Meningomyelocoele
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Meningomyelocoele is a severe type of spina bifida where the meninges, nerve roots, and spinal cord protrude through a defect in the spine. It occurs due to failure of the neural tube to close during early development. Children with meningomyelocoele often experience neurological deficits, paralysis, bladder and bowel issues, hydrocephalus, and other health problems. Treatment involves surgery to close the defect, management of complications, and physical therapy. Improving mobility, even with assistance, can positively impact cognitive development in children with meningomyelocoele compared to those who are not mobile.
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Meningomyelocoele is the most severe type of spina bifida where there is a cystic swelling over the spinal defect containing meninges, nerve roots, and spinal cord outside the vertebral canal. It occurs due to failure of closure of the neural tube during development. Clinical features include lower limb paralysis, bladder and bowel dysfunction, hydrocephalus, and Arnold-Chiari malformation in 95% of cases. Treatment involves closure of the defect soon after birth along with lifelong multidisciplinary care. One study found that children with meningomyelocoele who could walk, even with aids, performed better cognitively than those who used wheelchairs, suggesting locomotion may positively impact development.
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Subscription Link: http://youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator...
• Dear Viewers,
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Hydrocephalus is a condition caused by an imbalance in cerebrospinal fluid circulation and absorption in the brain, which leads to excessive accumulation of fluid in the ventricles and increased intracranial pressure. It can be congenital due to malformations or acquired from infections, tumors, or hemorrhages. The excess fluid causes ventricle dilation and brain compression. Treatment involves surgical placement of a shunt to drain fluid from the ventricles to the abdominal cavity or heart. Complications include shunt malfunction and infection. Spina bifida is a neural tube defect where the spine fails to close, often with a visible sac-like protrusion of membranes and spinal cord. It can cause paralysis, in
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This document discusses the approach to evaluating and diagnosing a floppy infant. A floppy infant refers to one with generalized low muscle tone or hypotonia. Common causes discussed include central nervous system issues like cerebral palsy, lower motor neuron disorders like spinal muscular atrophy, and myopathies. The document outlines examination findings that can help localize the source of the hypotonia. Initial tests may include bloodwork and imaging while EMG, genetic testing, and muscle biopsy can further evaluate certain causes. The most common causes found in one study of floppy infants were various forms of spinal muscular atrophy and congenital myopathies.
Neural tube defects
This document discusses neural tube defects, which result from failure of the neural tube to close during early development. It describes the classification, diagnosis, investigations, management, and prevention of various neural tube defects including anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. Prenatal screening and folic acid supplementation are important for prevention, while management requires a multidisciplinary approach to address physical, developmental, and cognitive issues.
Meningiomyleocele
Neural tube defects are caused by abnormal neurulation, the process of forming the neural tube during the fourth week of development. Failure of the neural tube to close properly results in malformations like myelomeningocele, where the meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in the vertebrae. Prenatal diagnosis allows parents to make informed decisions and improves care for affected newborns. Common features include paralysis, bladder/bowel issues, orthopedic problems, and hydrocephalus.
spinabifida-200601103727.pdf
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal cord fails to close properly, leaving it exposed. There are three main types: spina bifida occulta, which has no protrusion and is usually asymptomatic; meningocele, which involves protrusion of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid in a sac; and myelomeningocele, the most severe form, which involves protrusion of spinal cord and nerves. Treatment involves surgery to close the defect as well as management of any related conditions like hydrocephalus or paralysis. Parents are counseled and trained to care for the child's lifelong needs.
Spina bifida
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal cord fails to close properly, leaving it exposed. There are three main types: spina bifida occulta, which has no protrusion and is usually asymptomatic; meningocele, which involves protrusion of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid in a sac; and myelomeningocele, the most severe form, which involves protrusion of meninges, spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment involves surgery to close the defect as well as management of any related conditions like hydrocephalus or paralysis. Parents are counseled and trained to care for the child's lifelong medical needs.
Cerebral palsy by Dr vijitha
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy (CP), including:
- CP is a permanent disorder of movement and posture caused by non-progressive brain damage early in development. It causes limitations in activity.
- CP is classified based on physiology (type of abnormal muscle tone), topography (location of affected limbs), and etiology (underlying cause). The most common types are spastic diplegia and spastic hemiplegia.
- CP is diagnosed based on clinical features like abnormal muscle tone and reflexes. Comorbidities include seizures, intellectual disabilities, and secondary musculoskeletal problems. Timely diagnosis and treatment can help improve prognosis and prevent further complications.
Cerebral palsy PPT Pediatric
This document provides an overview of cerebral palsy (CP), including its definition, causes, classifications, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. CP is a permanent motor disability caused by non-progressive damage to the developing brain. It is classified based on motor type (spastic diplegia, hemiplegia, etc.). Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach including physiotherapy, orthotics, pharmacotherapy, and surgery to improve mobility and function. Prognosis depends on the type and severity of CP, but a team-based approach aims to maximize development and independence.
Neural tube defects (myelomeningocele) | spina bifida
Neural tube defects occur when the neural tube fails to close properly during early embryonic development. This document discusses several types of neural tube defects including anencephaly, myelomeningocele (spina bifida), and meningocele. It covers the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, management including surgical repair, and long term prognosis of those affected. Prevention through adequate folic acid intake before and during early pregnancy is also discussed.
Spina bifida and physiotherapy
This document discusses spina bifida, including:
- Defining spina bifida as an incomplete closure of the neural tube, usually in the lumbar or sacral region.
- Describing the different types from spina bifida occulta to myelomeningocele.
- Detailing the various clinical presentations depending on the location and severity, including neurological deficits, hydrocephalus, orthopedic issues.
- Explaining that treatment involves surgery to cover or untether the spinal cord, along with medications, physical/occupational therapy, and follow-up to address complications.
- Emphasizing prevention through adequate folate intake before and during pregnancy to reduce the risk of spina bifida
Congenital diseases causing Spinal Cord Compression
Compression of spinal cord is a serious anomaly which gives rise serious comorbidities with respect to the site of its occurrence. There can be varies reasons for compression of spinal cord which can be either acquired during the life processes or can be congenital. Diseases which lead to congenitally compressing the spinal cord have been explained in brief.
Some conditions are the most important factor for compression of spinal cord at various levels and earlier diagnosis of which can not only prevent but also make the patients liable for early rehabilitative regimes. Conditions like Spina Bifida, Tethered Cord, fault at notochord formation, etc. can be summarised to understand the basic concept and knowledge regarding the conditions.
Presentation1.pptx, congenital malformation of the brain.
More than 2000 congenital brain malformations have been described. Magnetic resonance imaging is useful for studying these conditions. The document provides an overview of important congenital brain malformations, including disorders of organogenesis like Chiari malformations, holoprosencephaly, and cephaloceles. Disorders of histogenesis and cytogenesis such as neurocutaneous syndromes, vascular malformations, and tumors are also discussed. The imaging features of various malformations are presented to aid diagnosis.
Similar to Meningomyelocoele (20)
Neural tube defects (myelomeningocele) | spina bifida
Neural tube defects (myelomeningocele) | spina bifida
Congenital diseases causing Spinal Cord Compression
Congenital diseases causing Spinal Cord Compression
Presentation1.pptx, congenital malformation of the brain.
Presentation1.pptx, congenital malformation of the brain.
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CAD+And+ACS
Coronary artery disease is caused by the gradual deposition of fat in the coronary arteries, which narrows the arteries and reduces oxygen supply to the heart muscle. This ischemia can cause chest pain known as angina or a myocardial infarction if the artery is completely blocked. Treatment options include lifestyle modifications, medications like nitrates and beta blockers, and procedures like percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Diagnosis involves electrocardiograms, stress tests, and coronary angiography to evaluate the extent and location of blockages.
Cardiac+Electrophysiology
1. Cardiac electrophysiology involves the electrical activity in the heart, including the action potential and ion currents.
2. The cardiac action potential is initiated by the opening of fast sodium channels, followed by calcium and potassium channels.
3. Pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node generate spontaneous action potentials due to a balance of slow inward calcium and funny currents and delayed outward potassium currents.
4. Action potentials propagate from pacemaker cells through the heart via gap junctions between cardiomyocytes. Propagation speed depends on the underlying ionic currents.
Hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a major public health problem worldwide. It is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. While there is no cure, lifestyle modifications and medication can help prevent and manage hypertension. The goal of treatment is to reduce cardiovascular and renal risks and complications through lowering blood pressure. Treatment typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medications, with regular monitoring needed to control the condition.
Management+of+Diabetic+Neuropathy
This document discusses diabetic neuropathy and its management. It provides definitions of diabetic neuropathy and outlines its causes, types, risk factors, features, burden, and management approaches. Pregabalin is established as an effective first-line treatment based on evidence from multiple clinical trials. Trials showed that pregabalin across dosage ranges of 150-600 mg/day significantly reduced neuropathic pain in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Diabetes+and+Pregnancy
Gestational diabetes affects 2-3% of pregnancies and is characterized by carbohydrate intolerance that develops during pregnancy. Risk factors include maternal age over 25, family history of diabetes, prior macrosomia or stillbirth. Screening involves a glucose challenge test at 24-28 weeks of gestation. A diagnosis requires two abnormal values on a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test. Treatment focuses on tight glycemic control through diet, exercise and possibly insulin to reduce risks of complications for both mother and baby like macrosomia, birth trauma and neonatal hypoglycemia.
Legg+Calve+Perthes+Disease
Legg Calve Perthes Disease (LCPD) is osteonecrosis of the femoral head that typically affects children between the ages of 4-10. For patients under 6 years old with minimal involvement, the prognosis is generally good and treatment involves rest and anti-inflammatories. For patients between 6-8 years old with more involvement, containment of the femoral head through bracing or surgery is often recommended. Patients presenting after age 9 usually have a poor prognosis due to more advanced involvement and are treated with early containment procedures, though stiffness can be a complication.
Osteoid+Osteoma
Osteoid osteomas are benign bone tumors that typically occur in patients under age 25. They most commonly arise in the femur or tibia and cause pain that is often worse at night but relieved with aspirin. On imaging, osteoid osteomas appear as a small lucency known as a nidus surrounded by reactive bone thickening. Treatment involves surgically removing just the nidus tissue to relieve the pain.
Osteoid+Osteoma
Osteoid osteomas are benign bone tumors that typically occur in patients under age 25. They most commonly arise in the femur or tibia and cause pain that is often worse at night but relieved with aspirin. On imaging, osteoid osteomas appear as a small lucency known as a nidus surrounded by reactive bone thickening. Treatment involves surgically removing just the nidus tissue to relieve the pain.
Osteoid+Osteoma
Osteoid osteomas are benign bone tumors that typically occur in patients under age 25. They most commonly arise in the femur or tibia and cause pain that is usually worse at night but relieved with aspirin. While small in size, osteoid osteomas can be identified on imaging as a focal lucency known as a nidus surrounded by reactive bone formation. Surgical removal of just the nidus is the standard treatment and provides effective pain relief.
Osteoid+Osteoma
Osteoid osteomas are benign bone tumors that typically occur in patients under age 25. They most commonly arise in the femur or tibia and cause pain that is often worse at night but relieved with aspirin. On imaging, osteoid osteomas appear as a small lucency known as a nidus surrounded by reactive bone thickening. Treatment involves surgically removing just the nidus tissue to relieve the pain.
Legg+Calve+Perthes+Disease
Low back pain is very common, affecting 2/3 of adults. While most cases are benign and self-limited, it can be difficult to distinguish serious cases requiring treatment from mild cases. Guidelines recommend focused history and physical exam to classify patients, and conservative treatments like exercise, NSAIDs, and cognitive behavioral therapy as first-line approaches. Imaging like X-rays and MRI are not routinely needed but may help identify rare serious causes; radiation exposure should be minimized. Surgery or injections show limited benefits and are usually not recommended for non-radicular back pain but may help in cases of radiculopathy or stenosis with no improvement from other therapies. A biopsychosocial approach focusing on underlying pain mechanisms rather than just
Osteoid+Osteoma
Osteoid osteoma is a benign bone tumor most common in teenagers and young adults. It presents as a small nidus less than 2 cm in size that typically causes pain, especially at night, which is relieved with aspirin. Common locations are the femur and tibia. Radiographically, it appears as a well-defined lucency surrounded by sclerotic bone. Surgical removal of just the nidus is the standard treatment to relieve symptoms.
Complications+of+Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. It occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces, and there are three main types: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Long-term complications of diabetes include microvascular damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves, as well as macrovascular damage increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. Management of diabetes focuses on glycemic control through diet, exercise, oral medications, and sometimes insulin to reduce the risk and progression of complications.
Interventional+Procedures
The document provides an overview of several interventional procedures for treating valve diseases, including percutaneous aortic valve replacement, percutaneous mitral valve repair, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), cardiac devices like implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), and artificial hearts. Key procedures discussed include replacing the aortic valve through a catheter in the femoral artery, repairing the mitral valve with a small metal clip, and implanting devices like ICDs, CRT pacemakers, and temporary artificial hearts.
Angiogram
An angiogram is an imaging test that uses x-rays and dye to map the blood vessels. A catheter is inserted into an artery and threaded to the targeted blood vessels where dye is injected to make blockages visible on x-rays. Angiograms are performed to detect blockages in arteries of the heart, brain, legs, and other organs to help diagnose and plan treatment for conditions like heart disease. While it provides detailed images of blood vessels, risks include bleeding or reaction to the dye where the catheter is inserted.
Polypharmacy+in+Schizophrenia
The document discusses antipsychotic polypharmacy, which is the use of two or more antipsychotic medications simultaneously. It notes that while some studies have found antipsychotic combinations to be more effective than monotherapy for severe cases, other research has associated polypharmacy with higher risks of side effects and issues with long-term safety are still unclear. Overall, the document advocates for a cautious, evidence-based approach to antipsychotic treatment using monotherapy when possible before considering polypharmacy options.
Depression+and+Diabetes
This document discusses the relationship between diabetes and depression. It notes that depression affects approximately 15-20% of diabetes patients, higher than the general population rate of 3-5%. When diabetes and depression co-exist, they can worsen one another by increasing risks like heart disease, poor self-care, and higher mortality. The document recommends treating both conditions through lifestyle changes, medication, and therapy in order to improve health outcomes and quality of life.
Antidepressants+in+Psychiatric+Disorder
Antidepressants are drugs that relieve symptoms of depression and were first developed in the 1950s. There are approximately 30 types that fall into 5 main categories and are used to treat various psychiatric disorders like depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and eating disorders. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are commonly prescribed to treat conditions like generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks, and bulimia nervosa.
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of articular cartilage. This leads to pain and stiffness in the joints. As the disease progresses, cartilage continues to deteriorate and bone may start rubbing against bone, causing more damage. While aging is a risk factor, genetics and mechanical stresses on the joints also contribute to osteoarthritis. For many patients, joint replacement surgery like knee or hip arthroplasty may become the only viable treatment option once bone-on-bone contact occurs to relieve pain and improve mobility.
Juvenile+Rheumatoid+Arthritis+slides
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is a general term for arthritis and related conditions occurring in children under 16 years old. It is characterized by inflammation of connective tissues causing joint swelling and pain. There are different subtypes classified based on the number and pattern of involved joints. Treatment has shifted to more aggressive early treatment with medications to prevent joint damage, and includes NSAIDs, DMARDs like methotrexate, biologics like etanercept, and corticosteroids. Outcomes depend on subtype, but can include long term joint damage, disability, and risk of continued arthritis into adulthood.
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Meningomyelocoele
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