Case Study Of The Indian Coffee House, Trivandrum

Case Study Of The Indian Coffee House, Trivandrum
Case Study of Indian Coffee House, Trivandrum
The Indian Coffee House designed by Laurie Baker is one of the prominent landmarks in the
Thampanoor area of Trivandrum, where both the railway station as well as the bus terminal are
located. This building has become one of the most recognizable structures in Trivandrum because of
its unusual design. The entire building is conceived as a continuous spiral ramp, with a central
circular service core and with dining spaces provided on the outer side. The form of the building is
thus unconventional & bears Baker's trademark jaalis to let in light & ventilation. The building is
well proportioned, a cylindrical brick–red spiral continuing for a couple of floors and then
terminating in a smaller cylindrical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The buildings designed by early builders and constructed by the craftsmen of the time–though they
often incorporated foreign styles–took on local features and became a stylistic synthesis of particular
concepts of space, structure, form, and function. Vernacular building is integrated within the nature.
If we look upon the vernacular structure it leads towards sustainability and in modern decade
sustainable architecture is too much required. Vernacular architecture presents basic and simple
solutions for the sustainable issues because it has significant environmentally features that respond
to sustainability such as low energy techniques to provide for human comfort, approaches that are
integral to the form, orientation, and materials that are obtained from local resources. Thus,
vernacular buildings and correspondingly settlements can be accepted as a knowledge source for
sustainable building design ideas. Therefore, lessons learned from vernacular architecture can help
in designing of environmentally friendly built environments. Studies from vernacular architecture
may give birth to new ideas and designs for modern era which will be environmental friendly as
well as economical. All buildings must be designed with specific cultures in
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Influence Of American Industrialization On The Projects Of...
The Influence of American Industrialization on the Projects of Le Corbusier: the Ville
Contemporaine.
The end of the twentieth century was marked by the unprecedented scale of construction, huge
advances in science and technology: new advanced designs, building materials, construction
technology and strategies.1 Along with that, architects have been disclosing the failure of the
traditional aesthetic concepts in the art of postmodern architecture, which were based on the
assumption that politics should no longer be connected with the disciplines of administration.2
Therefore, the consequence of this failure was enormous number of debates occurred during that
time: whether to reject the modernity and to return to conservative values or to embrace "the
imperatives of modern technology".3 In the quest for reshaping "human industry based on the
highly effective systems of nature"4, the French architectural leaders were looking at "vitality of
American development" and, thus, the results of World War II " had virtually halted new
construction in France".5 According to Bacon, French building practices could no longer be
satisfying in the age of industrialization: in fact, this notion of "industrialization would be a critical
factor in reconstruction"6. To keep up with this new period of extensive consumption and mass–
production based society, French architects were not only "against the anarchy and uncontrolled
experimentalism of the pre–war avant–garde"7, but also organized

Preserving the uniqueness of local cultures in their...
As time progresses, the modern day society and cultures are slowly integrating into "a world that is
increasingly becoming one global economically and technologically interdependent whole, where
universal mobility is taking architects and architecture across borders and through continents at an
unprecedented speed." (Tzonis and Lefaivre, 484) The universalizing of culture is in some ways an
advancement for humanity, however global integration is threatening to subtly disintegrate the
stylistic innovation in architecture as the universal styles and cultures takes over. In order to address
the threat of globalization in architecture, it is a imperative to focus on the use of critical regionalism
throughout the world. By the integration of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By paying attention to the lighting conditions of the site, the window, a crucial element in
architectural expression removes itself from the repetitiveness of the universal styles. These add into
the factors of climatic control, bringing up the needlessness of artificial climates which need to be
maintained within the buildings, rather than the interior climate maintaining itself. The usage of
local materials and style also becomes an important factor in keeping the uniqueness of the local
cultures. This does not imply to copy the vernacular style of the area but rather insert a
reinterpretation of the local culture in the creation of the new design. The critical regionalist will
attempt to create a place oriented culture without completely mimicking the traditional styles with
the usage of the local materials and possibly local techniques. With this, the building ends up fitting
with the buildings of the local area. The universal style of architecture does not maintain this
important factor but rather deviates nearly completely from the local styles and materials. An
example of this would be the city of Dubai. With the importation steel and glass, the structures tend
to have little to no relation to the location nor the original culture design styles. Rather than
following the ideal designs that would fit with the extreme heat of the desert, the architects designed
what are essentially green houses in the

Vernacular Architecture Identity Essay
BAS250 Assignment 2 Add Rose Seidler House Icon Image
"How is identity shaped through our design, production and use of architecture?"
Theme – The idea of the vernacular – architecture as identity
The search for a cogent Australian architectural idiom.
The idea of the vernacular is strong in Australian architecture and is often defined in terms of the
'city ' and the 'bush '.
Central Questions: What is vernacular Architecture? Has there ever been and Australian
architecture?
Part 1. In search of a critical framework to define Australian Architectural Identity (Is this required?)
Vernacular building is a typology which results from a direct response to regional context (Murphy
2011). While contemporary Australian architecture ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Memmot (2007) explains how Indigenous building methods, based on semi–permanent structures
utilized original styles, local materials and, like their culture. They were poetically wedded to the
distinct sense of place for which this isolated continent is renowned. Indigenous architecture is pure
vernacular (Memmot 2007). While this is respectfully acknowledged, this essay will examine the
period after European settlement, during which Australian architecture has sourced the bulk of
materials and styles internationally and has never been purely vernacular (Drew 2006). For example,
while corrugated iron is seen as Australian it was produced in the steel mills in England and heavily
used throughout Britain and the British Empire. Drew (2006) discusses how it is accepted that since
1788, Australian vernacular buildings have always contained a plethora of international influences –
both stylistic and material – and were never truly original or unique in the same manner of
Indigenous vernacular shelters. Consequently, the aim is to find architecture which possesses
vernacular elements that overshadow the universal, international elements. To substantiate the
arguments and isolate a period in Australia's history, two case studies from the Mid 20th century will
be examined – The Rose Seidler House (figure 2), by Harry Seidler and the Curry House 2 (figure
3), by Bruce Rickard.
Figure 2: Sketch of Rose Seidler House (Dimarco 2017)
Figure 3: Sketch of The Curry House 2

How Does Photography Affect The World
With the development of modern technology, cameras have now become an optical instrument for
recording or capturing images, which can be stored locally, transmitted to other locations or even
both. Since that, photography starts to appear as a common activity for people to play with and it is
also one of the most outstanding factors to affect different countries with architectural style. The
first thing that photo affect us is the cultural identity and personal characteristics, people nowadays
are gradually losing their personal identity along with the development of photography. Secondly,
through the spread of pictures around the world, it would be entirely possible for a certain
architecture style to appear simultaneously in two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We regard ourself as some virtual characters on social media, we post photos of ourself, the food we
eat or maybe just some random photos we take, all of these photos become a part of ourselves.
However, people always want to show the good side of themselves, so photography and internet
become a perfect tool to ' get rid of ' all the bad defects. In other words, everyone is building a new "
self " through the internet. One perfect example would be the software Photoshop, photoshop was
"originally innovated to show grayscale images on a monochrome display, and later on, developed
into a full–fledged editing program"(wiki–photoshop), but it is now more considered as a tool for
"skin whitening" or " face lifting".No wonder Photoshop is named to be an "unnatural" tool, it is
hard to distinguish the truth behind a photo, in which can cause people to recognize themselves in a
wrong way. From the article to what extent does photoshop affect society written by Nikol, it says,
"Daily, we are bombarded by the appearance of "flawless" celebrities in television, advertisements,
and commercials. This wrong perception of a perfect body has led to the creation of numerous
campaigns that are fighting the use of Photoshop.' It gradually becomes a habit and people get
addicted to doing it.
Besides the culture and personal identity, the invention of different media

The Perception Of Perceptual Dialectology
The notion of 'perceptual dialectology' as a technique in variationist research
1. Introduction
1.1 The language in which we speak represents a true image of who we are and our social identity.
From listening to a particular dialect, we automatically make assumptions depending on that alone.
Through extensive analysis, it is speculated that none linguistic speakers tend to merge a specific
dialect to one location. This is recognised as perceptual dialectology, the study of how non–
linguistic speakers identify and perceive variation in language compared to their community rather
than sociolinguists. The idea originated from Japan and the Netherlands, with studies from W.G
Rensink, where the main aim of the study was to find the linguistic differences from one area to
another. Once linguistics have the information from 'folk' linguistics and scientific linguistics, then
can then compare it between social varieties to examine dialect. There are three ways to approach
the perceptual data collected; what people say, how people react to what has been said, and what
people say about (Preston, 1999). By looking at these factors within perceptual dialectology, we can
study geography, history and sociolinguistic varieties to understand the difference in speech amongst
social groups and communities. Throughout the years of the development of this study, perceptual
dialectology has advanced due to research provided by the likes of D. Preston (USA) and M.Pearce
(North East).
1.1 My

Traditional Architecture: The Art Of Vernacular Architecture
The term 'vernacular architecture' stands for the art of constructing buildings and shelters which is
spontaneous, environment oriented, community –based; it acknowledges no architect or treaty and
reflects the technology and culture of the indigenous society and environment ( Rudofsky, 1964).
Vernacular architecture is the opposite of high traditional architecture which belongs to the grand
tradition (e.g. palace, fortress, villa etc.) and requires special skills and expertise which an architect
must have knowledge of and for which he enjoys a special position (Rapoport, 1969). Bioclimatism
refers to the passive use of the Sun's energy, i.e. its direct utilization without transforming it into any
other form of energy, either electrical, thermal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The architectural tradition of each area differed according to varying culture climate and geographic
conditions. Traditional technologies and strategies focused on adapting to the microclimate rather
than challenging it. It was a point noted 2000 years ago by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the sixth
book of his 'The Ten Books on Architecture';
'If our designs for private houses are to be correct, we must at the outset note of the countries and
climates in which they are built. One style of house seems appropriate to be built in Egypt, another
in Spain, a different kind in Pontus, one still different in Rome, and so on with lands and countries
of other characteristics.'
Throughout the world, the expressions of traditional architecture are based on and adapted to local
conditions. This applies primarily to the local availability of materials and the response to climatic
conditions. However the distinctive cultural, religious and social character of a neighborhood or
region may also influences the design. (Dahl 2010).
Architecture evolved out of

Comparative Essay On Traditional Architecture Vs. Modern...
TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE VS MODERN ARCHITECTURE
We are used to hear the word architecture is always accompanied by the word of art. As all the
books of historical and private architecture references said the art triangle is: architecture, sculpture
and painting. Architecture was on the top of the list, or the leader of Fine Arts so that's why it named
by Romanian as a mother of the art.
Architecture is not just a kind of the art because it grew up and formed as a scientific basis of social
to achieve the necessities of life. therefore, the human spent an effort on it since inception Day.
Architecture has to do with planning, designing and constructing form, space and ambience to
reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations.
In general you can say Architecture is human, it's for us, for people and their systematic arrangement
of information or ideas, and it is an integral part of our everyday life. It requires the creative
manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often,
conflicting requirements must be resolved.
Nowadays, as we known the architectural community has had a strong and continuing interest in
traditional and modern architecture. Architecture, this word possesses an ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, in architecture education, the studies on evaluating "ancient" with innovative perspective
in building a reliable connection between past and future, making inferences and transferring them
into modern architecture using latest technologies are considerably important. Traditional
architecture does not reject modern technology by any stretch of the imagination. When a new
technology comes along which is an improvement over past techniques, it is natural to embrace

How Did Charles Correa's Contribution To The Art Of...
CHARLES CORREA
Charles Correa began his career when India became independent. He always worked towards
designing building which had Indian ethics and western modernity at the same time. Correa drew
inspiration from the historical buildings and vernacular architecture. He inculcated western modern
designs of abstractions and transformed them into Indian imagination. His work depicts a certain
playfulness of colour panes, light and shadows. Awarded by the Royal Institute for British
Architects, Charles Correa believed that the architecture has lost it's true essence and is now all
about whims and odd fashion. In all his projects, Correa demonstrated a strong relationship between
the environment and the emotion related to it, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He taught us how a big project like Gandhi Smarak Sanghralaya could be designed with such
simplicity. Correa designed a museum for the letters, books, values which were an integral part of
Gandhi's lifestyle. Correa had a major task in hand to build a place which spoke of Gandhi's life,
values and his philosophy. With some very simple objects as his very last possessions – his glasses,
footwear and the three monkeys, to Correa, it was the challenge to depict the Zen philosophy
followed by Gandhi in his design. Such was the design of Correa that it depicted elegance, austere
beauty, beaming with natural light and cool breeze. The structure was very simply designed and felt
of walking through an Indian village with random closed and open spaces but it had a beautiful
pattern which communicated that experience– lightness and transparency. The materials used are
clay tiles, white walls, exposed red brick; very simple and minimal for such a grand man. It is quite
evident for the visitors as well, wherein one experiences sudden peace and clarity. The principles
followed then by Gandhi and his people were very clear and straight which has been reflected in the
ashram. Wherever one sees to, the tranquillity and transparency is observed. Started by Gandhi, the
minimalism or the advent of it has been taken forward by Charles Correa quite

Luis Barragán was an Influential Figure in Architecture...
An influential figure in architecture of the twentieth century, Luis Barragán made his mark by
inciting an architecture of modern simplification of form and imbuing it with the warmth and
vibrance of his native Mexico. He is celebrated for his mastery of space and light and use of vivid
colors and textural contrasts in his works. Aside from his architectural design, he is noted for his
distinct approach to landscape design, which sought to accentuate natural surroundings and enhance
the local foliage and terrain of Mexico. Though his formal education is in engineering, his ever
growing fascination with architecture impelled his desire to develop his own take on modernism and
led him to modernize Mexican architecture. Luis Barragán was born on March 9th, 1902 in
Guadalajara in Jalisco, Mexico. Son of wealthy, conservative parents, Barragán was raised on an
estate owned by the family in the southern state of Jalisco. His parent's would afford him
opportunities that would soon shape his future as an influential Architect. At the age of 17, Barragán
enrolled in the Escuela Libre de Ingenieros (Free School of Engineers) in Guadalajara and began his
education as an Engineer. Throughout his education, Barragán worked for various builders and, after
a few years, for his brother Juan José–who was an engineer. During this time, Barragán's fascinated
with Architecture began to blossom. In 1923, at the age of 21, Luis Barragán received his degree in
engineering and continued his

Essay On Putonghua
There has been a long debate on whether Putonghua should be used in teaching Chinese Language
in the society since the Curriculum Development Council has identified Putonghua as the Medium
of Instruction in 1999. However, Cantonese is the mother tongue of the majority of Hong Kong
student for decades. Under this premise, Cantonese should be used instead of Putonghua in teaching
Chinese in Hong Kong secondary schools to enhance both the quality and efficiency of teaching.
To begin with, using Cantonese as the medium of instruction could probably improve student's
performance on learning classical Chinese. There are several Chinese language learning scholars
proved that Cantonese is an ancient Han language which has a longer history than Putonghua. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cantonese is the mother tongue of the majority of Hong Kong secondary students. It is generally
believed that student feel more confident when they are asked to speak in a language used in their
daily life. In contrast, using Putonghua to teach Chinese may cause learning obstacles. Students
need to learn a new set of pronunciation and usage of words. Both speaking and listening have to be
managed in a language that they are not as familiar as Cantonese. This probably discourage student
from class discussion. Cantonese does not contain these barriers. Therefore student is likely to focus
on deeper levels of language features and improve the teaching effectiveness. According to the study
done by The Standing Committee on Language Education and Research ("SCOLAR"), there is no
clear evidence or statistic can prove that using Putonghua as the medium of instruction can enhance
teaching efficiency (Chan, 2015) . Besides, the adoption of using Putonghua to teach Chinese
language certainly do not match the current exanimating syllabus. The oral and listening exams are
carried out in Cantonese in the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination (DSE).
Even if the schools use Putonghua as the main medium of instruction in common lessons, they have
to switch back to Cantonese when students practicing past papers. This is apparently inefficient to
provide education for one single

Theorists Define Vernacular Architecture
How Authors and Theorists Define Vernacular Architecture
Although architectural designs gain influence from vernacular considerations, there are differet
views on the advantages of vernacular architecture and what vernacular architecture is. These lead to
a growing list of references defining the term. In order to understand the term and its significance,
the term can best be described within the context of Libyan architecture.
"Vernacular architecture" has been used by scholars to categorise methods of construction using
local resources that is available in the local area and influenced by traditions to address what is
needed. Vernacular Architecture evolves as time pass by and reflect environmental, cultural and
historical changes.
There have been diverse definitions on what vernacular architecture really is and in fact, debates
continuously arise on the exact definition of "vernacular architecture". (Mercer 1975) (Oliver. 2006)
(A.Rapoport 1969) (21 v A). Nezar Al Sayyad explains in his book "Vernacular architecture in the
twenty first century" on why there are conflicts of definition on the said term. He identifies ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In contrast, Oliver argued that in the middle of the nineteenth century, Giles Gilbert Scott used the
term in his book "Remarks on Gothic Architecture" (P. Oliver 1990, p14). Oliver based his
contention on the the idea that vernacular architecture covered all types of buildings without hiring
architects (Oliver. 2006, p4). Oliver explained at the conference of the "The International
Association for the Study of Traditional Environment" (IASTE) that when it comes to understanding
the terms on vernacular architecture, buildings were built based on traditions. Hassan Fathy further
commented that the tradition did not start long ago but may just have begun recently until it became
a tradition (Fathy

The Advantages Of Vernacular Architecture
Architecture is inhabited sculpture to serving human needs, apparently forgotten in modern age
architecture. However,there has been a dependence and increase on energy expending such as
cooling, heating, ventilation and lighting frameworks to accomplish human solace in structures. the
pattern has sensibly swung the other way. designers are grasping regionalism and cultural building
tradition, given that these structures have turned out to be vitality productive and sustainable. In this
season of urbanization and rapid technological advancement, there is still much to be gained from
the customary information of vernacular architecture in order to achieve sustainable.
Vernacular building design started when humanity was compelled to make utilization of the natural
resources from the region, and give them self house and solace which is receptive to the atmosphere.
It is an immaculate response to a distinctive individual's or society's building needs, even before the
architect, to built house as per their situation. The humanistic longing to be socially associated with
ones surroundings is reflected in a symphonic architecture, a typology which ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Indeed, even during a time where materials are accessible well past our district, it is important to
consider the exemplified energy lost in the transportation of the materials to the development site.
The advantages of vernacular building design have been acknowledged all through the vast piece of
history, and are currently making an arrival among green structural engineering and draftsmen. So as
to advance later on of structural planning and manageable building, we should first pick up learning
not as an investigation of past tradition, but rather as a commitment to new techniques,
arrangements and accomplishments for the future built environment.(Sarah

'How Do Buildings Mean' By William Whyte
Language in architecture is considered an imperative part of designing, embedding itself within
architectural gestures spanning a number of historical periods including contemporary projects of
today. Throughout William Whyte's essay 'How Do Buildings Mean? Some Issues of Interpretation
in the History of Architecture' (2006), Whyte thoroughly dissects the concept of 'meaning' within
architecture, questioning a number of approaches to discerning the meaning behind a building.
"...we commonly do experience architecture as communication..." – Umberto Eco
Discussing various approaches to perceiving meaning within architecture (understanding
architecture as an expression of underlying social orders; treating architecture as a result of the
Zeitgeist, and finally; interpreting architecture as an independent sign system comprised of its own
grammar, syntax and ways of meaning), Whyte claims architecture can be understood as an analogy
to language. Subsequently, Whyte claims that simply interpreting meaning with architecture is
challenging due to the complexity of a building. To truly understand an architectural meaning,
Whyte states a number of perspective shifts must occur, ensuring all design stages, from concept
through to construction is accounted for due to the ever evolving nature of a project and therefore ...
Inspired by the original museums extensive gem and mineral collection, Libeskind's aluminium–
clad crystalline form extrudes from the ground at various unexpected angles and is characterised via
its use of particularly angular walls and random strip windows. The intervention is located directly
between the already existing West and East Wings of the ROM, producing a drastic juxtaposition
that strongly contrasts the historical architecture whilst also forging a link between the old and new

The Revolution Of Modernism And The Mesopotamian Architecture
A building is designed for functionality. This principle has served as the cornerstone of architecture
in the United States and throughout the world since the first hut of the Mesopotamian civilization.
As the centuries go by, this principle started to deviate. With a series of political debris left over
from the World War II, the Cold War and the revitalizing economic policies of the Reagan Era,
Canadian–American architect Frank Gehry was able to shatter the established architectural norm of
the modern era and pen an iconoclastic style called deconstructivism in the postmodern 1980s,
leaving a resounding legacy in the architecture industry.
The social and political debris remaining by the end of World War II and the Cold War stifled the
possibility of a new architectural movement. The revolution of modernism, a form of architecture in
which function dictated form, in the postwar decades turned into a routinized corporation that
headed towards unpromising directions as it instigated the diminishment of architectural meaning
and artistic expression. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even after completing in 1978, the house still appeared to be under construction, wrapped in
materials out of an industrial catalogue. The house retained its essence as a perpetual construction
site, exemplifying Gehry's contradictory mixture of the ordinary and the avant–garde. Combining
modernist form–making with common materials, he had the courage to exploit the implicit freedom
of the American middle–class neighborhood. This method became a first in the United States and
caught the attention of critics. In spite of the first evidence of an imminent prominence, Gehry had
to hone the power of architecture to counter the forces of capital; otherwise, its capacity to sustain
any critical role could be largely

In A Barbie World: The Rise Of Single Women
Trulia posted an article in 2013 by Jed Kolko, "In A Barbie World: The Rise of Single Women
Homeowners in America," that investigated the rise in percentage of single women owning single
family detached home like Barbie (Jed Kolko, 2013). Kolko touched upon the changing social and
cultural factors, and I wanted to know more, I assumed and wanted to explore the changes single
women homeowners made on the gender and race structure and if it impacted the home in any way.
To uncover these possible changes the center of my research is on the house, an object that I argue is
symbolic in expressing the obtainment of the American Dream, where homeowners held a stake in
the prosperity of American democracy. In this essay I explore the field of material ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Learning to read architecture–an ability that centers on a kind of visual and spatially oriented
analysis–is not easy" (Carter & Cromley, 2005, p. xvi).The short history of the field makes this
guide a valuable tool for emerging scholars as it introduces the field, guides them to conducting
research on vernacular buildings, and invites them in participating in shaping the field by adding
their own scholarship. What is significant about this guide for young researchers is that is explains
how fieldwork lacks categorical clarity and can be messy, and it is in this confusion that researchers
can reveal the priorities, values, and lifestyle of the users. Renovations and additions are part of the
built form and it results in making it difficult to categorize material, roof type, and windows
resulting in the struggle to categorize as the field work becomes more descriptive than prescriptive.
It can and does indicate social hierarchies and power dynamics within the culture, by reading this
guide young scholars can begin to understand how to read buildings and understand what they tell
us. Material culture and vernacular architect explores the relationship between objects and/or
buildings with people, and both

Critical Modernism: Critical Regionalism
1. INTRODUCTION
The term Critical Regionalism was first used by architectural theorists such as Alexander Tzonis and
Liane Lefaivre, and has been given a slightly different meaning by the historian and theorist,
Kenneth Frampton. Critical Regionalism can be briefly defined and understood as an approach to
architecture which attempts to oppose placelessness or the lack of identity in today's modern
architecture (Linda, 2012). Kenneth Frampton states that: "Critical regionalism is not regionalism in
the sense of vernacular architecture, but is, on the contrary, an avant–gardist, modernist approach,
but one that starts from the premises of local or regional architecture."
Through the writings of Critical Regionalism, written by Frampton, the loss of regional culture,
overpowered by global development is explored. Frampton has derived a new system for a new type
of architecture that synthesizes identity, past, history, culture and the values of a region, which he
calls architecture of resistance because it serves as an element of prosperity for the region itself ...
Frank Lloyd Wright's Usonian Houses, showcase key elements of critical regionalism, due to the
fact that these houses were single–storey dwellings without garages or much storage, which featured
flat roofs with the expression of native materials, with large cantilevered overhangs for passive solar
heating and natural cooling, natural lighting, with a strong visual connection expressed between the
interior and exterior spaces (Butler,

Thesis Statement On Civic Spaces
Hrushita Davey
PA101614
Masters in Architecture Thesis Proposal
December 2015
Guided by: Professor Jigna Desai
Abstract
My point of departure for this thesis is that in many of our post–industrial cities, the civic realm has
increasingly shrunk and the private realm has continuously expanded and civic spaces are arguably
more important today than ever. Most people are found using the unplanned public spaces rather
than the planned public spaces. The issue is approached by focusing on a middle ground– between
urban planning and design of individual buildings. The intent is to design an 'insertion' that responds
to specific features of the existing urban structure and the regulatory framework currently in place.
Here the juxtaposition of the old and new becomes the visible passage of time. The re–appropriation
of old forms includes what maybe called the neo–vernacular as one mode of intellectual justification
for architecture in our times. This proposition is an attempt to demonstrate a continuous interface
between public and private spaces and between access networks and inhabitable spaces.
Keywords: civic spaces, civic realm, public, middle ground, neo–vernacular
Introduction
Think what it would be to have a work conceived from outside ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The impact on civic spaces post liberalization and the consequent globalization has been
tremendous. Today, most of the emerging civic spaces are sadly being designed like commodities.
The other very obvious shift is seen in the aspiration of cities at large to emerge as front–runners in
the global rat race. This 'global' ambition unfortunately fails to acknowledge the local. While it may
be true that the Government, both at the central and state level is trying to address and bring amends
to the existing condition (including the regulatory framework) of the civic realm, there is still a long
way to go for concrete

Steven Kellert Building For Life
INTRODUCTION Typical developments referred to as "sustainable design" over–emphasize the
active systems and technology involved to allow buildings to perform efficiently through low
environmental impact design. Even of those developments that go beyond to include biophilic or
biomimetic concepts or features, most stop at organic references to nature, failing to create true
senses of place through vernacular approaches. The term "vernacular" when referring to architecture
in the context of sustainability and green building design needs to be redefined to adapt to
contemporary society. Before delving into the various current meanings and applications of the term
vernacular, the case first must be made for the role of the vernacular within ... Show more content
Steven Kellert, in his book Building for Life, starts off by echoing David Orr, saying that "the
current environmental crisis is considered a design failure rather than an unavoidable aspect of
modern life." He continues on to identify his main point: "Our primary focus is how the experience
of nature as a normal aspect of people's everyday lives at home, work, or play, or in their
neighborhoods and communities, affects their basic health and well–being." Kellert establishes
nature's benefits to people's daily lives. After explaining the benefits and shortcomings of various
experiences of nature (direct, indirect and vicarious), Kellert describes how people can
"harmonize...the natural and human built environments through changes in how we design and
develop our increasingly urban world." He describes this through the concept of restorative
environmental design, which includes Low Environmental Impact Design and Biophilic Design.
Low environmental impact design concerns the "avoiding, minimizing, and mitigating the adverse
effects of building and landscape development on natural systems and human health." Biophilic
design, building upon the work done through low environmental impact design, "encompasses two
basic dimensions: organic (or naturalistic) design and vernacular (or place–based) design." Within
architecture, Kellert defines organic design as "building shapes and forms that directly, indirectly, or
symbolically elicit a human affinity for natural features and processes." About vernacular design,
Kellert writes that "a critical aspect of restorative environmental design is buildings and constructed
landscapes that connect to the places they occur...vernacular design...[is] the tailoring of the built
environment to the particular physical and cultural places where people live and work." Kellert
defends the need for placed–based architecture, writing that "without vernacular connections to the
culture and ecology of place, buildings and

Using Vernacular Architecture And On The Passive...
According to Natural History Museum (2015), modern humans have been around for nearly 200,000
years, and in our journey to the present, humans have learnt many ways to survive. From hygiene to
hyperplasia, people have come to know the best way possible to survive in the living conditions they
lived. To help protect themselves from sun, wind, rain, snow and even enemies, one of the methods
used is what today is called vernacular architecture.
The practice of designing and constructing a building today may seem easy with modern technology
at our finger tips, however 500 years, one can imagine the difficulties, trial and errors the inhabitants
of different geographical locations had to go through just to provide suitable shelter for themselves.
These trail and errors throughout the history have benefited many civilizations and bring forward
bundles of knowledge. For this reason, the objective of this research report is to explore vernacular
architecture and to expand on the passive engineering techniques used in times when technology
was not so readily available as we have today. Also, an analysis of the different lessons learnt from
these techniques will help determine the contribution it has made to sustainable architecture and
awareness.
Vernacular Architecture
What is it?
Vernacular architecture can be described as one of the many methods, which are used in
construction. "Vernacular architecture tends to evolve over time to reflect the environmental,
cultural

Analysis Of Biophilic Design Offers A Positive Vision
Introduction.
"Biophilic design offers a positive vision of how we can achieve lives of meaning and satisfaction
through our experience of the natural world." Biophilia addresses the human need for nature, many
findings are in line with green design and sustainability. It is the study of a 'humans inherent
tendency to affiliate with the natural environment.'
Involves including nature in design such as daylighting, natural ventilation etc.
The term biophilia was coined in the 1980s by biologist Edward Wilson. His argument was that
human being have an innate and evolutionary based affinity for nature, that we subconsciously try to
connect with it throughout our lives. Humans have a biological need to be part of nature as it affects
our physical and psychological health, productivity and well being.
Biophilia is often confused for biomimicry which is often more to do with the design of things that
mimic elements from nature. Biophilia concerns our innate need for or interest in nature,
One attribute of biophilic design is the idea of 'Prospect and Refuge' which is about luring a person
comfortably from one space to another, which can be achieved though subtle changes in lighting and
curvilinear walls that guide you from place to place.
Prospect and refuge is the ability to see without being seen – this is a fundamental response to the
environment associated with protection and hazard surveillance.
'We need Nature in a deep and fundamental fashion, but we have often

Building Materials : A Sustainable Design And The Place Of...
"Buildings consume more resources than necessary, negatively impact the environment, and
generate a large amount of waste."
U.S. Department of Energy, 2003
The challenge, today, is to build intelligently, so that buildings use a minimum of non–renewable
resources and produce a minimum of pollution and wastes, while increasing the well–being of the
occupants.
This paper is an effort to understand the importance of building materials' selection in sustainable
design and the place of traditional materials in the contemporary sustainable architecture. Building
activity rapidly consumes finite resources and uses energy–intensive materials, while the
construction demand increases. In order to meet the future needs, we need to switch to more ...
Designers should not overlook their qualities and capabilities, and sometimes their supremacy over
their energy–intensive counterparts during the material selection phase.
The research methodology of this study is based on review of literature written on the concept of
sustainability in constructions, the sustainability of building materials, as well as the sustainable
benefits of using traditional materials. Subsequently, it examines different approaches in the use of
traditional materials, through the presentation of successful examples of architecture from around
the world. It demonstrates that materials perceived as outdated or insufficient, can be used in a
contemporary way to minimise a building's environmental impact. It should be mentioned from an
early stage that the selected case studies focus only on addressing sustainability through the
selection or use of the examined materials and their contribution to the improved performance of the
construction; this paper does not take into consideration whether these buildings acquire other
sustainable attributes or utilise sustainable systems, although several of them perform exceptionally.
Dissertation Outline
This paper is structured in a way that aims to be easy to navigate and understand. It is structured in
the following chapters, gradually focusing to the role of traditional materials in sustainable
architecture.
In Chapter

Benefits Of An Overseas Ngo Volunteering Organization
Bamboo school in Cali, Colombia volunteering 2012
Designers:
Andres Bappler
Greta Tesserra
Price: $20.000 USD
Surface 972 m2
Back in the summer of 2012 I had the chance of joining an overseas NGO volunteering organization
in a social project in Colombia South America; this was an excellent opportunity for an architecture
student like me, there I had the chance to put in practice organization and construction techniques
during the three months I was involved
The Client and business plan
Nicknamed "The old Lady" is so far the biggest building of a rural primary school in the province of
Montebello, This work of great size and architectural richness is one of the biggest buildings
constructed on bamboo (Guadua local name for the material) throughout Latin America, and it is
expected to revalue this material and show the world its many possibilities.
The project relies only on private obtained funds and resources, and even now several years after it
started the school complex, has only been completed about 25%, due to lack of funds, the entire cost
is uncertain as is yet far from completion
The project is being built since 2012 by the youth of Montebello and several international volunteers
it has provided training to this community of scarce resources while their school is built, always
under the criteria of social development and environmental sustainability. A good model of
knowledge transfer, "learn by doing", through the use of local materials.
The project
It is

Community Architecture And Cultural Architecture
The idea of 'community architecture' was not new, and it is related to our life. In relation to western
and non–western architecture to analysis 'community architecture' has a huge difference. For
relatively affluent Western countries, the spirit of 'community building' will be how to build a better
environment and conditions to make residents feel comfortable, but for non–Western countries,
'community architecture' often represents public buildings. This dissertation will discuss what is
'community architecture', why 'community architecture' is so special, and analysis different cases in
Western and non–Western 'community architecture' to point out the differences and values.
What is 'community architecture'?
The 'Community Architecture' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Community architecture means that the person who inhabits it are involved in and may even be
instigators of, its creation and its management as well. The inhabitants are the clients; and the
architect works for, or at least with them––in contrast to the typical situation where architects and
user never meet." () The ' community architecture' was the newly invented notion that user
participation in the environment is more important than any of another architectural concept,
especially in contrast to 'conventional architecture'. The reasons of that could be limited resources,
materials and financial.
What makes 'community architecture' different?
There are a number of important differences between 'community architecture' and 'conventional
architecture'. As the result of 'conventional architecture ' are more popular than 'community
architecture', government policies and market demand. The situation of users in 'conventional
architecture' is passive recipients of an environment conceived, executed, managed and evaluated by
others: corporate, public or private sector landowners and developers with professional 'experts '. In
the relationship between user and architect is remote, arm 's length. Little if any direct contact.
Experts – commissioned by landowners and developers – occasionally make superficial attempts to
define and consult end–users. But their attitudes are mostly paternalistic and

Why Is Vernacular Architecture
"Is Vernacular Architecture obsolete?"
Traditional Kampung houses
Vernacular architecture is an architectural style based on local needs, living environment,
availability of building materials and local traditions. This style remains significant within the 21st
century as many of the architectural concepts care still applicable to modern design techniques. The
traditional Kampung houses of the Southeast Asian region is a primary example of this, developing
its own distinctive approach to accomodate the tropical environment of which aspects regarding
thermal control, construction and community can still be learnt from today.
Kampung villages are found in nations in the humid tropics which are generally characterised as
monsoonal and have an average temperature of 27 degrees(c) year round. Because of this,
architecture within this region has to be strategically designed to handle such environmental
pressures with adequate ventilation, thermal comfort and climate defence capacities.
Kampung houses are built with many windows and doors and very few interior walls to let in
natural light and allow for maximum air flow through the building to channel out hot air. The houses
sit on raised stilts, this helps capture winds of a higher velocity and in turn provides cross ventilation
which is important to passive design. It also allows the structures to avoid potential flooding during
the wet season and provides residents an aspect of defence from dangerous wildlife.
Roofs of

What Is The Similarities Between Villa Mairea And Baker House
Harry and Mairea Gullichsen, the owners of this villa provided Aalto a chance to express his
thoughts of transformation from traditional to modern architecture. This villa is actually a mixture of
timber strips, brick wall and also rendered masonry. It is not only consist of the traditional Finnish
vernacular and modern design, but also the influence of the English and Japanese architecture. This
can be seen in the sauna of this villa, which is built with wooden walls and flat grass roof, just like a
Japanese tea house. (Richard Weston, 2004)
This building is designed in U–shaped, surrounded an inner garden and also a kidney shaped
swimming pool. The modernism idea by Aalto is expressed through the design of an open plan. For
example, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First of all, there are two similarities between Villa Mairea and Baker House. Designs related to
nature and landscape surrounding were never out of Aalto's consideration. For examples, the vertical
tree–like columns and curved panels in the library of Villa Mairea and the direction of the rooms
facing to the Charles River of Baker House. In addition, the curve and undulating form always can
be seen in Aalto's works. The shape of the swimming pool and the fireplace represent the free form
in Villa Mairea while the shape of the whole building of Baker House is obviously showing the
curving snake form.
Nonetheless，some of the design ideas in Villa Mairea are different from Baker House. For
examples, the transformation of the design style, from traditional to modern due to the request by
the owner of Villa Mairea, the open concept into the plan and also the transformation of materials
which is the change of the floor furnishing to make the villa more interesting. For Baker House,
open concept cannot fully be used as Aalto considered the privacy of students. The arrangement of
the rooms is also a challenge for Aalto because of the noisy location of this building and the aim to
have maximum view of the

Comparison Essay
Along with ethics and civics textbooks, Chinese language arts of this period shared the
responsibility of promoting citizenship education. Between 1912 and 1913, the Commercial Press
published Gongheguo xin jiaokeshu xin guowen (Chuxiao) 共和國新教科書新國文 <初小>
(Republican Chinese Language Arts for Lower Primary Schools) (8 vols.) and for Gaoxiao 高小
(Higher Primary Schools) (6 vols.) (see Appendix A).These two sets were similar in scope and
viewpoint but for the lower primary students the language used was simpler. It sold more than
70,000,000 copies within ten years (Shi, 2011, p. 7).
Texts for the lower primary school were mostly concerned with students' daily life, ranging from
household activities, games, animals, plants, geographic and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Other topics introducing practical knowledge included traditional productions such as growing tea
trees, silk making, pottery making, cotton plantation, mining, and pearl hunting, as well as modern
economic knowledge such as public bonds, monetary policy, rent tax, insurance, and business.
Traditional Confucian education ignored and even despised industrial pursuits. But after the
humiliating encounter with the West, the Chinese began to realize the importance of industry. Both
the 1906 and 1912 Educational Aims emphasized respecting for industrial pursuit.
Promoting social awareness among children was another important goal of Chinese Language Arts
textbooks. Lower primary school series were primarily focused on traditional ethical virtues, such as
filial piety, caring for younger siblings, honesty, repaying favors, perseverance, diligence and
frugality, etc. Modern ideas of freedom, equality, rights and responsibilities were incorporated into
the textbooks as well. In the lower primary school Chinese Language Arts, texts included the
Republic (lesson 3, vol. 7), Equality (lesson 4, vol. 7), Freedom (lesson 5 & 6, vol. 7), the Republic
(lesson 3, vol. 7), Patriotism (lesson 13, vol. 8), Voting Rights (lesson 15, vol. 8), Charities (lesson
36, vol. 8), Laws (lesson 36, vol. 8), How to Treat Foreigners (lesson 48, vol. 8), etc. These themes
were

History Begins At Home : Remember
History Begins at Home
Remember. Upon hearing this word, a weathered widow thumbs a tarnished locket resting in the
hollow of her throat. A wistful child nestles a tattered teddy bear into his chest. A shellshocked
veteran flicks open the blade of a corroded Swiss Army Knife. Every life is a story composed of
memories– of recollections enhanced by physical objects that evoke fervent feelings of these
moments. Because of this, any thing can mean something to anyone, regardless of its surface value
or outward appearance. This stirs up quite a bit of controversy in the world of conservation. Most
will concur that historic preservation is about more than simply maintaining bricks and mortar. The
practice acknowledges that built history serves ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But vernacular buildings are not exactly places that coincide with the popular definition of what is
worth saving. Yet, upon closer inspection, it is these haggard monuments to the toils of previous
proletariats that hold the most poignant stories of the past. Take Pine Street Historic District in
Montclair, New Jersey for example. It is filled with "vernacular single–family homes and masonry
apartment buildings ' ' but appears to be nothing more than a run–down ghetto in need of extensive
renovation. The more pressing concern is that its preservation impedes the development of
Montclair Connection, a proposed 1,200–foot train track that would shorten the commute of
thousands of employees who work in Manhattan. But these houses they would so readily see
demolished convey the story of the ' 'caretakers, gardeners and maintenance people ' ' who tended to
Montclair's more ostentatious estates (Galant). Just because the homes in the district are not grand
does not mean that they do not hold cultural significance. Every place has its secret history, its
hidden accounts of desire and diversity. Imagine the gardener's daughter meeting up with the son of
the landed gentry on her back porch to engage in a clandestine affair under the summer stars. The
past is told the way people choose to remember it. And who is to say that the previous bourgeoisie
should fade into oblivion simply because they

Architecture, Power, and National Identity Essay examples
Having a sense of belonging is one of several fundamental human needs and national identity refers
to a person's sense of belonging to one country with its history, values and traditions. Since
achieving independence in 1957, the issue of Malaysia's national identity has been in the spotlight
due to its strong social, political and economical factors implication. As a multi–cultural country, the
search for a national identity is not an easy undertaking as Malaysians consist of different ethnics
such as Malay, Chinese and Indian. Each ethnic group contributes their own unique culture and
religion, hence making it difficult to form a Malaysian identity. In fact, in September 2010, Prime
Minister Najib Tun Razak announced the 1 Malaysia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The term, vernacular architecture, was first used by architectural theorists to describe buildings that
seemed not to have been 'consciously' designed and affected by the intellectual and artistic currents
of the Renaissance (Dell Upton, 1983).
With the growing presence of globalization and modernization, the pre–industrial building heritage
is indeed under threat with modern methods prevailing. In that vein, we are seeing how the "designs,
use and meanings of these traditions change within the concepts of the contemporary processes" in a
globalized world (Lindsay Asquit, Marcel Vellinga, 2006).
The societal effects are evident in the negotiation of identity, and the definition and value of key
concepts like tradition, modernity and place (Lindsay Asquit, Marcel Vellinga, 2006). One of the
most engaging aspects that is relevant to the discourse of how vernacular architecture is tradition. It
has been a major theme in writings on vernacular architecture (Al Sayyad, 2004). According to the
values Victor Papanek exposed in his theory that "vernacular architecture is the result of multiple
causation", tradition as practiced in vernacular architecture can be displayed via a cultural
explanation: In a traditional setting, there are many that determine an auspicious date before starting
construction, by way

Luis Barragan's Style Of Architecture
Luis Barragan is an important architect that has shared his individual influences in many of his
artworks. The biggest influence in Barragan's style of architecture is from his hometown as well as
villages in Mexico. He researched architecture by himself along with experience. In my opinion, it is
important to educate ourselves about multiple architects. So that we can be exposed to multiple
styles of architecture. The whole purpose is so that we can be influenced by professionals. Luis
Barragan is a prime example of an architect who has a particular style. Although, he went through
the same process, he educated himself through architectural writers as well as friends.
My thoughts on Barragan's style I feel are influenced by his visual concepts ... Show more content
Simply due to the fact that it has many elements of his traditional style. The usage of the space is
separated into two levels. Throughout the levels of the house there is rhythm implemented in the
beamed ceiling, that match the oak stairway. The staircase is almost an optical illusion. The areas in
the house that are used the most are the library and the living room.
The library consist of multiple publications, photographs, and personal papers. The shelving in the
library is a good representation of horizontal lines. It stands out in the space and makes it look as if
the space is full. I think the shelving is a point on emphasis in the library, it also makes the viewers
eyes move along the space. Barragan does a good job of controlling the contrast of the geometric
shapes used throughout the spaces.
The influence on the house is mostly Mexican but there are other influences as well. One of the
Mexican influences that stands out to me is his use of color. The vibrant colors he uses in his
artwork are traditional in Mexico. The house consist of the colors orange, pink, yellow,and green, as
well as other neutral colors. The Mexican ceramics and textiles fit the theme of the entire space as

What Is Le Corbusier's View Of Classism
The Machine of Living.
In this essay one would read about how Classism challenged modernism or developed the modernist
movement and how modernism was used to create a new idea or style of living.
It will discuss Le Corbusier's view of classism and how his ideas of modernism influenced the
future of architecture and the design of a revolutionary building in Paris: Cité de Refuge.
Architecture was defined as a play of volumes under light, proportions and regulating lines by the
father of modernism Le Corbusier. His architectural philosophy was defined by Stephan Bayley as
"elegant, simple and correct" (Gerry, 2008). Classical architecture is defined as architecture which
refers to Greek and Roman architecture (classical antiquity) and also ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cité de Refuge was the first chance that Le Corbusier had to deal with housing for the poor in a city.
(Roberts, 2010) (Army, 2017)
Cité de Refuge was to be a place not only to house the poor but to transform them into members of
the society. Le Corbisier saw Cité de Refuge as a machine for people to live in, work in and sleep in,
he saw it as an opportunity for them to learn how to live. The Cité consisted of dormitories,
apartments for single mothers, and a crèche for working mothers, a canteen and an area for the
training of workers. (Taylor, 1987)
Le Corbusier did intense research about city planning, plated glass and metal frames. Cité de refuge
was one of the first opportunities that Le Corbusier had to experiment with some of his ideas,
research and theories. Le Corbusier suggested a double curtain wall for the south façade of the
building. The wall worked on the concept of mechanically conditioned air between the opening of
the two

Malaysian Architecture : Crisis Within By Mohammad...
'Malaysian Architecture: Crisis Within' by Mohammad Tajjudin Haji is an analysis and critique of
the struggle to develop a Malaysian architectural identity. His introduction mentions the peculiarity
of such a search; since one must first either not have an identity, or has lost his/her identity, in order
to begin such a quest. Whether this is a conscious effort by the people and the government, or a
colonial progression that does not confront any architectural conscious resistance, the author
attempts to classify the different perspectives applied for the development of an architectural
Identity (Mohammad Rasdi 2005).
'Identification of Malay vernacular spatial features within vernacular houses' by Ghaffarian Hoseini
is an analysis of the third International Conference on Arts in Society. The use of local building
materials to construct housing that makes such good use of passive energy that almost no extra
energy is required to maintain the housing is another remarkable feature of vernacular architecture.
In other words, vernacular architecture provides the local inhabitants with a comfortable living
environment while at the same having minimum impact on the natural environment.
Quantitative assessment of indoor vernacular thermal environment
Many vernacular housing environment employ passive technology that was developed for such
purposes as safety, hygiene, health or comfort using the limited technical resources available in the
days before modern technology

Development Of Hybrid Colonial Architecture
Colonial architecture is a combination architectural style of a country that has been adapted from the
other countries characteristics, methods and influences. The colonists built settlements and create
hybrid designs that include their countries of origin with the design styles. Europeans came to
Southeast Asia during 16th century. The colonial vision was effectively imposed on Southeast Asia.
At the beginning of the 20th century, most of the Southeast Asia countries were controlled by the
British, Dutch, French and the Americans. Under this colonial rule, the late 19th and early 20th
centuries was a period of fast development of such as new architectural styles, modern construction
methods and techniques, railways, roads, etc. They changed the configurations, construction and
methods to make the buildings more sustainable and maintained.
This essay focuses on the development of hybrid colonial architecture in early 20th century in
Southeast Asia. The essay investigates the different styles of buildings in different locations and
explains how these types of architecture combined both European and local origins. It explains the
Dutch style in Indonesia and the British style in Singapore and Kuala Lumpur/Malaysia while
giving an example building to these styles.
–The Dutch style in East Indies/Indonesia: The church at Puhsarang
–The British

Medieval Woman Book Owners : Arbiters Of Lay Piety And...
In the journal article Medieval Woman Book Owners: Arbiters of Lay Piety and Ambassadors of
Culture, written by Susan Groag Bell, explains the cultural changes in the Middle Ages. She give
details on how the increase in lay piety and vernacular literature were both connected with one
another. In addition to this, these two topics played key roles in the changes taking place. The
increase in lay piety is said to be a response to the political conflicts, religious demographic, and
climatological factors. Susan Groag Bell believes that the role of the women have been overlooked,
and says their influence can be found by, looking at the women's special relationship to books.
Looking at manuscripts, articles written by other authors, textbooks, and other primary and
secondary sources she breaks her points into three parts. First she looks at medieval laywomen's'
book ownership, then special relationship the women have to the books, and lastly the influence that
the woman had on the cultural changes because of their relationship to the books. Many
advancements played roles, in the growth of peoples' hunger, to obtain books. Technology had to be
one of the bigger factors, as to why books became more available, and easier to read. The invention
of the fireplace, allowed people to have more privacy because it allowed people to have smaller
rooms, that provided more privacy. Eyeglasses also helped many people be able to read. Since
people could be near or far sighted, it was hard, if

Examples Of Confucianism In The True Story Of Ah Q
The late nineteenth century to the early twentieth was an important period for China, in which a
large number of reformers and revolutionaries, in the hope of changing the old China, struggled to
make China powerful and stable. The voice of abandoning Confucianism grew stronger and
stronger, which they contended that it was Confucian that hindered the development of Chinese. Just
take Lu Xun for example. He argued that Confucianism was the "man–eating manners", which gave
birth to those who just cared about themselves without any conscience of protecting their family.
Moreover, Lu Xun put forward that China should learn from the Western. Another example is Hu
Shi. He extremely called for the Modern Chinese language must be in the place of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The prominent character of him was self–deceiving and self–important, which exactly reflected the
farmer's ideas at that time. He was not only the symbol of the poor proletarian but also a farmer
suppressed by authority. In addition, he did not have a name at all, and the only name he got was
deprived by Mr. Zhao.
The method that Ah Q most often used was spirit victory. That was kind of expression of self–
deceiving. For example, when he was beaten, he comforted himself by using" Son hit his father".
Moreover, while other people teased him that he was poor, he argued that my ancestors were richer
than yours. His characters, in essence, were devoid of self– awareness. He judged people with his
own standard, where anything that not conform to his standard would be wrong.
From this novel, Lu Xun seriously criticized the social reality at that time when people were self–
deceiving, who always took themselves as the center of the world. The attitude of Lu Xun toward
farmers was that on the one hand, he felt sympathetic to them. On the other hand, he hated that they
did not fight for themselves. With his sharp pen, he analyzed the reason why the farmers always lag
behind others, while showing sympathy to them. Meanwhile, he tempted to use his novel to warn
Chinese reformers, although May Fourth movement awakened a part of Chinese people like
students, most Chinese peasants were still ignorant and

Modern Architecture Essays
ESSAY 1
Le Corbusier and Mies van de Rohe were two architects influenced by the contemporary movements
of their time period. Le Corbusier's architectural ideology was derived from the multiple techniques
and styles he had previously encountered through study. His early designs were expressive of the
"youth style" which was introduced to him by his instructor, L'Eplattenier. New technologies,
however, began to influence his philosophies. Le Corbusier saw potential in concrete building
systems and desired to experiment with its structural abilities through his designs. The modern
industry, as well as the political disorder which came about following the First World War,
motivated his innovative design philosophies which appeared in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Style, he described, was defined by the time period in which architects practiced like building
techniques and philosophies. Michael Speaks would have attributed the lack of 'new' in the
architecture of Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier's era to cohesion to general manifestoes
produce outside their time period. Architects from later time periods cannot pursue the same
manifesto because technological advances in design must be considered. His arguments reveal that
following a general manifesto from start to finish will produce an unchanging architecture. Michael
Speaks wrote, "I do not believe we need another manifesto in architecture, even of the incomplete,
aborted or personal variety. Architecture, it seems has suffered enough from the illusion that
manifestoes matter (except insofar as they stifle creativity) and it is time we found other ways of
developing experimental practices ... Vanguards, with their five points, seven principles and ten
theses for a new architecture, draw a line that leads straight from the manifesto to 'the new.' And
because the completion of this line is best that can be hoped for, there is nothing new about the
'new.'" If architects followed the same lines to solve the same problems, a new architecture could not
be actualized. A separation from the lines between manifesto and solution made way for discovery
of design and methods of creating 'new' architecture. Mies van der Rohe and Le

Architecture And Vernacular Architecture
BACKGROUND
Architecture is a physical manifestation of the needs and aspirations of a society and is determined
by few factors – context, climate, environment, and socio–cultural aspects of a place or a region. It
includes not only monumental and professionally designed monuments but also quaint residential
structures built by craftsmen and lay people for their own use. It includes the interrelationships of
the built and open spaces within the larger landscape. (Tipnis, 2012)
In the 21st century, as the world converges to become a global village and tradition and culture lose
their local distinctiveness; many questions arise over the existence of vernacular architecture. Will
the vernacular simply disappear or will it adapt itself to the changing ecological and cultural
environment? Will it continue to be labelled as an image of poverty and backwardness or will it be
eradicated and replaced with more modern buildings of steel and concrete?
By virtue of its definition, vernacular is perceived as local, native and unique to a specific place,
created by locals who occupy that particular space without the use of imported components and
processes. Vernacular architecture may be understood as the climactic stage of the interpretation ...
The yellow sandstone havelis along the streets of Jaisalmer, the floating households in Kashmir, the
bamboo constructions in Bengal and Assam are all architectural masterpieces and provide distinctive
identity to a place. Every region thus has evolved an architecture that is unique combination of
response to the climate, imaginative use of local materials, resources, technology, traditional
knowledge and skills, religious and social customs and represents the way of life through collective
experience of

The Approach Of Contextualism
Contextualism is an important paradigm in architectural education and practice based research.
Context in architecture refers to the surroundings or setting in which the building is placed. In doing
so, architectural cues derived from the context play an important role in creating architectural
vocabulary. The changing dynamics of society is forcing designers to think beyond the locals. In the
process, new development is fulfilling the demands of the society, but at the same time it is
generating the sense of placelessness. Traditional built forms as physical context and social
anchorage are remaining only as a backdrop for urban development. In such situation, lack of sense
of place, identity and continuity are the major challenges in proposing architectural language.
Various theories and approaches have been suggested to address the issue. This paper is an attempt
to provide an approach of contextualism to maintain architectural identity and continuity of a place.
The paper also verifies different strategies to the conserve historic context of a place and
methodologies for responding to it logically in the present context. Here contextualism is seen as an
approach to conserve our indigenous way of life by continuing the identity of the traditional urban
landscape.
Key words: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It seeks to increase the sustainability of planning and design interventions by taking into account the
existing built environment, intangible heritage, cultural diversity, socio–economic and
environmental factors along with local community values( Recommendation on the Historic Urban
Landscape, including a glossary of definitions, 10 November 2011). Recent development shows a
lot of concern for designing in the historic and traditional context and there are varied approaches of

Can Critical Regionalism Counteract The Impact Of...
Can Critical Regionalism counteract the impact of Globalisation on our cities?
In the era of constant networking and relaying of information, the world has become a much smaller
place. The shrinking world has somewhat become a familiar spectacle of identical fads and
lifestyles. At least in the developed countries, globalisation has given birth to homogenous consumer
culture. Demonstrated not only by the expansion of multi–national cooperations such as Apple and
Starbucks but also by the indistinct architecture. It is a common sighting in urban cities today to see
the identical steel, concrete and glass structures. This occurrence might be innate due to the easy
exportation of concepts and architects, however not obligatory. Whilst advancing towards a modern
society, architects have adapted this "universal style" of architecture that fails to represent the unique
topography of different cities. Architects have the choice to either "repeat the same building
everywhere or to push ourselves forward, to create an encounter between ourselves and the local
culture" (Koolhaas, 2012). If the notion of Critical Regionalism were to be practiced by architects
through the integration of the local culture with modern techniques, it could potentially return the
missing identities of these cities.
Critical Regionalism was devised during the early 20th century, as an attempt to reject the monotony
developed by the International Style and the purposeless ornamentation utilised by

Case Study Of The Indian Coffee House, Trivandrum

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Case Study Of The Indian Coffee House, Trivandrum

Similar to Case Study Of The Indian Coffee House, Trivandrum (8)

More from Brenda Zerr

More from Brenda Zerr (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Case Study Of The Indian Coffee House, Trivandrum