The company has diversified and evolved and now offers services in Architecture,
Building Services, Graphics, Digital and Interior Design, Structural and Civil Engineering, and most recently, Sustainable Design and Urban Planning
(Adams). For many, in fact, SOM's postwar buildings are the essential building blocks to understand the modern movement in the United States.
Biography– SOM was founded by Louis Skidmore (1897–1962), Nathaniel Owings (1903–1984), and John Merrill (1896–1975). Merrill was the
structural engineer of the group, while Skidmore was the architect, and Owings the visionary. Owings was known as the catalyst, "the person in the
firm who ironed out differences among clients, contractors and the planning commission" (Barron). The strength of the three was that they had the
vision to move beyond the standards of their time, to imagine a way to bring beauty and structural integrity to the needs of the modern urban
environment, and to understand how to

The Urban Setting Of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois is home of the Cubs, Oprah and most notably it has a skyline filled with amazing skyscrapers. It was in this city that stone masonry,
due to its tendency to be very heavy and needing a strong foundation and also its low tensile strength, was enthusiastically replaced by the steel
skeleton of the world's first skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building. This American city currently boasts of another feat, the world's tallest building
designed by a woman. Jeanne Gang designed the mixed–use high–rise, Aqua Tower (fig.1) for the urban setting ofChicago. Aqua Tower is the greenest
and most appealing skyscraper in a place that has inspired some of the country's greatest architecture. By using digital tools, Gang has fused
traditional methods of building with an organic and sculptural faГ§ade that a few years ago would not have been achievable. As the daughter of a
civil engineer, Gang developed an affinity for materials, buildings and the landscapes around them by watching her dad trace roads and bridges through
rural Illinois and taking road trips to landmarks across the country. Gang confesses that her imagination is stimulated by things and elements from those
childhood trips and they have found their way into her work, especially Aqua Tower. Upon graduating from the University of Illinois at
Urbana–Champaign and the Harvard Graduate School of Design, she worked in Europe and then returned to Illinois and worked at Booth Hansen
before setting up her own firm,

Short Story : The Skyscraper In Flames
The Skyscraper in Flames It was a blazing hot day in New York, and 9–year–old Will and his brothers had just arrived. The long trip from Colorado
had worn them out. Sitting in a train on a hot, sweaty day wasn't their idea of fun, but that was exactly what they had done. While their parents had to
go to work they went to see their cousins for a week. Will, however, thought that going to the brand–new water park was the solution to all of their
problems. "Come on! Let's go to the waterpark!" screamed Will. He and his brothers, Clay and Mark, were visiting their cousins in New York. He
was trying to convince his older brother, Clay, to take him, Mark, and his cousins, David and Maria to the new waterpark, Water Falls. Finally,
14–year–old Clay gave in. As they were walking towards the waterpark, they passed two girls who were identical twins, headed to the amazing new
waterpark also. They entered the waterpark. But within a half hour, the waterpark closed. Later, as they were walking home, they passed a police car.
Sirens wailing, it sped towards the northern part of Manhattan. A couple blocks from their cousins' apartment, Clay exclaimed, "It might sound weird,
but I smell smoke in the air!" Then everything went black. His brothers were gone! When he regained consciousness, he found out he was trapped
under what looked like the remains of a skyscraper. The smoke clouded up the air so you couldn't see anything, and

Environmental Impact Assessment Of The Sydney's Darling...
Introduction:
With the development of the world, numbers of environmental issues were threatening people's life, like rising Greenhouse gas emission. Buildings
provide a connection between human society and sustainable environment, especially for Skyscraper (Ainger & Fenner 2013). Establishing a new
Skyscraper in Darling Harbour is a plan for Company AIIHigh. Causing a large difference for both human being and environment. Darling Harbour is
where has lager number of daily flow capacity, meeting with Sydney major public compelling attractions, located in Sydney central business district.
("Darling Harbour")
This report will analyze the influences of Skyscraper in Sydney's Darling Harbour in terms of substantiality by screening the environmental impact
assessment, analysis the imparts from environmental, social and economic system, establish the judgments about demand, challenge and alternatives
and finally other practical problems involves in project.
Screening
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) play an essential role for sustainability establishing. As Anzecc (1991) mentioned that EIA producers would
take a responsibility for issues like improving the efficiency of the contribution made by making sustainability and environmentally decision, which
means the government responsible for EIA process which have the power to recommend environmental conditions.
As points out by Beanlands and Duinker(1983), the method to impact assessment base on test the Significant

What Is Skyscrapers
Skyscrapers
Skyscrapers are the result of modernisation and advanced thinking of human being beyond its limits. They are not only a piece of beauty but also a
landmark, a historic place and for some people, skyscrapers are no less than wonders.
What is a Skyscraper ?
Skyscraper is a tall, continuous, habitable building with many floors usually more than 60 that can be used for residential, commercial or office use.
Although, there is no proper definition of skyscrapers in dictionary or civil engineering term but they are often regarded as tall and heavy buildings.
Speaking in terms of non technical language, a skyscraper is a tall building with various purposes, restaurant, market, offices, sometimes observatory
for having a panoramic view of the city.
A building can be called as skyscraper if it goes well above its environment and changes the overall skyline. The height of skyscraper is increasing as
the time goes on because of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of the fact that it is cheaper, could be riveted, easily joined, and can be shaped in variety of shapes. It is much stronger and can sustain more
load in horizontal and vertical direction.
Steel in form of reality is better than concrete or bricks. What can't be done in history is now possible only because of the invention of steel.
It can also be made in stainless form which has its own benefits. Steel can be welded at the corners very easily so now alignment using leveller is
not used. Steel also increases the strength and capability or ability of the structure to resist shear and compressive stress. Also making walls and other
things in super structure with bricks and concrete needs a process called curing. Whereas when we are making a structure with the help of steel, we
reduce cost of construction, the time period of construction, and the deaths (if takes place). That is why, steel is preferred over bricks and

A National Landmark, The Empire State Building
A National Landmark, The Empire State Building The Empire State Building, starting when it was first opened it 1931, was the tallest building in the
world for 41 years. (Empire) This was not the only reason people all over the world have come to see the famous building, they visit to learn about all
of the interesting structural facts and to truly understand why this building is so important. Although the building now is very popular, it was not
always so well attended due to certain costs associated with it, but the building survived through this and so much more, which helped make it become
significant to the United States and it 's history. The Empire State Building has become an essential emotional landmark because of how the building
was made, when it was built and what difficulties the establishment has stood tall through. When the Empire State Building was constructed, the
economy of the United States was plummeting drastically, which affected the resources needed. Only about three thousand workers ended up helping
with the construction of the building, even though
Todd 2 many more would be expected today.(Wonders) Some of the workers included bricklayers, electricians, carpenters, ventilation men, clerks, etc.
According to news articles from organizations such as New York Times and London 's Daily Mail, the sky boys had the most interesting position.
They were a significant part of how the building has inspired people. These workers dangled hundreds of feet above

Eating Disorder In Skyscraper Demi Lovato
The song Skyscraper it is about conquering something, trying to win a battle. This is no small conquest but in fact, a conquest that is a matter of life
or death. A long and very hard battle that needs to be fought. In this case, it was about the artist Demi Lovato and her struggle with depression, self–
harm, and an eating disorder. At the beginning ofSkyscraper, the lyrics set a tone of hopelessness and sadness. The lyrics at the beginning of the song
are, "Skies are Crying, I am watching, catching tear drops in my hands, only silence as it's ending like we never had a chance". Demi Lovato is
trying to explain how she observing the pain she is going through and how it is affecting her. It is painting an imagine in our minds of the pain she is
surpassing. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Society's opinion put a lot of pressure on her. Demi Lovato being so young and still trying to figure herself out did not any better, she caved into the
pressure and it started to weigh her down in a very negative way. That is when is when the eating disorder started and the eating disorder lead to
depression. "Would it make you feel better, to watch me while I bleed?" This sentence has a literal meaning to it, because Demi Lovato has admitted
that she has self–harmed herself by cutting herself. Demi Lovato seems to have given up in her battle. Giving in to her negative situation, and that
there is no way out. "Do you have to make me feel like there's nothing left of me? It is making her feel like she's weakened and worn down. "You
can take everything I have, you can break everything I am". In that quote, she is referring to her disorder. The disorder can take everything she has
good in her life and that it can break her appearance and how she is viewed. Then a shift happens and the mood of Skyscraper goes from sad to

The Citicorp Center: Less Modern Skyscraper
The Citicorp Center was a business office and was a modern skyscraper of its time. The skyscraper was a lot taller and sleeker than its surrounding
skyscrapers. It was in NYC and built in 1977 and it nearly fell down during hurricane Ella in 1978. IN the middle of the night welders rushed into put
more stilts to save manhattan. The structure was built on stilts that were in the middle of the structure. It was built this way to avoid putting the stilts
through the Saint Peter's Lutheran Church located underneath the property of the bank as shown in the picture model . The skyscraper was built alike to
some of the less modern skyscrapers today. The structure had a skeleton like core to make it stable. But to stand on the center stilts it had

Skyscrapers Of New York Building
Skyscrapers in New York started in the early 30's and they are fascinating to observed. This is not due to the fact of how enormous they are, it is
nonetheless due to the structure and support that they need to have. Every 10 years after the buildings started to become skyscrapers, there was
always a new building labeled as the "Tallest building in NYC". An example of this is the Pan Am building; it construction started in 1960 and took
three years to be completed. When the Pan Am building was completed in the year 1963, it became the tallest commercial building in New York City.
Not only for the reason of the volume and massing of the structure, this also due to the spacing. Skyscrapers during this time were in a sort of battle;
the fight to be tallest building would represent power and economy. Nevertheless, skyscrapers were not the only massive buildings in New York,
housing was another project on the rise. Housing represented more of a problem to the architects unlike the skyscrapers, they were using the space
disparately. Housing's main purpose was to offer affordable housing to workers and families in New York. Similarly, both housing and skyscrapers do
another common concept; they both need massive structures to support the height of the building, as well as to demonstrate power. Every time we see
the skyline, we assume that every tall building is a skyscraper for business, yet we do not realize that there are some housing buildings incorporated in
that

Comparison Of The Chrysler Building And The Seagram Building
When thinking of buildings that were ahead of their time two come to mind the Chrysler Building and the Seagram Building. Both of these structures
were built to withstand the elements of time and are still beautiful to this day. These buildings have been featured on the cover of magazines, tv
shows and are modern marvels in today's society. Between the two buildings, one can not help but look at the similarities as well as the differences
between the two. Today I want to discuss these differences as well as the similarities and go into greater detail on why these buildings are significant.
The Chrysler Building is an Art Deco style skyscraper that was built during one of the most severe economic downturns in this country's history. The
building was finished in the year 1930 and is located in New York City. The Chrysler Building was constructed using stainless steel over an exposed
building surface which was a first for its time (History of Walter P. Chrysler and the Chrysler Building, "n.d.). The next important thing to think about
when understanding the Chrysler Building is to figure out what it was designed for. Although the building was not owned by Chrysler it was used for
the corporation's offices which used the building until the mid 1950's (Chrysler Building, "n.d). Next, when one looks at the Chrysler Building they
can tell it represents an Art Deco style by its many unique features. The Chrysler Building represents the Art Deco style because of its monuments,

Construction of the Empire State Building
| Project Risk Management| Course Project Part II Construction of the Empire State Building| PM 595| [Type the author name]| 10/9/2011| | Table of
Contents Introduction.................................................................................3 Sources of Construction Project Risks.................................................3
Timeline Risk...................................................................... 3 Cost Risk............................................................................4 Design
Issues........................................................................5 Force majeure.......................................................................5 Systems to address construction
project risk..........................................6 Technology..........................................................................6
People.................................................................................7 Planning..............................................................................7 Catastrophic failure fault
tree.............................................................9 Discussion of fault... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Design issues As like any other building the design of the Empire State building is prone to bad design. A bad design could pose a major risk as any
miscalculation or oversight would mean that its structure may not be able to handle the stress and enormous loads. Design may show low probability
but will have very high impact if the building comes crashing down. The Empire State Building was the first commercial construction project to
employ the technique of fast–track construction, a commonplace approach today but very new in the early 20th Century. This technique consists of
starting the construction process before the designs are fully completed in order to reduce delays and inflation costs. In this case, it was imperative to
use the fast–track construction method to win the race for the tallest building (2). Force majeure By definition, force majeure is a "superior force",
also known as cas fortuit (French) or casus fortuitus (Latin) "chance occurrence, unavoidable accident" (11). Force majeure may be repeated heavy
hail, or an earthquake, or a hurricane. The building is intended to stand for some years should be able to meet these challenges. A flexible structure
may avoid destruction in an earthquake, while a more solid building with good masonry would be destroyed. Earthquakes can also result in foundation
problems when moist filled land liquefies (13). The Empire State

The Fear Of Skyscrapers
As most people think of it, the fear of heights have people who work in skyscrapers scared that the building might collapse or that they might simply
just fall of the structure. The fear of heights has an effect on people that causes them to go into a shock that makes them to stiffen up since they are
afraid they might stumble off the building and fall to their death.
Most people think that the fear of heights is a common phobia that a large group of the population of the United States of America has. Although a
small group of people aren't afraid of heights, they do not say much about their experiences after climbing or going up a skyscraper or a mountain
or anything that has height h in general. In our world, a large group of people live and work in tall buildings. Usually they're not afraid since they
were the ones who bought it in the first place, But have some people thought of another human that are afraid of heights. The fear of heights is a
common phobia that sometimes causes people to go into shock, to the point where they can't move because they're so terrified that they think they
can die of falling off the building or simply having a hard attack. For example, A few years ago, my family and I went to a trip we have annually.
We went to a city with large skyscrapers and we had to go in one of them and go to the 25th floor. I didn't much of it at first until we were on the 6th
floor. I suddenly felt anxiety and went into shock and had a vision that I was going to

The Death Rate Of Nineteenth Century Chicago
Nineteenth Century Chicago had numerous flaws within the city compared to the city in present time. Larson's ideal perception of Chicago in the past
was known as the "Black City" (Larson 11). The death rate was increasing rapidly due to the murders and disappearances of people. All across the
country, residents of other states knew how disgusting Chicago truly was, and had been judgmental towards their city. Anyone could notice the
trembling fear of the construction workers when they had to show up to their profession. "Of the 352 men who worked on the bridge's notorious east
caisson, pressured–related illness, killed twelve, left two crippled for life, and injured sixty–six others, a casualty rate of over 20 percent." (24).
Laborers would go into the harmful work environments every single day; they would never know if the probability of making it out alive. The fowl
smelling odors of nineteenth Chicago were so horrendous because of the public health process, which was not produced. "In any street not paved with
macadam oozed a fragrant muck of horse manure, mud, and garbage that swelled between granite blocks like pus from a wound." (28). The civilians of
Chicago had not taken care of the hygiene within the city. This led to outbreaks of deadly ailments that killed a mass number of individuals. During the
night hours, intolerable noises screeched out to the city's residents. Means of transportation, such as, trains, trolleys, and hearses strolled down the
pavement during

Analyzing Ebbet's Lunch Atop A Skyscraper
"Lunch Atop a Skyscraper" Ebbets a photographer took this black and white photo of eleven men on September 20th, 1932. It was taken high above
41st street in Manhattan, New York. You can depict eleven men, sitting high above on a crossbeam lunching. These men look happy, brave, and
relaxed. Some positive connotations relate to success. The men are sitting on the top of the city, let alone the city of New york. Arguably the most
famous city in the world. Around when this photo was taken these men were going through the economic depression. This photo contrast in the
emotions most would feel going through the depression. The men are smiling enjoying a nice lunch, more than likely on their lunch break. They're
taking a break from shattered dreams and the hardness of the world around them.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although, I think it is infact staged. Many of Ebbet's photos were taken to falsely justify obvious dangers. This image represents this by the men
looking happy, relaxed, carefree, unfrightened, smoking, and at ease with their surroundings. Who in the right mind would be relaxed that high
up? This goes along with why I believe this was staged. On the other hand, there is a man to the far right who looks anxious, and out of place. It
looks as if he's waiting for the photo to be taken so he can get out of the situation. He is the only one looking at the camera, the rest are acting
natural. I feel as if he was uncomfortable and was trying to hurry and get the photo taken. He has fear in his eyes, and looks to be grasping a bottle of
alcohol. Is the alcohol a key–factor as to why the others are so relaxed and at ease with being on the skyscraper hundreds of feet up in the air? Many
workers did fall to their death while building skyscrapers in Manhattan, New York as a result does infact show Ebbet's intentions of getting rid of the
common belief that this task of building skyscrapers was too dangerous and

Air pollution in Hong Kong
Wall–effect" and "heat island effect" Since Hong Kong restructured to financial industry base. Hong Kong government trend to build more high
buildings in core business districts to attract foreign companies invest Hong Kong, due to high rent of office/commercial buildings and lack of these
buildings especially in Central and Wan Chai. The population growth makes the demand of housing increasing. Therefore, Hong Kong has become
mixed–use development and has appeared many high–rise residential or commercial buildings. Now Hong Kong has 1,251 skyscrapers and high–rises
and the amount is top of the world (Li, 2014). And these high–rise buildings are known as walled–building and this term is created by some
environmentalists. Over these years, Hong Kong government has to find more flat land and build new housing like pushed 85,000 housing units
annual target policy (Hong Kong Institute of Planners, 2007). But Hong Kong just a small place, government increase the plot ratio to build more
houses. The development density can be calculated by maximum permitted plot ratio multiplying the site areas (Hong Kong Institute of Planners,
2007). The site area was granted by government getting large; developers plan the building on one side and club–house on the other site. And Hong
Kong government through different exemption or bonus and for different objectives to increase additional floor area and buildings bulks for instance
ancillary uses, green incentives and provision of public

Difference Between Modern Building And Modern Architecture
One of the most interesting questions to ask is why do buildings look the way the do, or rather why do buildings of a particular function have a certain
form? Now firstly not all buildings with the same function have the same form, but many buildings have a certain form which make them instantly
recognizable to those who interact with them. Specifically in respect to the Greek temple they usually took a very distinct form with a columnar facade,
and an inner cella. This allowed the people of antiquity to interact with any temple in a way that would be familiar to them. While it is difficult to find
a modern comparison to the Greek temple that in any way reflects the weight behind the temple, the modern skyscraper office building provides and
interesting subject to examine. The function of the two buildings is entirely different, and it would make sense to thus compare the Greek temple with
a modern religious building. However, the physiological effect of the form of the modern skyscraper has a much similar effect to what the Greek
temple would have had in antiquity. The differing thought processes behind modern buildings and the temples of ancient Greece are extremely
interesting to examine. One of the first subjects to look into is the building materials. Traditionally Greek Temples were built out of limestone, or in
rare occasions marble (43 RatteМЃ). Stone is an extremely strong and durable material as clearly demonstrated by the ruins that are left even after
thousands

William Le Baron Jenney's Skyscrapers
My topic is Skyscrapers and my central idea was the models of skyscrapers. William Le Baron Jenney the creator of the sky skyscraper didn't think it
would turn out. This invention or the creating of the skyscraper turned out to be a success. Quoting the great daughter of the inventor said " That she
would have never thought it would turn out." . There was innovations from the original skyscraper. People have added people have added more
windows and shapes to the design to the skyscraper. At firstWilliam Le Baron Jenney wanted to be a scientist but he had an idea to make the
skyscraper. He asked his parents for a loan, then he Started to make to skyscraper. He started in 1890 and he finished in 1900, but sadly he died 7
years after. In 1950 people wanted to innovate the skyscraper so they took a vote and they decided that recreating the skyscraper. They had workers
work day and night, the workers were mostly men. People ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He created a life for himself and he was a legend to some people. He was a man with joy in his life and he loved to live life. His wife was overjoyed
when his invention to a leap forward. Then she passed away with happiness soon after William Le Baron Jenney passed. Their children had different
mindsets on things because they grew up in such an amazing family. Three of their children went off become engineers, and one of them grew up as
a lawer because of their mom. Then all of them ended up having children of their own. Then one of their children had made a blog like I said earlier.
William Le Baron Jenney was a trusted person by all and loved.
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Architecture During The 19th Century
In the 19th century, architecture had great influenced by earlier architecture movements and styles which were adapted to the new technology of the
early modern age. The revivals of Greek, Gothic and Renaissance design were fused with engineering methods and materials.1 The development of
technology is closely associated with the production and use of materials and steel consumption and was considered as the economic development of
many countries, in Europe and America. Steel, iron and aluminium metals are used in building construction, were in the earliest time introduced into
the building materials such us: iron and aluminium. In the middle 19th century in architecture emerged characteristic development of new materials as
a result of the new industrial needs, rapid development began in the structures in this period. In the building, new forms were demanded to emerge
"modern" architecture. In the middle year of the century cast iron and steel was used structurally in a large building which was used mainly for a
publics such us: greenhouses, covered markets and halls, passages, exhibition pavilions, utility building and railways. 2
Iron Bridge was known to people at least for 5,000 years, they began to be used in the construction industry as an independent structural material in the
second half of the eighteenth century. One of the first engineering structures in the world, built entirely of metal, Cast Iron Bridge is the arched span of
30.5 m, made in Coalbrookdale

A History of New York City Skyscrapers (with Bibliography)...
A History of New York City Skyscrapers Whenever anyone thinks of New York City one of the first things that come to mind is the tall extravagant
skyscrapers located in this city. Since the late nineteenth century New York has been home to some of the tallest skyscrapers in the world. For many
tourists that come to New York City, the first thing they want to see is the skyscrapers of Manhattan. One of the first skyscrapers built in New York
City was the World Building, which many people know as the Pulitzer Building. Joseph Pulitzer was the original owner of this building; he was
publisher of the famous magazine the New York World. Pulitzer is a great example of how diverse this city is, because he was the owner of the World
Building ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The S. Paul Building stood at 315 feet tall. The architect and engineer for this building was George B. Post, the same man who put up the World
Building. This building was located on Broadway, and Ann Street. This building was eventually demolished in 1958. Many critics called the St. Paul
Building the least attractive design of all the New York skyscrapers. Just one year after the St. Paul Building was opened; the Park Row building was
opened on Ann Street and Park Row. The construction of this building started in 1896, and this building took only three years to complete. In the
1890's advances in steel–frame construction opened up new opportunities for developers. Before steel frame construction, buildings with more than
eight stories had to have very thick lower floors for support. We have to accredit the steel construction of this building to R.H. Robertson. Mr.
Robertson said that when he was drawing up the plans for this building he wanted to make it look smaller what it actually was. This building is 391
feet tall and it was the tallest building in New York City in 1899, before the Park Row Building was put up the Manhattan Life Insurance Building held
the title for the tallest building. This building has 26 floors, and a semi–circle bay of 10 elevators. In 1899 about four thousand people worked in the
Park Row Building. The Park Row Building is still standing today. The Park Row Building is located at 15 Park Row, across the street from City Hall.

Saudi Arabia Research Paper
The three tallest buildings in Saudi Arabia are the Al Faisaliyah Complex Tower, the Kingdom Center Tower, and the Mecca Royal Hotel Clock
Tower. These three buildings are remarkable in their construction, and represent the building boom that has besieged Saudi Arabia over the past
decade. Each of these buildings is new, with the Al Faisaliyah Complex the oldest of the three and finished in 2000. The Mecca RoyalHotel Clock
Tower is the newest and was completed in 2012. These three buildings are icons of the modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
The Al Faisaliyah Complex and its signature tower are located in the central business district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia halfway between Olaya
Street and King Fahd Road (Emporis). Construction on the Al Faisaliyah Complex started in 1997, and was work was completed in 2000. The
complex tower is made of a 6000 cubic meter "raft" that involved continuously pouring concrete over a 17 hour period (Foster and Partners). The
327,000 square meter complex houses a revolving restaurant inside the building's iconic golden globe element, as well as offices, conference rooms, a
100 retail unit shopping mall, 1600 bay parking lot, a 224 room hotel and 99 luxury apartments. The tower portion is 267 meters high, and was the first
skyscraper in Saudi Arabia (Foster and Partners). The King Faisal Foundation commissioned English architectural firm Foster and Partners to design
the building; its chief engineer was Buro Happold. The lobby is a key feature of

Why Do Skyscrapers Spontaneously Combust?
In April of 2012, the Al Tayer tower in Sharjah, UAE burst into flames, crumbled and crashed to the ground flatter than a pancake. This was one of
over 1,000 fires in Dubai with unknown causes; many of these fires were in skyscrapers.
The Al Tayer tower was not the last time such an incident occurred either. In November 2012, the Tamweel Tower in Dubai followed suit, and then the
Al Hafeet tower in April 2013. Luckily, there were few casualties, but in all three cases, the entire tower was engulfed in flames. All of these
occurrences had one thing in common: flammable aluminum facades.
First, why did the facades burn? According to the BBC, the origin of the problem is the aluminum catching fire – the facade consists of a combustible
thermoplastic core between two sheets of aluminum (Law 2013). All it takes to ignite something inside the tower is a dropped cigarette or unattended
barbecue (Law 2013), and the facades will be the next to go. When a fire starts, the core is the first to go, and then the aluminum can catch fire and melt
(at 1220.581В°F). Although melting is unlikely (as it require very high temperatures, aluminum begins to weaken at a mere 212В°F
(AluminumDesign.net), while the steel used in many high rise buildings such as China's Ping An Finance Center does not weaken until 797В°F
(Eagar, Musso 2001). Once the aluminum has begun to weaken, even if the metal itself is not yet burning, it is very easy for hot pieces of metal,
burning chunks of plastic or other

Stereotypes In Skyscraper
Have you thought about songs that represent you? Songs can explain everything you are going through, you just have to listen or read the lyrics. The
song "Skyscraper" by Demi Lovato represents me because of how no one can tear me down, I have been hurt for so long I have learned how to ignore
the pain most days. Next, the lyrics from "Adam's Song" by Blink 182 relates to me because I have hit rock bottom and decided that I thought suicide
was the answer but I changed my mind soon after those thoughts. Then the lyrics from "Hall of Fame" by The Script showed me that I can do
whatever my heart desires and that I should not listen to the people trying to drag me down. That is to say, "If Everyone Cared" by Nickelback is
what I wish everyone was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You may not realize what was said was hurtful to that individual, but to that individual that can be the words they wake up to in the morning or
when they look at themselves in the mirror. My freshman year of high school I got called a whale, and that 110% still sticks with me. Every time I
look into a mirror I replay that moment, and see that guy who said those things and I could tell it did not bother him one bit. As the lyrics from the
song "You Want A Battle? ( Heres a War)" state, "your words cut deep.../ I will not take this anymore/ These words will not be ignored/ you want a
battle/ here's a war" (Bullet For My Valentine 2015). When a bully bullies an individual you have to learn to stand up for yourself, tell someone, let
people know you are being bullied so that you do not have to continue feeling worthless because of a single ignorant comment. Sometimes it is best to
ignore that person, because they will realize that their words do not affect you, they possibly might leave you

The Dangers Of The City Of Retalia
The walls of Retalia rose skyward, just above the tallest building. The Ring, as we called it, glistened in the sunlight due to the silvery plates on it.
The Ring surrounded our city of Retalia, a prosperous city with silver–plated skyscrapers. The surveillance drones buzzed high in the air like the birds
we learned about in history. Although thecity was beautiful and normally filled with cheer from the many holidays, this day was different. I woke up
just like every other day, feeling ecstatic to be in this city, and wearing the standard shiny silver clothing. I had the best school, technology and food.
"Luke, breakfast is here!" my mother called as she picked up the delivery of toast, bacon, and eggs from the door.
"It seems we've ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We drove through the wall and the world outside made it seem like another dimension.
Outside there was grass. Actual living grass! And animals, oh the animals! They were alive! But this joy did not last as we kept driving we saw the
grass change color to light brown, the magnificent animals scarcer, and there were small groups of people with grim faces and saddened eyes. At
each group we stopped and dropped off some people. Eventually only one other person was left with me. We were both dropped of at a group that, as
I learned later, called themselves the outsiders.
"Hello there!" said a bearded man. He spoke with an obviously faked cheer.
"The names Logan" he said. Logan carried a large wooden pole with two curved pieces of metal at the top. The weapon was large and seemingly heavy,
but his large hands and wide shoulders would probably be able to swing it with ease.
"Im Chip." Said another, smaller figure. Chip carried a long curved piece of wood with each end tied together with a string. He also had a pouch
strapped around his waist with long pieces of wood that had feathers on one end and triangular rocks tied to the other.
"H–Hi" I said "My names Luke and, if you don't mind me asking, what are those for?" I added, pointing towards their weapons.
"Oh these? They're for the beasts! Oh, and you don't need to be so polite here, there ain't no rules!" Logan cheered. "B–beasts!?" The other kid
exclaimed "What kind of beasts?" "Now

Cities Will Be The Future Of Residential Housing
Introduction.
In an urbanising world, the way people fit into cities is of great importance.
High Density is said to be the future of residential housing, although not everyone agrees to this way of thinking.
High Density is viewed as a key strategy to manage urban growth and is becoming an increasing feature of city plans; our very own city is an example
of this.
High Density housing is defined as housing with a higher population density than the average, typically blocks of flats and tower blocks. Density is
measured in two different perspectives; physical density related to the density of people in built density, referring to a numeric or quantitative measure.
The other is through perceived density, which is in relation to the environment and to other participants.
In 2011, 20.7% of dwellings in Sydney were classified as high density. Australian cities are facing a number of challenges, including a significant growth
in population, growing housing affordability crisis, a greater concern for environmental issues, transport and urban infrastructure.
It is estimated that in the near future, 2 out of 2 people will live in cities. This is due to main reason that people naturally tend to concentrate in areas
with desirable conditions. What does the cities offer as to why it is stated that the "cities will be our future".
Our cities offer close proximity to services, entertainment and employment. Building high density housing within reach of the main sectors of the hub

The Construction Of 1km Tall Kingdom Tower Of Jeddah,...
Executive Summary
Skyscrapers are continuously increasing in height as new technologies provide solutions to unique problems that arise as a building grows.
Technological advances have given rise to categories of towers such as 'super talls' (defined as buildings of over 300 metres) and 'mega talls' (over
600 metres). The tallest building currently is the Burj Khalifa at 829.8m (Schmidt, 2013) however this will not be the case for long, as the construction
of 1km tall Kingdom Tower in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, is already underway.
With the world's natural resources in extremely short supply, it is of incredibly high importance that we use them in the most efficient way possible,
therefore significant consideration must be given to how we use them, whether this be for huge towers or otherwise.
On top of the issue above, there is an annual increase in population of nearly 76,000,000 (Worldometers.info, 2016) and the world's urban population
is also on the increase; expected to be at 70% of the planet's population by 2050 (Berg, 2016).
The next milestone height to be reached by a building is one mile. It is suggested the we certainly could build as high as this (Berg, 2016), but
whether we should is a bit more difficult to answer.
In this report, I aim to assess the benefits, drawbacks and design considerations of these enormous structures before providing an opinion on whether I
believe they should or should not be built.
Benefits
This section will explore the

Hugh Ferriss: The Four Stages
I was really drawn to the drawings by Hugh Ferriss. As it turns out, these were not the only sketches he did. His profession was making concept
sketches of buildings but he was never part of the actual building process. I wanted to know more, specifically about the drawings he completed for
the zoning requirements. During the early 20th century, in the U.S., there was a massive amount of skyscrapers being build and designed. This was
made possible thanks to the advances in steel and concrete that allowed architects to stretch their ideas to their greatest potential. This helped them to
create buildings that were larger in width and taller in height. The drawings I mentioned before are known as "The Four Stages" or the "Evolution of the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was done to create a simplified layout for the steel construction and elevator circulation. The fourth stage was the final structure. This building had
a central tower of about 1,000 feet high with seventy stories that was flanked by side buildings of forty stories with the same stepped edges on each
side (Skyscraper). By Ferriss' mid–thirties, he was extremely busy with large projects that often avoid details to favor the simple mass and presence
of the building. He did this to provoke the idea that the building was a solid from rather than a small creation (Skyscraper). Many of his peers
highly respected him and he was internationally famous for his work. It has been said that, "is ability to mesh architecture and art gave him a unique
place in the building industry." His genius ideas are mostly noticed in the way he outlined architecture. In 1915, he became the first freelance
architectural renderer and was most notable for his use of values as a way to establish the foreground and background. The reason for this is because
he flipped the contrast on its head, quite literally. Instead of using the traditional idea of the building being light on top that fades into dark of the
bottom, he drew his buildings with a very dark top that faded into a light bottom.(Beyond).
Inevitably, I could not find very much information about "The Four Stages" drawings that was not repetitive. Every site basically told me the same

Wainwright Architecture
After the industrial revolution, the development of frame construction, invention of elevator, and rise of office work made the emergence of skyscraper
an inevitable product of social and technological forces, predominantly in the American cities of New York and Chicago. This marked a significant
transform of architecture style from classical to modern. With the conversion of design concept to be more utilitarian, less classical ornamentations
were incorporated in the design of early skyscrapers like those of most of the medieval architectures had did. However, the Wainwright building must be
an exception and meanwhile an outstanding example of architectural innovations about functional aestheticism. Its Steel–skeleton structure was cladded
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Terra Cotta, an Italian words meaning "baked earth", is a durable, flexible, and fireproof building material that made of clay. One of its largest
advantages is that no matter how intricate design patterns, it can be casted into any applicable shapes. The modeling task is much easier and can be
reusable compared with other casting materials, especially with a limited range of modeling tools. Small details that was hard to be achieved in the
stone carving can be accomplished easily in the malleable material, and once burned under a high temperature, terra cotta will harden and make it
shapes like strong masonry(but comparatively lightweight and cheap in cost). Since its versatile characteristics, terra cotta became a favorite material
of Sullivan when designing the ornamentation part of the Wainwright building, and such delicate task will be never executed by using other

William Le Baron Jenney Research Paper
William Le Baron Jenney also known as "Father of the Skyscraper" was an architect, engineer, writer, lecturer, and a great mentor but more
importantly he was part of the "First Chicago School" architects.
Jenney is a very influential figure in the Chicago School, he created the high–rise steel frame based off a bird cage and a book which drew his attention
to how the cage was holding up under the weight of the book and he was inspired. He designed the first true skyscraper in Chicago and wasn't afraid to
experiment with new material. 1867, William Le Baron Jenney moved to Chicago and opened an architecture office and a few years after that he
received his first important commission as an engineer to build the West Park System. He received

Personification In Skyscraper
The song "Skyscraper" by Demi Lovato is incredibly powerful and inspiring. One of the overall messages in this piece is to stay strong and stand
tall. In this song, Demi Lovato sings about how it is important to never give up and if you fall down to stand back up. The artist is trying to say
that people will always go through hard times, but we need to be determined not to let it affect us and bring us down. "Skyscraper" is also about
how you should not let other people discourage you and that they can hurt you, but it will not break you. For instance, we should never let anyone
get to us and stay hopeful in tough times. The messages in "Skyscraper" are shown through literary devices such as similes, hyperboles,
personification, and metaphors. There are several literary devices that help show what the theme of the song is. Firstly, the lyrics "Go on and try
to tear me down/ I will be rising from the ground/ Like a skyscraper, like a skyscraper" is a simile displaying that people can try to hurt you but you
need to remain spirited and rise up (Lovato). Another example of a literary device is "Skies are crying, I am watching/ Catching teardrops in my
hands" (Lovato). This lyric is an example of personification and is being compared to the artist being gloomy or in an unhappy place. Lastly, Demi
Lovato... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The lyric, "Go on and try to tear me down/ I will be rising from the ground/ Like a skyscraper, like a skyscraper" highlights the important message of
the song. This is a simile that is being used to compare her rising up to the person knocking her down "like a skyscraper". Demi Lovato is saying that
during difficult times, it is important to rise up against the people or things that are trying to tear them down. Therefore, everyone has the strength to
fight against the pain and troubles they are

Review Of ' Degikup Basket By Louisa Keyser
Firstly, the craftwork that I would like to review is called Degikup Basket by Louisa Keyser. The artist was also known as Datsolalee who was a
Washoe Native American basket maker. Degikup Basket is basically a large basket that consist small flat base but wider in the middle and then
same diameter as base for the hole at the top. In other words, the craft produced is almost similar to a bird nest which has the concave side and
smaller top. Moreover, the craft work get the people attention after it has been documented by Keyser's sponsor who sees the art talent that she had.
Apart from that, the interesting part about the basket is it is created through a weaving process by hands which suggest that it is carefully
produced. It could be seen that the influence on the conception of this craftwork are based on Keyser's living place. The exterior of the craftwork is
likely to store a traditional value and symbolize her community custom. The simplicity portrayed by the design indicates its friendly function as it
serves either as a place to keep miscellaneous items or acts as a collection to the people. In addition, the craftwork also could be considered as unique
due to its abstract design. Since Keyser is from Washoe Indian tribe in Nevada, the materials she used to weave the basket are easily obtained in the
nature. The basket is constructed using three different things which are willow, Redbud and bracken fern root. The important material is the willow
because it is the

What Is The Impact Of Modernism
Modernism plays a big role in history and definitely changed the way of life today. In this essay I will discuss what modernism is and how it changed
the peoples perspective on design by evaluating the existence of skyscrapers and how these came to be, due to modernism.
In the middle of the 19th century the idea of combining design and functionality to create a new type of style was becoming a very popular concept.
This approach was very different from the previous approach of creating something solely based on functionality. (Infoplease.com, n.d.) In 1907 the
Deutcher Werkbund was founded with had one new goal and that was "forging an alliance between art and industry."(Houze, 2010) People of that era
were dead on set to create a new style ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Where big buildings before the invention of the skyscraper where solely used for businesses, it was now to be used for housing as well. The people
would have to accept the change from the old western style of building, to the new found modernistic way. 2. Social morality, the buildings
constructed in the old western building style always had to follow a code to what the general people think is accepted as a building or what
people think is basically saying; ugly. Because people had set standards, they had to be changed to accommodate the modernist movement and one
of these standards that needed change was the 3. truth to what a building looks like, to what it actually is. Big buildings in times before
modernism, would always be used for the needs of factories and train stations for example and would be built in a style to portray what it is,
because the people valued honesty over all other. It would thus be difficult to give a building, that is seen as a work place, ornamentation, because it
would lie about what it is from appearance. But this had to change if skyscrapers were to be used to accommodate people and it did. One can see this
in the John Hancock Tower, the building is fitted with glass windows from the bottom to the top and would usually be used to compensate people but
also businesses. So the new skyscraper was not true to what it really was because it would either accommodate people or businesses and there would be
no difference in the construction style of the two buildings. 4. Gesamtkunstwerk. "The fine, applied, decorative and design arts should be in a single
continuum, allowing for their different practical functions and production techniques."(Greenhalgh, 1990) All the buildings in the city setting should
look like they fit to one another, but still

Donald Trump's Argument Analysis: One World Trade Center
On the New York skyline once stood a set of towers known as the World Trade Center and nicknamed the Twin Towers. After the attacks on a normal
routine morning in New York City, those towers were no longer there. After several years of planning and designing, a new tower now stands and has
been labeled One World Trade Center, also known as the Freedom Tower. In the shadow of the recently completed tower are two reflecting pools that
were once the foundation of the fallen towers. During the design process and upon completion a public opinion arose with some saying, "building this
tower means the terrorists won." Others say it's a symbolism for rebirth and moving forward. After visiting New York, watching the building process of
the new tower, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a letter to the editor from 2004, Alexander Butziger says he is "glad that there will be an observation deck," and seems to believe that this
attraction will bring in many more tourists and visitors similar to how the observation deck did that was inside the twin towers. Later that same
year the Downtown Express released an article called "Freedom Tower Opponents Ready for a Fight," although this article may be centered around
the disagreement of the building of the freedom tower, one quote stands out. "The healing of the skyline," is the way Carl Weisbrod described
building a new tower. Keep in mind this article was released just days before the breaking ground of the Freedom Tower would begin on
Independence Day of that year. Weisbrod's quote is a great example of the symbolism behind the Freedom Tower that I am trying to express. It's not
about what it looks like but the idea behind the tower. Unfortunately, many of the responses to this article agree with it and state that the Freedom
Tower does not give the twin towers justice and that many locals that attended the meeting for the designs were ignored. After reading this, it was
discouraging that the local opinion was not heard, but I still stand with the design of the Freedom

The Burj Khalifa And The Tallest Building
The Burj Khalifa is the tallest building in the world, and has been since 2009. It is a work place and a home to many people in Dubai. It was
formally known as the Burj Dubai but was changed in recognition to Sheik Khalifa who paid for the majority of the building's construction. The Burj
Khalifa is located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The building cost 1.5 billion dollars to build. Construction started on January 6th, 2004 and ended
on December 31st, 2009. But 1,325 days after construction started it was already the tallest freestanding structure in the world. At the peak of
construction, 12,000 workers worked on the building per day. Only three workers died in the process. The building then opened on January 4th, 2010.
The first skyscrapers were built between 1884–1939. Chicago's Home Insurance Building which opened in 1884 was considered the world's first
skyscraper. It was 138 feet tall. In 1892 Chicago stopped building skyscrapers taller than 150 feet tall. This allowed New York to start developing
taller buildings. The economic boom of the 1920's led to the building of the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building. As the Great Depression
hit, the building of skyscrapers stopped. Since the end of the Great Depression buildings have become taller and taller until we get to the Burj Khalifa at
2,722 feet. The Burj Khalifa is made of glass, steel, aluminum, and reinforced concrete. So much rebar (a steel, reinforcing rod of concrete) was used
in the

World Trade Center History
The Hidden History of One World Trade Center
The tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, One World Trade Center is a new but emotionally
–charged icon for New York City. The spiritual
successor to the Twin Towers of the first World Trade Center, the tower rose from the ashes of 9/11 to become a symbol of bothNew York Cityand
America's strength and resilience. Few people, however, really know the hidden history behind this iconic skyscraper.
After the September 11 attacks, plans were quickly drawn up to rebuild the World Trade Center. After a contest was held to redevelop the complex, a
proposal from architect Daniel Libeskind was selected as the winner in 2002. At the centerpiece of Libeskind's proposal was a new signature tower for
the complex intended to soar to a symbolic 1,1776 feet into the air. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A symbolic cornerstone was laid on July 4, 2004 even as the design was undergoing several revisions. After several years of redesigns, the final plan
for the tower was revealed in June 2005, though financing and security issues held up the actual construction of the supertall skyscraper until the
summer of 2006.
Concrete pouring for the new tower was completed in November 2007 and construction cranes were installed in January 2008, finally allowing full
construction to commence in earnest. In 2009, the tower's name was changed from the Freedom Tower to One World Trade Center in an effort to
make it easier to identify for the public. By 2010, the tower began to rise steadily above the ground and stood at 82 floors by the tenth anniversary of
the September 11

Empire State Building Research Paper
The 102 story building towering over Midtown Manhattan in New York City is the Empire State Building. Constructed in 1931 and standing at 1,250
feet, the Empire State Building stood as the tallest building for almost 40 years until it was surpassed by the Twin Towers in 1970. The buildings plan
changed 16 times during the planning and construction process and was still completed in a year and 45 days.
The Empire State Building consist of 60,000 tons of steel, 200,000 cubic feet of Indian limestone and granite, 10 million bricks, and 730 tons of
aluminum and stainless steel.The skyscraper was constructed in an era that didn't have the technology available to make the buildings more efficient.
The building consists of masonry and below each

Skyscrapers Changed the Skylines

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