Neural tube defects are birth defects that result from the failure of the neural tube to close properly during early embryonic development. The most common types are spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Prevention focuses on women getting adequate folic acid before and during early pregnancy. Treatment depends on the specific type of defect but may involve surgery to repair the opening and protect the exposed tissues, management of any related conditions like hydrocephalus, and lifelong care for resulting physical, neurological, and functional impairments. Prognosis depends on the severity of the defect and can include permanent disability.
The neural tube is the embryonic precursor to the central nervous system. During development, the neural tube forms as the neural folds lift and fuse together. Improper closure of openings in the neural tube can cause neural tube defects like anencephaly or spina bifida. Anencephaly involves failure of the brain and skull to develop properly. Spina bifida occurs when the spinal cord, brain, or their protective coverings do not fully develop, and can range from mild to severe depending on the type and extent of involvement. Treatment options depend on the specific type and symptoms of each defect.
Encephalocele is a rare disorder where the skull bones do not fully close, creating an opening. Brain tissue, fluid, and membranes protrude out in a sac. It is usually diagnosed prenatally at 8 weeks and is visible on the head. Surgery is required to close the opening and prevent complications like hydrocephalus. After surgery, patients require monitoring and rehabilitation as they may experience issues like developmental delays, seizures, or paralysis.
Shaken Baby Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Manifestation, Diagnosis, Man...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
Hirschsprung's disease is a congenital disorder caused by the absence of ganglion cells in parts of the colon, which prevents normal nerve function. It most commonly involves the rectum and sigmoid colon. Affected infants experience constipation or intestinal obstruction after birth. Diagnosis involves rectal biopsy and imaging tests. Treatment involves surgically removing the affected part of the colon and reconnecting the healthy ends, which often cures the condition. Complications can include infection, leakage at the connection site, or ongoing constipation issues.
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), which are birth defects where an opening remains in the spine or skull early in development. The main types are open defects like spina bifida and anencephaly, and closed defects. NTDs can be caused by folic acid deficiency, genetics, medications, and other factors. Symptoms vary depending on the specific defect. Diagnosis may involve ultrasounds and alpha-fetoprotein testing. Treatment ranges from surgery to palliative care, while prevention focuses on adequate folic acid intake before and during pregnancy.
Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused when a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy. It can cause growth problems, facial abnormalities, and central nervous system issues in the baby. The degree of effects depends on how much and when during pregnancy the mother drank. While there is no cure, early diagnosis and educational/behavioral support programs can help address learning problems. The most effective prevention is for women not to drink alcohol when pregnant or trying to become pregnant.
This document discusses fetal lie, presentation, attitude, and position. It defines key terms and describes:
- The most common lie is longitudinal, while oblique is unstable and may change during labor.
- Presentation refers to the fetal part nearest the birth canal, usually determining by vaginal exam. In longitudinal lie it is usually the head (cephalic) or breech. In transverse lie it is the shoulder.
- Vertex and occiput anterior are the most common cephalic presentations. Breech presentations predispose complications.
- Fetal position refers to whether the presenting part is left or right in relation to the mother.
- Leopold's maneuvers and vaginal exam are
This document discusses cleft lip and cleft palate. It begins by defining cleft lip and cleft palate as facial malformations that occur during early fetal development due to failed fusion of tissues. It notes the incidence of each condition and potential risk factors like medications and environmental exposures. The document outlines the types of cleft lip and palate and describes the multi-stage surgical and non-surgical treatments required from infancy through adolescence to correct the conditions.
The neural tube is the embryonic precursor to the central nervous system. During development, the neural tube forms as the neural folds lift and fuse together. Improper closure of openings in the neural tube can cause neural tube defects like anencephaly or spina bifida. Anencephaly involves failure of the brain and skull to develop properly. Spina bifida occurs when the spinal cord, brain, or their protective coverings do not fully develop, and can range from mild to severe depending on the type and extent of involvement. Treatment options depend on the specific type and symptoms of each defect.
Encephalocele is a rare disorder where the skull bones do not fully close, creating an opening. Brain tissue, fluid, and membranes protrude out in a sac. It is usually diagnosed prenatally at 8 weeks and is visible on the head. Surgery is required to close the opening and prevent complications like hydrocephalus. After surgery, patients require monitoring and rehabilitation as they may experience issues like developmental delays, seizures, or paralysis.
Shaken Baby Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of Manifestation, Diagnosis, Man...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
Hirschsprung's disease is a congenital disorder caused by the absence of ganglion cells in parts of the colon, which prevents normal nerve function. It most commonly involves the rectum and sigmoid colon. Affected infants experience constipation or intestinal obstruction after birth. Diagnosis involves rectal biopsy and imaging tests. Treatment involves surgically removing the affected part of the colon and reconnecting the healthy ends, which often cures the condition. Complications can include infection, leakage at the connection site, or ongoing constipation issues.
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), which are birth defects where an opening remains in the spine or skull early in development. The main types are open defects like spina bifida and anencephaly, and closed defects. NTDs can be caused by folic acid deficiency, genetics, medications, and other factors. Symptoms vary depending on the specific defect. Diagnosis may involve ultrasounds and alpha-fetoprotein testing. Treatment ranges from surgery to palliative care, while prevention focuses on adequate folic acid intake before and during pregnancy.
Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused when a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy. It can cause growth problems, facial abnormalities, and central nervous system issues in the baby. The degree of effects depends on how much and when during pregnancy the mother drank. While there is no cure, early diagnosis and educational/behavioral support programs can help address learning problems. The most effective prevention is for women not to drink alcohol when pregnant or trying to become pregnant.
This document discusses fetal lie, presentation, attitude, and position. It defines key terms and describes:
- The most common lie is longitudinal, while oblique is unstable and may change during labor.
- Presentation refers to the fetal part nearest the birth canal, usually determining by vaginal exam. In longitudinal lie it is usually the head (cephalic) or breech. In transverse lie it is the shoulder.
- Vertex and occiput anterior are the most common cephalic presentations. Breech presentations predispose complications.
- Fetal position refers to whether the presenting part is left or right in relation to the mother.
- Leopold's maneuvers and vaginal exam are
This document discusses cleft lip and cleft palate. It begins by defining cleft lip and cleft palate as facial malformations that occur during early fetal development due to failed fusion of tissues. It notes the incidence of each condition and potential risk factors like medications and environmental exposures. The document outlines the types of cleft lip and palate and describes the multi-stage surgical and non-surgical treatments required from infancy through adolescence to correct the conditions.
Nelson is the reference of choice for all those who decide to specialize or sub-specialize in pediatrics. While the field of general pediatrics moves relatively slowly, the sub-specialty areas – most of which have a great impact on the practice of general pediatrics – tend to move more quickly. Nelson offers thorough coverage of the entire specialty
Check out a sample of Chapter 30 in the latest 19th edition. For purchase, please visit www.asia.elsevierhealth.com
Encephaloceles are rare birth defects associated with skull defects characterized by partial lacking of bone fusion leaving a gap through which a portion of the brain sticks out (protrudes).
Coma is defined as an unresponsive state with closed eyes lasting less than 24 hours that requires medical intervention. Common causes of pediatric coma include trauma, drowning, infection, metabolic disorders, and lack of oxygen or blood flow to the brain. The initial priorities for treatment are stabilizing breathing, circulation, blood sugar, and other vital functions, as well as identifying and treating any underlying medical issues causing the coma. Outcomes depend on the underlying cause, with complete recovery more likely after toxic or metabolic comas, while severe injuries like trauma or hypoxia often result in long-term neurological impairments.
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), which are congenital malformations of the brain and spinal cord caused by improper closure of the neural tube early in embryonic development, usually due to folic acid deficiency. It defines various types of NTDs including spina bifida, encephalocele, myelomeningocele, anencephaly, and tethered cord syndrome. For each type, it describes the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management approaches including surgery, bracing, physical therapy, and shunting procedures. Genetic and environmental risk factors are also discussed. The document provides a detailed overview of NTDs for medical professionals.
Nephroblastoma, also known as Wilms tumor, is the most common renal cancer in children. It arises from primitive renal cells that failed to differentiate normally. Clinically, it presents as an asymptomatic abdominal mass often found during bathing. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Staging determines prognosis and guides treatment, which typically involves surgery to remove the tumor along with chemotherapy and sometimes radiation therapy. With current multi-modal therapy, the cure rate for Wilms tumor is over 85%.
Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of systemic illness accompanied by bacteria in the blood occurring in the first month of life. It can be early-onset within the first week of life, usually acquired during birth from the mother, or late-onset between 1 week to 1 month of life, often from the hospital environment. Symptoms are non-specific but can include temperature irregularities, poor feeding, or respiratory distress. Treatment involves blood cultures, antibiotics like ampicillin and gentamicin, and supportive care for complications involving various organ systems. Future treatments may involve immunotherapies and blocking inflammatory responses.
This document provides an overview on approaching and managing a child with jaundice. It begins by defining jaundice as a visible manifestation of increased bilirubin levels. It then discusses the burden of jaundice in newborns, describing how most will experience some jaundice in the first week due to immature bilirubin metabolism. The document outlines how to classify jaundice as physiological or pathological based on clinical signs and bilirubin levels. For pathological jaundice, the main treatment approaches of phototherapy and exchange transfusion are described. The document provides guidance on evaluating the potential causes of jaundice and managing cases based on whether the hyperbilirubinemia is conjugated or
Molar pregnancy is a premalignant condition that occurs after abnormal fertilization and is characterized by swollen chorionic villi. There are two types: complete and partial hydatidiform moles. Complete moles have no fetal tissue and are diploid, while partial moles may contain nonviable fetal tissue and are usually triploid. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding, uterine enlargement, and hyperemesis gravidarum. Complications can include hemorrhage, sepsis, invasive mole, and choriocarcinoma. Diagnosis is made through hCG levels, ultrasound showing cystic spaces without fetal parts, and pathology. Treatment is suction curettage, with follow up hCG monitoring to
Neural tube defects are openings in the spinal cord or brain that occur early in development when the neural tube fails to close fully. Common types include spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects develop before most women know they are pregnant and are caused by factors like genetics, obesity, diabetes, malnutrition, certain medications, and low folic acid levels. They are diagnosed through MRI or CT scans and treated by a multidisciplinary team to address physical, developmental, and learning issues. Taking folic acid supplements before and during early pregnancy can help prevent most neural tube defects.
This document discusses early pregnancy complications, specifically ectopic pregnancy. It defines ectopic pregnancy as any pregnancy implanted outside the uterine cavity, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy include infections, prior surgery, infertility treatments and IUD use. Diagnosis involves transvaginal ultrasound, beta-HCG levels, and sometimes laparoscopy. Treatment options include expectant management, surgery (laparotomy or laparoscopy) or medical management with methotrexate. The success of methotrexate treatment depends on factors like beta-HCG levels and mass size. Close surveillance of beta-HCG levels is required after any treatment.
Neonatal jaundice is a condition in newborns marked by high levels of bilirubin in the blood, causing yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. Bilirubin levels are often higher in neonates due to increased red blood cell breakdown, liver immaturity, and bacterial colonization. Without treatment, hyperbilirubinemia can cause permanent brain damage known as kernicterus. Proper monitoring and treatment is important to prevent dangerous bilirubin levels in newborns.
Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS), also known as abusive head trauma, describes injuries that result from violently shaking an infant or small child. SBS most often affects children under 1 year old and can cause long-term disabilities or death. Common signs include lethargy, poor feeding, vomiting, seizures, and retinal hemorrhaging. While perpetrators are often male caregivers, risk factors include infant crying, prematurity, and family stress. Prevention efforts aim to educate parents and caregivers about the dangers of shaking babies.
Anorectal malformation is a birth defect involving defects of the distal anus and rectum that occurs during fetal development between 4-16 weeks gestation. It occurs when the rectum fails to properly connect to the anus. Major abnormalities occur in about 1 in 5,000 live births and more commonly affect boys. Surgical correction depends on the specific type of defect but may include anoplasty, temporary colostomy, or posterior sagittal anorectoplasty. Nursing management focuses on withholding oral feeding, providing IV fluids and gastric decompression, and carefully monitoring the infant post-operatively.
Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain. It can be caused by obstructions that prevent proper CSF flow or issues with CSF production/absorption. Symptoms depend on the type of hydrocephalus but may include head enlargement, vomiting, and delayed development in infants or headaches and personality changes in older patients. Diagnosis involves medical imaging like CT scans and treatment aims to improve CSF flow through surgical placement of shunts or removal of obstructions.
Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the kidneys that can affect 1-3% of pregnant women. A study found that 70% of pyelonephritis patients tested positive for a urinary tract infection, with E. coli being the dominant pathogen in 78.6% of cases. Pyelonephritis in pregnancy can lead to complications for both the mother and baby if not properly treated with antibiotics.
This document summarizes key aspects of neuropsychological development from infancy through adolescence, including major developmental milestones, disorders, and treatment approaches. It discusses phases of brain development, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, myelination and executive function development through the teen years. Common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders like learning disabilities, ADHD, autism, and Tourette's syndrome are described. Treatment approaches for these disorders focus on behavioral, educational, social skills, and medical interventions.
Discoordinated labor activity is characterized by irregular, ineffective and painful contractions of the uterus during labor that prevent consistent dilation of the cervix. Various parts of the uterus contract inconsistently, violating normal labor physiology and potentially disrupting placental blood flow. Causes include immature cervix, infections, uterine abnormalities, and general medical conditions. Symptoms include irregular contractions of varying strength with little cervical change and fetal distress. Diagnosis is based on examination, fetal monitoring, and observing irregular contractions. Management may include anesthesia, drugs to regulate contractions, or operative delivery depending on severity. Preventing risk factors and ensuring proper support during labor can reduce risks of complications for mother and baby.
- This document presents 3 case scenarios of neonatal jaundice. The first case involves a 2-day old female infant with a serum bilirubin of 272 referred for poor breastfeeding and phototherapy. The second case involves a 10-day old male infant referred for jaundice and weight loss with a bilirubin of 310. The third case involves a 25-day old male infant with a history of jaundice and admissions with a current bilirubin of 356.
This document summarizes several pediatric neurologic disorders including hydrocephalus, neural tube defects, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, and infections of the central nervous system. It describes the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, nursing diagnoses, and treatment approaches for each condition. Nursing priorities for patients include maximizing respiratory function, preventing further injury, promoting mobility, preventing complications, and supporting psychological adjustment.
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), including spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. It describes the normal embryonic development of the neural tube and causes of NTDs, which can include genetic and environmental factors like folic acid deficiency. Management involves prenatal screening, surgical repair after birth, lifelong treatment of symptoms like paralysis, and prevention through folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy. Children with NTDs may experience permanent disabilities and require ongoing monitoring and support.
Meningomyelocoele is the most severe type of spina bifida where the meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in the spine. It occurs due to failure of the neural tube to close during the third week of gestation. Symptoms include paralysis of the lower limbs, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and cognitive impairments. Treatment requires multidisciplinary care and focuses on preventing infections, promoting urinary function, and managing complications through surgery, medications, bracing and rehabilitation.
Nelson is the reference of choice for all those who decide to specialize or sub-specialize in pediatrics. While the field of general pediatrics moves relatively slowly, the sub-specialty areas – most of which have a great impact on the practice of general pediatrics – tend to move more quickly. Nelson offers thorough coverage of the entire specialty
Check out a sample of Chapter 30 in the latest 19th edition. For purchase, please visit www.asia.elsevierhealth.com
Encephaloceles are rare birth defects associated with skull defects characterized by partial lacking of bone fusion leaving a gap through which a portion of the brain sticks out (protrudes).
Coma is defined as an unresponsive state with closed eyes lasting less than 24 hours that requires medical intervention. Common causes of pediatric coma include trauma, drowning, infection, metabolic disorders, and lack of oxygen or blood flow to the brain. The initial priorities for treatment are stabilizing breathing, circulation, blood sugar, and other vital functions, as well as identifying and treating any underlying medical issues causing the coma. Outcomes depend on the underlying cause, with complete recovery more likely after toxic or metabolic comas, while severe injuries like trauma or hypoxia often result in long-term neurological impairments.
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), which are congenital malformations of the brain and spinal cord caused by improper closure of the neural tube early in embryonic development, usually due to folic acid deficiency. It defines various types of NTDs including spina bifida, encephalocele, myelomeningocele, anencephaly, and tethered cord syndrome. For each type, it describes the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management approaches including surgery, bracing, physical therapy, and shunting procedures. Genetic and environmental risk factors are also discussed. The document provides a detailed overview of NTDs for medical professionals.
Nephroblastoma, also known as Wilms tumor, is the most common renal cancer in children. It arises from primitive renal cells that failed to differentiate normally. Clinically, it presents as an asymptomatic abdominal mass often found during bathing. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Staging determines prognosis and guides treatment, which typically involves surgery to remove the tumor along with chemotherapy and sometimes radiation therapy. With current multi-modal therapy, the cure rate for Wilms tumor is over 85%.
Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of systemic illness accompanied by bacteria in the blood occurring in the first month of life. It can be early-onset within the first week of life, usually acquired during birth from the mother, or late-onset between 1 week to 1 month of life, often from the hospital environment. Symptoms are non-specific but can include temperature irregularities, poor feeding, or respiratory distress. Treatment involves blood cultures, antibiotics like ampicillin and gentamicin, and supportive care for complications involving various organ systems. Future treatments may involve immunotherapies and blocking inflammatory responses.
This document provides an overview on approaching and managing a child with jaundice. It begins by defining jaundice as a visible manifestation of increased bilirubin levels. It then discusses the burden of jaundice in newborns, describing how most will experience some jaundice in the first week due to immature bilirubin metabolism. The document outlines how to classify jaundice as physiological or pathological based on clinical signs and bilirubin levels. For pathological jaundice, the main treatment approaches of phototherapy and exchange transfusion are described. The document provides guidance on evaluating the potential causes of jaundice and managing cases based on whether the hyperbilirubinemia is conjugated or
Molar pregnancy is a premalignant condition that occurs after abnormal fertilization and is characterized by swollen chorionic villi. There are two types: complete and partial hydatidiform moles. Complete moles have no fetal tissue and are diploid, while partial moles may contain nonviable fetal tissue and are usually triploid. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding, uterine enlargement, and hyperemesis gravidarum. Complications can include hemorrhage, sepsis, invasive mole, and choriocarcinoma. Diagnosis is made through hCG levels, ultrasound showing cystic spaces without fetal parts, and pathology. Treatment is suction curettage, with follow up hCG monitoring to
Neural tube defects are openings in the spinal cord or brain that occur early in development when the neural tube fails to close fully. Common types include spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects develop before most women know they are pregnant and are caused by factors like genetics, obesity, diabetes, malnutrition, certain medications, and low folic acid levels. They are diagnosed through MRI or CT scans and treated by a multidisciplinary team to address physical, developmental, and learning issues. Taking folic acid supplements before and during early pregnancy can help prevent most neural tube defects.
This document discusses early pregnancy complications, specifically ectopic pregnancy. It defines ectopic pregnancy as any pregnancy implanted outside the uterine cavity, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy include infections, prior surgery, infertility treatments and IUD use. Diagnosis involves transvaginal ultrasound, beta-HCG levels, and sometimes laparoscopy. Treatment options include expectant management, surgery (laparotomy or laparoscopy) or medical management with methotrexate. The success of methotrexate treatment depends on factors like beta-HCG levels and mass size. Close surveillance of beta-HCG levels is required after any treatment.
Neonatal jaundice is a condition in newborns marked by high levels of bilirubin in the blood, causing yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. Bilirubin levels are often higher in neonates due to increased red blood cell breakdown, liver immaturity, and bacterial colonization. Without treatment, hyperbilirubinemia can cause permanent brain damage known as kernicterus. Proper monitoring and treatment is important to prevent dangerous bilirubin levels in newborns.
Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS), also known as abusive head trauma, describes injuries that result from violently shaking an infant or small child. SBS most often affects children under 1 year old and can cause long-term disabilities or death. Common signs include lethargy, poor feeding, vomiting, seizures, and retinal hemorrhaging. While perpetrators are often male caregivers, risk factors include infant crying, prematurity, and family stress. Prevention efforts aim to educate parents and caregivers about the dangers of shaking babies.
Anorectal malformation is a birth defect involving defects of the distal anus and rectum that occurs during fetal development between 4-16 weeks gestation. It occurs when the rectum fails to properly connect to the anus. Major abnormalities occur in about 1 in 5,000 live births and more commonly affect boys. Surgical correction depends on the specific type of defect but may include anoplasty, temporary colostomy, or posterior sagittal anorectoplasty. Nursing management focuses on withholding oral feeding, providing IV fluids and gastric decompression, and carefully monitoring the infant post-operatively.
Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain. It can be caused by obstructions that prevent proper CSF flow or issues with CSF production/absorption. Symptoms depend on the type of hydrocephalus but may include head enlargement, vomiting, and delayed development in infants or headaches and personality changes in older patients. Diagnosis involves medical imaging like CT scans and treatment aims to improve CSF flow through surgical placement of shunts or removal of obstructions.
Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the kidneys that can affect 1-3% of pregnant women. A study found that 70% of pyelonephritis patients tested positive for a urinary tract infection, with E. coli being the dominant pathogen in 78.6% of cases. Pyelonephritis in pregnancy can lead to complications for both the mother and baby if not properly treated with antibiotics.
This document summarizes key aspects of neuropsychological development from infancy through adolescence, including major developmental milestones, disorders, and treatment approaches. It discusses phases of brain development, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, myelination and executive function development through the teen years. Common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders like learning disabilities, ADHD, autism, and Tourette's syndrome are described. Treatment approaches for these disorders focus on behavioral, educational, social skills, and medical interventions.
Discoordinated labor activity is characterized by irregular, ineffective and painful contractions of the uterus during labor that prevent consistent dilation of the cervix. Various parts of the uterus contract inconsistently, violating normal labor physiology and potentially disrupting placental blood flow. Causes include immature cervix, infections, uterine abnormalities, and general medical conditions. Symptoms include irregular contractions of varying strength with little cervical change and fetal distress. Diagnosis is based on examination, fetal monitoring, and observing irregular contractions. Management may include anesthesia, drugs to regulate contractions, or operative delivery depending on severity. Preventing risk factors and ensuring proper support during labor can reduce risks of complications for mother and baby.
- This document presents 3 case scenarios of neonatal jaundice. The first case involves a 2-day old female infant with a serum bilirubin of 272 referred for poor breastfeeding and phototherapy. The second case involves a 10-day old male infant referred for jaundice and weight loss with a bilirubin of 310. The third case involves a 25-day old male infant with a history of jaundice and admissions with a current bilirubin of 356.
This document summarizes several pediatric neurologic disorders including hydrocephalus, neural tube defects, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, and infections of the central nervous system. It describes the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, nursing diagnoses, and treatment approaches for each condition. Nursing priorities for patients include maximizing respiratory function, preventing further injury, promoting mobility, preventing complications, and supporting psychological adjustment.
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), including spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. It describes the normal embryonic development of the neural tube and causes of NTDs, which can include genetic and environmental factors like folic acid deficiency. Management involves prenatal screening, surgical repair after birth, lifelong treatment of symptoms like paralysis, and prevention through folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy. Children with NTDs may experience permanent disabilities and require ongoing monitoring and support.
Meningomyelocoele is the most severe type of spina bifida where the meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in the spine. It occurs due to failure of the neural tube to close during the third week of gestation. Symptoms include paralysis of the lower limbs, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and cognitive impairments. Treatment requires multidisciplinary care and focuses on preventing infections, promoting urinary function, and managing complications through surgery, medications, bracing and rehabilitation.
Meningomyelocoele is the most severe type of spina bifida where the meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in the spine. It occurs due to failure of the neural tube to close during the third week of gestation. Symptoms include paralysis of the lower limbs, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and cognitive impairments. Treatment requires multidisciplinary care and focuses on preventing infections, promoting urinary function, and managing complications through surgery, medications, bracing and rehabilitation.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal cord fails to develop properly, leaving an opening in the vertebrae. It occurs when the neural tube fails to close fully during early embryonic development. There are three main types: spina bifida occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. Myelomeningocele is the most severe form and often results in paralysis and loss of sensation below the level of the defect. Risk factors include family history, obesity, fever during early pregnancy, and folic acid deficiency. Treatment involves surgery to close the opening and address any related issues like hydrocephalus. Lifelong management focuses on rehabilitation, preventing infections and complications, and addressing issues with mobility,
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), specifically spina bifida. It describes the normal neural development process and different types of spina bifida ranging from mild to severe. Prenatal screening and diagnosis methods are outlined as well as risks factors and the importance of folic acid supplementation. Postnatal management of spina bifida newborns is also summarized.
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), specifically spina bifida. It describes the normal neural development process and different types of spina bifida from mild to most severe. Prenatal screening and diagnosis methods are outlined as well as risk factors and the importance of folic acid supplementation. Nursing care considerations and evaluation steps for infants born with spina bifida are provided.
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), specifically spina bifida. It describes the normal neural development process and different types of spina bifida from mild to most severe. Prenatal screening and diagnosis methods are outlined as well as risks factors and the importance of folic acid supplementation. Nursing care considerations and evaluation steps for infants born with spina bifida are provided.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal column does not fully close around the spinal cord. It occurs when the neural tube fails to close properly during early embryonic development. The main types are spina bifida occulta (mildest), meningocele (meninges protrude through opening), and myelomeningocele (most severe where spinal cord and membranes protrude). Symptoms range from minor skin marks to paralysis depending on location and severity of the defect. Treatment involves surgery to cover the exposed tissues and may include shunts to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid. Lifelong management focuses on rehabilitation, prevention of infections and complications, and addressing mobility, bladder, and bowel issues.
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are birth defects of the brain and spinal cord that occur early in pregnancy. The most severe forms are anencephaly and rachischisis where the brain and spinal cord are exposed or absent. NTDs result from the failure of the neural tube to close properly during embryonic development. Risk factors include genetic factors and folic acid deficiency. Prenatal screening and ultrasound can detect NTDs. Treatment depends on the specific defect but may involve surgery after birth and lifelong management of complications such as hydrocephalus.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal cord fails to close properly, leaving it exposed. There are three main types: spina bifida occulta, which has no protrusion and is usually asymptomatic; meningocele, which involves protrusion of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid in a sac; and myelomeningocele, the most severe form, which involves protrusion of spinal cord and nerves. Treatment involves surgery to close the defect as well as management of any related conditions like hydrocephalus or paralysis. Parents are counseled and trained to care for the child's lifelong needs.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal cord fails to close properly, leaving it exposed. There are three main types: spina bifida occulta, which has no protrusion and is usually asymptomatic; meningocele, which involves protrusion of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid in a sac; and myelomeningocele, the most severe form, which involves protrusion of meninges, spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment involves surgery to close the defect as well as management of any related conditions like hydrocephalus or paralysis. Parents are counseled and trained to care for the child's lifelong medical needs.
Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord. They happen in the first month of pregnancy, often before a woman even knows that she is pregnant. The two most common neural tube defects are spina bifida and anencephaly.
The document discusses Spinal Bifida, beginning with the group members presenting and objectives of the presentation. It defines Spinal Bifida as a birth defect involving failure of vertebral arch fusion. It describes the types (Occulta, Cystica with Meningocele and Myelomeningocele forms) and discusses etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical and nursing management, and complications of Spinal Bifida. The presentation aims to provide knowledge on Spinal Bifida and its characteristics to students.
All about Spina Bifida:
Definition
7 Types
Causes
Health Status
Incidence and epidemiology
Prevention
Social impact
Management
Detection
Diagnosis
Treatment
Antibiotics
Careful observation
Physical therapy
This document discusses Spina Bifida, a birth defect where the spine and spinal cord do not fully develop. It describes the different types including Occulta, Closed neural tube defects, Meningocele, and Myelomeningocele. Risk factors include family history, folic acid deficiency, diabetes, and obesity. Treatment depends on the type and severity but may include surgery to close the defect, shunts to drain fluid from the brain, and physical therapy. Taking 400 micrograms of folic acid daily can help prevent Spina Bifida.
This document discusses spina bifida, including:
- Defining spina bifida as an incomplete closure of the neural tube, usually in the lumbar or sacral region.
- Describing the different types from spina bifida occulta to myelomeningocele.
- Detailing the various clinical presentations depending on the location and severity, including neurological deficits, hydrocephalus, orthopedic issues.
- Explaining that treatment involves surgery to cover or untether the spinal cord, along with medications, physical/occupational therapy, and follow-up to address complications.
- Emphasizing prevention through adequate folate intake before and during pregnancy to reduce the risk of spina bifida
The document discusses the development of the central nervous system and neural tube defects. It covers:
1. The CNS appears in the third week as a neural plate that folds to form the neural tube, which closes from head to tail between 4-5 weeks. Failure of closure can cause neural tube defects.
2. The most common neural tube defects are spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Myelomeningocele is the most severe form with exposed nerves and spinal cord.
3. Prevention focuses on adequate folic acid intake before and during early pregnancy to reduce neural tube defect risk, as f
This document discusses various congenital abnormalities including neural tube defects. It begins by defining congenital abnormalities as defects present at birth or in early life. It then discusses specific defects like anencephaly, microcephaly, and megalencephaly in more detail, covering their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management. It also covers other central nervous system abnormalities like septal-optic dysplasia, diastematomyelia, polymicrogyria, encephalocele, hydrocephalus, and several types of spina bifida. The document provides an overview of major congenital abnormalities and their characteristics.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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2. Failure of normal fusion of the neural plate
to form neural tube during the first 28 days
following conception .
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are one of the
most common birth defects, occurring in
approximately one in 1000 live births in the
United States.
3. Prevalence
Increased incidence in families of Celtic and Irish
heritage .
Increased incidence in minorities (genetic or
environmental?)
Increased incidence in families
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the
most common birth defects that cause infant
mortality (death) and serious disability .
5. Combination of environmental and genetic
causes .
Teratogens :
- Drugs
-Rdiation
Infection and maternal illnesses.
Nutritional deficiencies . - notably, folic acid
deficiency
6. All pregnancies are at risk for an NTD.
However, women with a history of a previous
pregnancy with ( NTD).
women with first degree relative with(NTD)
women with type 1 diabetes mellitus
women with seizure disorders on Na valproic
acid.
women or their partners who themselves
have an NTD.
7. Two types of NTDs:
1- Open NTDs ( most common) :
- occur when the brain and/or spinal cord are
exposed at birth through a defect in the skull
or vertebrae.
Spina bifida
Anencephaly
Encephalocele
8. 2- closed NTDs (Rarer type ):
- occur when the spinal defect is covered by
skin.
lipomyelomeningocel
lipomeningocele
tethered spinal cord.
9. What are the common Neural Tube Defects
(NTDs) ?
Spina Bifida - 60%
Anencephaly - 30%
Encephalocele - 10%
10. - A midline defect of the :
bone,
skin,
spinal column, &/or
spinal cord.
11. Spina Bifida is divided into two subclasses :
1 - Spina Bifida Occulta(closed ) :
- mildest form ( meninges do not herniate
through the opening in the spinal canal )
2 -Spina Bifida Cystic ( open) :
- meningocele and myelomeningocele .
12.
13. Failure of fusion of the vertebral arch .
The meninges do not herniate through the bony defect.
This lesion is covered by skin.
Symbtoms :
Difficulties controlling bowel or bladder .
weakness and numbness in the feet
recurrent ulceration .
In Diastematomylia neurological deficits increase with
growth.
Signs :
Overlying skin lesion :
tuft hair - lipoma - birth mark or small dermal sinus
Usually in the lumbar region .
15. The 2 major types of defects seen here are
myelomeningoceles and meningoceles.
lumobosacral regions are the most common
sites for these lesions .
Cervical and thoracic regions are the least
common sites.
16.
17. The spinal cord and nerve roots herniate into
a sac comprising the meninges.
This sac protrudes through the bone and
musculocutaneous defect.
18. Certain neurologic anomalies such as :
- hydrocephalus
- Chiari II malformation
19. myelomeningoceles have a higher incidence
of associated :
- orthopedic anomalies of their lower
extremities ( why).
- Intestinal malformations.
- Cardiac malformations.
- esophageal malformations.
- renal and urogenital anomalies.
20. - Variable paralysis of the legs.
- muscle imbalance .
- Sensory loss .
- bladder denervation ( neuropathic )
- bowel denervation .
- scoliosis .
- Arnold chiari malformation .
22. Herniation of the cerebellar tonsils through
the foramen magnum .
cerebellar hypoplasia .
caudal displacement
of the hindbrain through .
the foramen magnum .
usually associated with
Hydrocephalus .
23. Hydrocephalus .
Cranial Nerve Palsies .
Visual Deficits .
Pressure from the enlarged ventricles
affecting adjacent brain structures .
Cognitive and perceptual problems.
Motor dysfunction .
25. Fluid-filled sac with meninges involved but
neural tissue unaffected .
The spinal cord and nerve roots do not
herniate into this dorsal dural sac.
The primary problems with this deformity
are cosmetic
26. Neonates with a meningocele usually have
normal findings upon physical examination
and a covered (closed) dural sac.
Neonates with meningocele do not have
associated neurologic malformations such as
hydrocephalus or Chiari II.
May complicted by CSF infection.
27. Lipomeningocele
(lipo = fat)
lipoma or fatty tumor
located over the
lumbosacral spine.
Associated with bowel
& bladder dysfunction
Lipomeningocele
28. o static
o non-progressive defect
o with worsening from secondary problems.
- The prognosis for a normal life span is generally
good for a child with good health habits and a
supportive family/caregiver.
29. Abnormal eye movement
Pressure sore and skin irritations.
Latex allergy.
Bladder and bowel control problems
musculoskeletal deformities (scoliosis).
joint and extremity deformities (joint
contractures, club foot, hip subluxations,
diminished growth of non-weight bearing
limbs)
Osteoporosis.
tethered spinal cord after surgery .
31. Failure of development of most of the
cranium and brain.
Infants are born without the main part of
the forebrain-the largest part of the
cerebrum.
32. The fetus usually blind, deaf and unconscious .
partially destroyed brain, deformed
forehead, and large ears and eyes with often
relatively normal lower facial structures.
Both genetic and environmental insults
appear to be responsible for this outcome.
The defect normally occurs after neural fold
development at day 16 of gestation but
before closure of the anterior neuropore at
24-26 days' gestation.
33. Anencephaly is the most common major CNS
malformation in the Western world,
no neonates survive. It is seen 37 times
more in females than in males.
The recurrence rate in families can be as
high as 35%.
34. Symptoms
Mom- Polyhydramnios
Baby- absence of brain/skull
Diagnosis
Ultrasound
Treatment
None, incompatible with life
Management
Comfort Measures
Support Parents
35. Extrusion of brain
and meninges
through a midline
Skull defect .
- Often associated
with cerebral
malformation
36. Amniocentesis
AFP - indication of abnormal leakage
Blood test
Maternal blood samples of AFP
Ultrasonography
For locating back lesion vs. cranial signs
37.
38. C/C :
Bulging on the back or other deformity .
HPI :
Onset(at birth).
Size.
Course( progressive or constant)
Associated symptoms .
Past medical hx :
Previous medical problems .
Previous hospitalization.
Previous surgery or shunt .
39. Pregnancy & neonatal hx :
Follow up during pregnancy or no .
Mother’s illness during pregnancy .
Mother’s medication during pregnancy (anticonvlsion)
Exposure of the mother to radiation.
Exposure to high temperatures early in pregnancy
Taking Folic acid in 1st trimester.
Gestational age
Type of delivery
Birth weight
Other Congenital anomalies
Apgar scores
Admission to NICU
Developmental hx:
According to age .
40. Family & social hx :
Age of parents.
Consanguinity.
History of NTD in family .
History of diabetes of mother.
History of using anti-seizure for mother.
Obesity mother .
History of stillbirth or abortion
History of neonatal death in family.
41. General examination:
Child appearance
Vital signs.
Growth parameter ( HC imp)
Examination of the head & neck :
Anterior Fontanel : wide bulging
Separated suture .
Dilated scalp vein .
Setting sun eye sign .
May be neck stiffness .
42. Examination of cranial nerve .
Examination of the back:
Inspection for deformity , scar, bulging( size, content)
pressure sores and skin irritations
sensation .
Examination of lower limps :
Inspection for deformity, muscle bulk .
Exam for tone and power (maybe paralysis)
Reflex and sensation ,
Gait .
Remember : urinary and bowel sphincters (maybe
affected)
45. Treatment of mylomenigocele
- Genetic counseling may be recommended. In some
cases where severe defect is detected early in the
pregnancy, a therapeutic abortion may be considered
After birth - surgery to repair the defect is usually
recommended at an early age. Before surgery, the
infant must be handled carefully to reduce damage
to the exposed spinal cord. This may include special
care and positioning, protective devices, and changes
in the methods of handling, feeding, and bathing.
46. Hydrocephalus:
- Children who also have hydrocephalus may
need a ventricular peritoneal shunt
This will help drain the extra fluid
- Antibiotics may be used to treat or prevent
infections such as meningitis or urinary tract
infections
47. Most children will require lifelong treatment for problems
that result from damage to the spinal cord and spinal
nerves. This includes :
- Gentle downward pressure over the bladder may help drain
the bladder. In severe cases, drainage tubes, called
catheters, may be needed. Bowel training programs and a
high fiber diet may improve bowel function
- Orthopedic or physical therapy may be needed to treat
musculoskeletal symptoms. Braces may be needed for
muscle and joint problems
- Neurological losses are treated according to the type and
severity of function loss
48. - Follow-up examinations generally continue
throughout the child's life. These are done to
check the child's developmental level and to
treat any intellectual, neurological, or
physical problems
49. Treatment of menigocele
The key priorities in the treatment of
meningocele are to prevent infection from
developing through the tissue of the defect
on the spine and to protect the exposed
structures from additional trauma. Most
children with meningocele are treated with
surgery (within the first few days of life) to
close the defect and to prevent infection or
further trauma
50. Management of spina bifida occulta
- can remove fat or fibrous tissues which are
affecting the functioning of the spinal cord
- can drain syrinxes or cysts in the spinal canal
to reduce pressure on the spinal cord and
- can be performed on the legs or feet to
improve their functioning
51. General management
- braces, supports and corrective casts
- physiotherapy to improve physical strength and coordination
- therapeutic strategies for improving mobility
- surgical care
- medical strategies for improving bladder and bowel functioning :
intermittent catheterization
voiding and cleansing routines
medications
diet with adequate fiber and fluids
possible surgical reconstruction (urinary)
- psychological strategies for personal and social adjustment
medications
52. SUMMERY :
Prevention
folic acid 0.4 mg daily pre, 1 mg daily preg
Identify
Prenatal
At birth
Protect pre-op and post-op
Skin integrity to prevent infection
Special handling to reduce nerve damage
Support
Parental coping
Pictures of similar defects corrected
Genetic Counseling
For future pregnancy
In early pregnancy, therapeutic abortion
Complications
Permanent disability
Education
Symptoms of hydrocephalus
Symptoms of meningitis
Follow up for monitoring to assess neurologic damage
53. All women of childbearing age should receive
0.4 mg (400 micrograms) of folic acid daily
prior to conception of planned or unplanned
pregnancies and continue thru 1st trimester
Women with a history of NTD and should
receive daily supplementation of (4000
micrograms) of folic acid starting three
months prior to conception and continuing
thru the 1st trimester