Fine and Decorative Arts Jade Artifacts Jade and its cultural significance Jade 玉: nephrite jade, or soft jade Jadeite, or hard jade, introduced to China at around 1800 Most valued gemstone: “Gold is valuable but jade is invaluable.” Represents 5 human virtues: humanity, moral integrity, wisdom, justice, and perseverance Jade Artifacts Jade ornaments as early as 5,000 B.C., earliest works of Chinese art Rare, Hard, difficult to carve Not for everyday use; rituals and ceremonies Mostly found in high-status burials Symbol of political and spiritual power Technology matured during the Shang dynasty (1500 – 1050 B.C.) Bi 璧 Earliest: Neolithic age, Liangzhu culture (3400- 2250 B.C.) Flat disk, circular hole in the center Ritual utensils, used in sacrifices and other ceremonies Symbolizes the sky or heaven Cong 琮 From Liangzhu culture Tube, square outside, circular inside Zoomorphic design: mask-like face Ritual utensil Symbolizes earth Pig Headed dragon 豬龍 Neolithic age, Hongshan culture (3500 – 2500 B.C.) Pig head Coiled body, C shape, resembling dragon Domestication of pigs Somewhat realistic Ritual significance unclear Jade cicada Han dynasty (202 B.C. – 220 A.D.) Often found in burial sites Placed in the mouth of the deceased Symbol of rebirth Fish Flower Holder Ming dynasty (1368 – 1644) Fish leaping out of water In the process of transforming into a dragon Auspicious meaning, essential to decorative arts Calligraphy http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=MEN0CzGv5-Y#! http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=oRRiTo8sUwk Seal Script Square shape Lines of equal thickness Well-defined spacing Used for both writing and inscription Writing tool? Sense of antiquity Clerical Script Peak usage during the Eastern Han dynasty (25 – 220 A.D.) More practical than Seal Script Meets the need for growing bureaucracy Tip of brush visible at the pointed ends of a stroke Standard Script Modification of clerical script Short, terse characters Most legible and convenient for handwriting Running Script Cursive form of standard script Informal writing Combination of speed and legibility Cursive Script Freedom of brush Shorthand version of clerical or standard script Spontaneous, rapid and light strokes Variations of form and shade Advantage and disadvantage? Wang Xizhi (303 – 361) Sage of Calligraphy Best known for running and cursive scripts Record of the Orchid Pavilion Gathering: 353 A.D. Happy gathering of 40 literati friends Poetry contest alongside a stream: wine cups floating down Preface to accompany the poems collected in the event Anecdote about the Tang emperor Taizong (Ebrey p.113) According to one theory of his time, a reader can see the characters of the man behind the brush strokes. How do you think Wang Xizhi’s personality might have been described? As you look at each character, draw an imaginary box around it. What is the overall shape of ...

1. Fine and Decorative Arts
Jade Artifacts
Jade and its cultural significance
Jade 玉: nephrite jade, or soft jade
Jadeite, or hard jade, introduced to China at around 1800
Most valued gemstone: “Gold is valuable but jade is
invaluable.”
Represents 5 human virtues: humanity, moral integrity, wisdom,
justice, and perseverance
Jade Artifacts
Jade ornaments as early as 5,000 B.C., earliest works of
Chinese art
Rare, Hard, difficult to carve
Not for everyday use; rituals and ceremonies
Mostly found in high-status burials
Symbol of political and spiritual power
Technology matured during the Shang dynasty (1500 – 1050
B.C.)
Bi 璧

2. Earliest: Neolithic age, Liangzhu culture (3400- 2250 B.C.)
Flat disk, circular hole in the center
Ritual utensils, used in sacrifices and other ceremonies
Symbolizes the sky or heaven
Cong 琮
From Liangzhu culture
Tube, square outside, circular inside
Zoomorphic design: mask-like face
Ritual utensil
Symbolizes earth
Pig Headed dragon 豬龍
Neolithic age, Hongshan culture (3500 – 2500 B.C.)
Pig head
Coiled body, C shape, resembling dragon
Domestication of pigs
Somewhat realistic
Ritual significance unclear
Jade cicada
Han dynasty (202 B.C. – 220 A.D.)
Often found in burial sites
Placed in the mouth of the deceased
Symbol of rebirth
Fish Flower Holder

3. Ming dynasty (1368 – 1644)
Fish leaping out of water
In the process of transforming into a dragon
Auspicious meaning, essential to decorative arts
Calligraphy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=M
EN0CzGv5-Y#!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=o
RRiTo8sUwk
Seal Script
Square shape
Lines of equal thickness
Well-defined spacing
Used for both writing and inscription
Writing tool?
Sense of antiquity
Clerical Script
Peak usage during the Eastern Han dynasty (25 – 220 A.D.)
More practical than Seal Script
Meets the need for growing bureaucracy
Tip of brush visible at the pointed ends of a stroke

4. Standard Script
Modification of clerical script
Short, terse characters
Most legible and convenient for handwriting
Running Script
Cursive form of standard script
Informal writing
Combination of speed and legibility
Cursive Script
Freedom of brush
Shorthand version of clerical or standard script
Spontaneous, rapid and light strokes
Variations of form and shade
Advantage and disadvantage?
Wang Xizhi (303 – 361)
Sage of Calligraphy
Best known for running and cursive scripts
Record of the Orchid Pavilion Gathering: 353 A.D.
Happy gathering of 40 literati friends
Poetry contest alongside a stream: wine cups floating down
Preface to accompany the poems collected in the event
Anecdote about the Tang emperor Taizong (Ebrey p.113)

5. According to one theory of his time, a reader can see the
characters of the man behind the brush strokes. How do you
think Wang Xizhi’s personality might have been described?
As you look at each character, draw an imaginary box around it.
What is the overall shape of the character? Do the components
hold together along a central axis, or do they tend to "pull
apart"? Can you find any inconsistencies in the way Wang Xizhi
wrote similar characters or individual strokes?
Do you think this piece of writing was done methodically and
carefully, or executed quickly? How can you tell?
Painting

6. Compare these two paintings in terms of
Subject
Perspective (fixed viewpoint or not?)
Color
Composition (layout of the picture)
Place of human in nature
Landscape painting
Landscape painting: shan shui 山水, mountains and waters
Mountains: Humaneness; close to heaven, home of immortals
Waters: Wisdom; sense of movement
Fully developed during the Song dynasty with imperial
patronage
Longing to escape urban life and become one with nature
Considered to be the highest form of painting
https://www.npm.gov.tw/exh100/treasures/en/img7_1.html
郭熙 早春圖 Guo Xi—Early Spring (1072 A.D.)

7. Early Spring
Monumental landscape
Hierarchical structure:
Central peak vs. lower cliffs
Tall, upright pines vs. crooked, prostrating trees
Neo-Confucianism: underlying li (principles) in the moral and
physical realms
Human activities:
blending into natural environment
Travelers going up the mountain to temple
Daoist influences: harmony between man and nature, being one
with nature, virtual journey
Sense of authority, imaginative respite in nature
Guo Xi: “The Lofty Message of Forests and Streams”:
A great mountain is dominating as chief over the
assembled hills, thereby ranking in an ordered arrangement the
ridges and peaks, forests and valleys as overlords of varying
degrees and distances. The general appearance is of a great lord
glorious on his throne and a hundred princes hastening to pay
him court…
A tall pine stands erect as the mark of all trees, thereby
ranking in an ordered arrangement the subsidiary trees and
plants as numerous admiring assistants. The general effect is of
a nobleman dazzling in his prime with all lesser mortals in his
service.
Painting as a social record
Zhang Zeduan 張擇端 (1085 – 1145): The Spring Festival Along
the River 清明上河圖 (ca. 1000 A.D.)

8. Panoramic view of the urban life in the city of Kaifeng 開封,
capital of Northern Song
814 humans, 28 boats, 60 animals, 30 buildings, 20 vehicles,
nine sedan chairs, and 170 trees
Handscroll: view from right to left
17 feet long, 1 foot high
One of the most valuable work in Chinese art history
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxff-4GktOI
Economic Activities
Getting ready for business
Economic Activities
Eateries on the Rainbow Bridge

9. Economic Activities
Fortune-teller
Economic Activities
Clinic
The Family of Assistant Zhao
Care for the Five Wounds and Seven Injuries and Deficiencies
of Speech
Regulation of Alcohol-related Illnesses and Prevention of
Injury, Genuine Prescriptions of the Collected Fragrances
Remedy.
Economic Activities
Carpenters
Economic Activities
Wine shop
Transportation
Mule cart
Transportation
Carriages

10. Transportation
Sedan Chair
Transportation
Horse-riding
Transportation
Boat and Canal
People
Official
People
Literati
People
Official Residence
People
Tax Office

11. People
Buddhist Monk and scholar
People
Teahouse
People
Family entering the city
People
Little Kid
People
Story-teller
People
Foreign merchants and camels
People
Sailors

12. pace university|economics 310|yarbrough spring 2019 -
assignment 1
1 Negative Externality
Suppose that the private market for widgets is characterized by
the following supply and inverse
demand functions:
D : P = 10−Q
S : P = Q
1. Graph these functions in the graph paper below. Locate the
private market equilibrium price
and quantity.
1
tani navani
pace university|economics 310|yarbrough spring 2019 -
assignment 1
2. Now suppose that the EPA calculates that the marginal
external cost of widget production is
characterized by: MD = $2. Graph the market with the
externality and locate the the socially

13. e�cient equilibrium. How much dead weight loss was produced
by the private market.
2
tani navani
pace university|economics 310|yarbrough spring 2019 -
assignment 1
3. Now suppose that the EPA revises their MEC estimate to:
MD = Q. Graph the market with
the externality and locate the socially e�cient equilibrium.
Compare this with the outcome
from part 2.
3
tani navani
pace university|economics 310|yarbrough spring 2019 -
assignment 1
2 Public Goods
Suppose that the private market demand for public-access park
acres in the town of Yarbroughville
(Q) is characterized by the following two types of voters (old

14. and young):
Dold : Q = 10−P
Dyoung : Q = 8−P
Further, assume that the marginal cost of supplying acres of
public-access park is:
MC : Q = 0.25P
1. If park acres would be determined by a private market, how
many acres are bought and sold?
To determine this, plot the two demand curves separately, and
then sum them horizontally to
plot a market demand curve. Then �nd the private market
equilibrium.
4
tani navani
pace university|economics 310|yarbrough spring 2019 -
assignment 1
2. Instead, assume that park acres are determined by a public
vote based on willingness to pay.
How many acres of public-access park are socially e�cient? To
determine this, again graph the
two demand curves separately and then sum them vertically to

15. plot a public demand curve.
Now locate the socially e�cient equilibrium.
3. Brie�y explain why it is that the private market supplies less
public-access park acres than
would be supplied if they were o�ered publicly.
5
tani navani
pace university|economics 310|yarbrough spring 2019 -
assignment 1
3 Cost-Bene�t Analysis
Pace University is deciding between two projects.
A) Full HVAC system overhaul, which costs $1 million and will
reduce general energy cost to the
university of $300,000 per year. There are no costs beyond
period 0.
B) Placing a wind farm on top of 1 Place Plaza, which costs $10
million and will reduce general
energy cost to the university of $3 million per year. There are
$500 thousand per year of upkeep
cost for the windmills.

16. 1. Assuming a discount rate of 5% and time periods as years,
what is the NPV of each project
after 5 years.
2. Answer part 1 again, but assume a discount rate of 10%
instead.
3. Comment on the values calculated in parts 1 and 2.
6
tani navani
Family And Gender Roles
Traditional Chinese Family
Basic building blocks of society (Confucianism)
Analogy between family and state
Emperor = father of all subjects
Local magistrate = “father and mother official”
Proper order within family: essential for both individual and the
state
Filial piety and ancestor worship
Family Structure
Head of the family: eldest male of the senior generation
Status inherited by is eldest son from principle wife
Brothers live in the same household

17. Elder brother takes precedence over younger
Daughter leaves natal home upon marriage to join husband’s
family
Ideal family: 4 generations under one roof
Ancestor Worship
Ritual to bound the family together
Incense burning on daily basis to honor ancestors
Festivals, anniversaries: more elaborate ceremonies including
kowtow, making offerings of food, etc.
Unattended spirits?
Importance of male heir
Carry on the family name
Perform sacrifice for ancestors
Mencius: There are three ways of being unfilial and of these not
begetting descendants is the most serious.”
Preference for sons over daughters (why?)
Adoption
Concubines
Women in Traditional China
Early Attitudes
Analects 17:25, only 1 ref.
“Women and servants are hard to deal with. If you are familiar
with them, they cease to be humble. If you keep a distance
from them, they resent it.”
Book of Songs
“Clever men build cities, Clever women topple them… Disorder
is produced by women”

18. Ban Zhao A.D. 48-116
Lessons for Women (Nü Jie 女誡)
Highly Educated
Court historian
Text advocates subordination and complementarity
Instructions for daughter at marriage
Submission (place baby below bed, husband control wife)
Labor in house
Ancestral sacrifices
Yin Yang (yielding vs. firmness) conjugal love
Education for both boys and girls
Womanly virtue, speech, appearance, work
Roles for Women
Ideals vs. Reality
Complement males
Manage Household
Food
Clothes, spinning and weaving
Sacrifices: need principal wife
Raise children:
Education
Responsible for moral upbringing
Ideal vs. Reality
3 Obediences (ideal)
To Father
To Husband
To Son
Filial Piety (reality)
Authority of Mothers

19. Marriage
Polygamy, but only one principle wife
Wife moves to husband’s family
Producing sons
Managing household affairs
Filial piety to in-laws
Tension between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law
Can take concubines, esp. principle wife does not have sons
Divorce: seven grounds (unfilial, without sons, lewdness,
jealousy, foul disease, talking too much, stealing)
Foot binding
Started as a fashion after the fall of Tang dynasty
Not institutionalized until the Song
Practiced by Han Chinese only
Ethnic marker: beginning of Qing dynasty
Confine women to the inner quarters
Later became a sexual fetish
Mother of Mencius
Feng Yen’s wife
Wife dominates home
Principal wife is mistress over concubines
Divorce: woman keeps dowry
Influence of natal family
Outside connections (Magistrate Cheng)
Informal power

20. Women in the Tang Dynasty (618-907)
Horseback
Active
No bound feet
plump
17
18
19
20
21

21. Empress Wu (624-705)
Wu Zetian: concubine -> Empress
Zhou Dynasty 690-705
Capital to Loyang
Buddha Maitreya (Great Cloud Sutra)
Stork academy (= male harem)
Sends princes to marry steppe nomads
Promotes exams
Peaceful, prosperous reign
Yang Guifei (719-756)
Guifei: the highest rank of imperial consort, “the noble consort”
Originally married to a son of Emperor Xuanzong in 733
Came into Xuanzong’s favor soon after
Became a Daoist priestess for a few years but stayed in the
palace
Formally given the title Guifei in 745
Yang Guifei (719-756)
The most beautiful woman
Music, dance, feast
“Rainbow skirt and the Feathered Coat” dance
Enjoyed the undistracted favor from the emperor
The emperor neglected his duties and abandoned early
audiences
Blamed for the An Lushan Rebellion

22. Put to death by demand of the military troop
Chinese Architecture
I. Building Technology
Primary material: wood
Basic structure:
Stone foundation
Timber-frame construction
Tiled roof
Chinese House
Timber Frame
Wood structures: pillars, beams, wooden bracket sets, etc.
Supports the heavy roof
Gravitational forces distributed downward, and then out through
the wooden frame
Walls do not bear weight
Houses will still stand when their walls collapse.
Timber Frame
Timber Frame

23. 2 major framing system
1. Pillars-and-beams
2. Pillars-and-transverse-tie-beams
Decorative Wooden Brackets
Upturned Eaves
II. Living Spaces
Orientation
South-facing since Neolithic times
Developed into the practice of Fengshui (Geomancy)
Advantages of south-facing houses?
Courtyard Compound
One family share a courtyard Compound
Fully enclosed by buildings and walls
Front gate: only opening to the outside

24. No windows on the outside of the compound
What are the appeals of living in this kind of courtyard
compound?
Courtyard House
Two-courtyard House
1. Main entrance
2. Rooms facing the rear: servants
3. First courtyard: cooking
Second courtyard: living
4. East and west-side rooms: sons and daughters, or the sons'
families.
5. Inner Hall: Receiving guests, family ceremonies
6. Main building: parents.
7. Small side rooms: children or relatives
III. The Imperial Palace
Display of power and wealth
Reflect the ruler’s supreme power
Courtyard layout
Facing south
Splendorous appearance
Regular Shape: axial symmetrical
The Forbidden City

25. Built by Emperor Yongle (r. 1403-1424) of the Ming dynasty
Inner court in the north: living quarters of the royal family
Outer court in the south: government offices
Courtyards of the outer palace: ceremonies and parades
Stream running through first court
The Forbidden City
IV. Temples
Buddhist, Daoist, and Confucian temples
Courtyard layout, similar to palaces
Aesthetics: symmetry and balance
Confucian Temple
Confucian Temple
Daoist Temple
Daoist Temple
Buddhist Temple

26. Buddhist Temple
V. Chinese Garden
Plants, rocks, water, garden buildings
Enclosed area: private enjoyment
Extension of family compounds: makes a home more elegant
Beauty and naturalness
Reached its height in late Ming
Garden Design: 4 Elements
Rocks
Water
Plants
Buildings
Rocks
Represents mountains where immortals dwell
Rugged and still
Yang element
Water
Ponds, streams, waterfalls
Adds movements and sounds
Reflects light

27. Yin element
No fountains in Chinese gardens (why?)
Plants
Favorite plants have rich history of literary associations
Pine, cypress
bamboo
Orchid
Plum
Visual effects: creating dappled light, adding highlights, etc.
Buildings
Decorative
Structures how one views the scenery
“Borrowed views”: picturesque views framed by part of the
building
Aesthetics of Chinese Garden
Naturalness and spontaneity
Not tidiness and precision
Bringing the mountains and waters from the wilderness to home
Connection with landscape painting
Reflects the designer’s artistic tastes and personality
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGh250_GauM
Fengshui
風水
(Geomancy)

28. Geo + mancy
“mystical ecology”
How to make your home best for you.
Qi 氣
In Earth
Can harness for benefit
Disrupt for malevolence (bad fortune)
Balance Yin and Yang, 5 Elements, etc.
(What are the 5 Elements?)
Building Site
House
for living = yang dwelling, good fortune in this life
Graves
For dead = yin dwelling, fortune for descendants
Practical vs. Religious (superstituous) elements
Sitting North, Facing South
坐北朝南
Basic rule: houses, temples, palaces
Practical: allows sunlight (eaves overhang)
Mountains in back
Protect from North winds
Sometimes distant
Trees for wind block too

29. No windows in back of house
Stream in front
Irrigation, cooking, washing = healthy
Gyeongbokgung Palace Seoul, Korea
Religious (Superstitious) Side
Auspicious dates for building
Esp. ridgepole, doors, stove: full moon, high tide, light rain
(bring prosperity)
Date of birth of household head
Deflect evil spirits, misfortune
Travel in Straight lines
Deflect misfortune
Mirrors
No straight lines (US White House!)
No 2 doors facing, no stairs opposite door
Spirit walls (zhaobi) inside door
Charms:
Tiger, 8 trigrams, bat (=fu 福), door gods, Good fortune
characters, couplets, Mt. Tai rock (words alone OK)
Spirit Wall
Spirit Wall

30. White House
Bat (fu, good fortune) and Longevity
Fu (good fortune) upside down
Door God
Building Disrupts
Appease Earth God (Tudi gong 土地公)
Offerings to (fruit, spirit money, firecrackers)
Don’t cut into mountain, build in harmony with
Builders can curse or bless house
Hide good or bad charms
Urban Issues
Tall building next door can block qi
Hong Kong
Bank of China building (I.M. Pei)
HSBC building

31. Within Building
Allow Qi to circulate
No clutter (can block qi)
Arrange room for learning: improve grades (or other aspect of
life)
See door from desk
NE corner
Color turquoise (Imac)
Number 8
Hang “8-stone turquoise necklace” in NE corner to remind you
to study hard
Arrange:
Colors
5 elements: wood, fire, metal, water, earth
Movement or stillness
Objects:
Wind chimes, fish, waterfall, plants
Benefits
Aesthetics, interior decorator
Practical comfort
Feel good in home, relaxed, concentrate well, allow you to be at
your best
3. Superstitious, Religious side
Charms reassure, make feel good

32. Ritual establishes connections, community
4. Live in harmony with nature and environment
So. Cal Influence
Very influential in So Cal real Estate market
Affects price of homes
Homes altered to comply with
Chinese Medicine And Food
Origin: Huangdi neijing 黃帝內經 The Yellow Emperor’s Inner
Canon
Ascribed to the Yellow Emperor (2697 – 2597 B.C.), the
“Father of Medicine”
Compiled at the beginning of the 1st century A.D.
2 sections:
Suwen 素問 Basic Questions: medical theories and diagnostic
methods
Lingshu 靈樞 Spiritual Pivot: treatises on acupuncture and
moxibustion
Dialogue between the Yellow Emperor and his minister Qibo
岐伯
Body as a microcosm containing the entire universe
Yin and Yang
Natural philosophy: two aspects intrinsic to everything in the
universe
Opposite to each other
Complement each other

33. Dependent on and relative to each other
Interacts and constantly moves in circular motion
Examples?
Balance of Yin and Yang in human body
Five Elements
Five Elements
Metal, Wood, Water, Fire, Earth
Not physical substances but metaphysical forces or modes
Produces each other
Controls each other
Many correspondences can be derived from this system by
analogy
Seasons, colors, spatial relationships, grains, vital organs,
musical notes, tastes, smells, virtues, etc.
Qi 氣
Qi 氣: vital energy
Essential body constituent
Invisible
Can be sensed by the individual and a physician through taking
pulse
Flows downward
Rising qi causes sickness
Emotions affect qi

34. Channels or Meridians
Channels or Meridians
Passages that qi and blood flow through
Channels that link specific internal organs to the skin
Regulate the mechanisms of the various parts of the body
Human body becomes an organic whole through these channels
No objective proof for its actual existence
Qi must flow freely, blocked qi = ？
Five Elements and Five Organs
Five Organs
heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney
Not always the actual organ
chiefly refers to the external reflections of their functional
activities and pathologic processes
Five Organs and the Sensory Organs
Heart controls the tongue and taste
Liver controls the eyes and sight
Lungs control the nose and smell
Spleen controls the mouth and taste
Kidneys control the ears and hearing
Five Organs and Emotions

35. Heart relates to joy
Liver relates to anger
Lungs relate to sadness & worry
Spleen relates to pensiveness, over-thinking or obsession, and
worry
Kidneys relate to fear
Five Organs and Emotions
Overjoy make Qi of heart sluggish ( e.g. unable to concentrate
the mind )
Anger impairs the liver: rage causes the Qi of Liver to flow
adversely upward, causing a stuffy feeling in the chest,
headache and redness of eyes may occur.
Anxiety impairs the spleen: anxiety makes the Qi of spleen
depressed, often resulting in indigestion.
Sorrow impairs the lung: sorrow consumes the Qi of lung.
Fear impairs the kidney: fear causes the Qi of the kidney to
sink, and as a result, incontinence of urine and stool and
seminal discharge may occur.
Five Organs and External Environment
Heart is affected by heat
Liver is affected by wind
Lungs are affected by dryness
Spleen is affected by dampness
Kidneys are affected by cold
Diagnostic Methods
Looking: examination by eye, including inspection of
complexion, facial expression, behaviors, body surface, tongue,

36. excreta and secretions.
Listening: listening to the patient’s voice, sounds of breath and
cough, etc.
Smelling: smelling of odor, secretion and excretion of the
patient , as a reference for diagnosis.
Asking: questioning the patient regarding their condition.
Pulse taking: feeling the pulse. The diagnostic method used
where a physician touches and compresses the patient’s radial
pulse proximal to the carpal joints, so as to assess its changes.
Palpation: touch patient’s skin to know patient’s swelling and
pain.
Treatment
Qi as the life force that drives all living things.
Qi flows through meridians in the body similar to water flowing
in a river.
There are twelve primary meridians, each associated with an
organ system.
Disease occurs with
Imbalance of yin and yang
Blockage of qi
Restore balance and unblock qi through acupuncture and herbs.
Acupuncture
Acupuncture points on skin: all over the body, gateways to
influence, redirect, increase or decrease qi
Insert metal needles to acupuncture points to mobilize the flow
of qi and invigorate the proper function of the body
Unblock qi and restore balance
Moxibustion

37. Moxa: dried and ground leaves of mugwort
Used to fend off evil spirit
Burn rolls or cones of moxa on or over acupuncture points, or
painful area
Heat relieves pain
Herbs
Essential component of Chinese medicine
Shennong 神農 the divine farmer
Li Shizhen 李時珍 and his bencao gangmu 本草綱目, Materia
Medica, Systematized Monographs
Restore balance, treat symptoms, stimulates body’s natural
healing process
Differences between Chinese and Western Medicine
Experience based
Holistic method
Individualized
Integration of Chinese and Western medicine
Food in Chinese Culture
Taoist Influence
Medicinal and Healing properties
Balance Yin and Yang
Balance:
Seasons
Personal nature
Illness or special conditions

38. 3 Types of Food
Yang - Heating
Yin - Cooling
Neutral
Yin-Yang balance
Within meal (meat and veggies)
Within dish (beef with broccoli)
Nourish Qi
Good food
Certain foods especially nourish qi
Balance yin and yang
Not one or the other
Medicinal properties
Organ meats help that organ
Pig’s liver
Sea slugs, eels, Slimy foods
Foods to Avoid
under certain conditions
Irritating
Blocks healing
Wet
Bad for infections
Poisonous

39. Avoid if weak, low qi
Nurturing Life
(Inner/Outer Alchemy)
Strange, rare foods
1,000 year-old tree root, bat, turtle
Long things
“long-life noodles” for birthday
Long-lived objects
Jade, gold, pearls
Avoid distress
No sadness, craving
Avoid excessive drinking (but some fine, see Shen Fu)
Religious Daoism
I. Quest for Immortality and long, healthy life
Early immortality cults (First Emperor, Qin Shihuangdi)
Contradicts Lao-Zhuang (see Zhuangzi on death)
Idea of the “Xian” 仙 “Immortal”
Attained immortality
Can stay on earth
Appear and disappear
Zhuangzi’s description: live on mountains, feed on wind, sip the
dew, and experience ecstatic flight
A. External Alchemy (waidan 外丹)
Elixirs of life
Chemistry, scientific discoveries

40. Injest substances
lead, mercury (cinnebar), gold
People die, including emperors
Earthly death, live in heaven
B. Inner Alchemy (neidan 內丹)
Natural methods
Elixir is inside you
Balance Yin and Yang
Nurture qi 氣
Wide influence across Chinese culture
1. Breathing exercises, meditation
Meditation
Relaxation
Conserve and nurture Qi 氣
2. Gymnastic exercises
Taiji quan
Gentle Martial arts
Yoga, various calisthenics
Nurture Qi
Reduce stress
3. Dietetics
Food: balance Yin and Yang
Avoid grains
Medicine
Balance yin and yang in body
In balance with outside, weather, etc.
Herbs
Nurture Qi

41. 4. Sexual Practices
Conserve Yang essence
How?
Gain Yin essence (from woman)
Woman’s yin inexhaustible
Man’s yang can be depleted
How get woman’s yin essence?
Various methods
Mental and physical
Sex Manuals, “Art of the Bedchamber”
Common throughout history
Ethics
Commandments of Lord Lao:
Basic ethics: no killing, stealing, etc.
Ecological consciousness
Withdrawal from society
Ge Hong: merit system
Accumulation of good deeds
300 earthbound immortal
1200 celestial immortal
III. Supernatural Beings
From popular religion
People who died (esp. violently), ancestors, trees, nature
Daoism absorbs = umbrella religion
Hierarchy of spirits
Daoist gods at top (Yellow Emperor, Laozi)
Suppress some, promote others

42. Revival today:
Consult priests for:
Burial
Marriage
house construction (related to fengshui)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtsj23KQIsA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XtWzf0QeZaI
The Book of Changes
Yijing 易經
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Divination Prior to Yijing: Oracle Bone Divination
Shangdi 上帝： Lord on High
Performed by the King, through his ancestors
Tortoise shell, ox spatula
Diviner, Dates, Question, Prognostication, and Verification all
recorded on oracle bones
Example: Lady Hao’s childbirth

43. Question: Crack-making on jiashen, Que divined: Lady Hao will
give birth and it will be good
Prognostication: The King read the cracks and said: “If it be on
a ding day that she give birth, it will be good. If it be on a geng
day that she give birth, it will be prolonged auspiciousness.”
Verification: [After] thirty-one days, on jiajin, she gave birth. It
was not good. It was a girl.
Yijing 易經
1 of 5 Confucian classics
Oldest
Mystical. Not like others. (What are others?)
Very influential
Admired East and West
e.g. Carl Jung, see Foreword to Wilhelm trans.
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Trigrams and Hexagrams
Fu Hsi (1st culture hero, hunting and fishing): 8 Trigrams
(three-line figures that that represent natural objects: sky, earth,
wind, mountain, water, thunder, fire, and lake)
King Wen (Zhou founder): 64 hexagrams plus text
Duke of Zhou: Commentary on text, individual line
commentaries
Come to replace oracle bones for divination
Confucius (or later followers): 10 Wings

44. 18
Hexagrams
Each hexagram is named, and represents both a human situation
and an object.
Judgments
Commentaries about changing lines
Image
Confucian interpretation: what a gentleman (junzi) should do
under such situation
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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Yin and Yang
陰 陽
Definition: light-dark, male-female
Constant interaction and change creates Universe
Moving lines: When Yang full -> Yin
Conviction that Nature and humans interrelated; human action
can match universe
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45. 22
Uses
Neither purely prophetic nor purely philosophical
Designed to help leaders, and its readers, make more informed
decisions.
Help thoughtful decision makers to see aspects of situation to
which they have been blind
Provide fruitful images to contemplate on in the process of
repeated meditation
Not intended to replace moral dicta
Humanism
Tells how to get best result of situation
Development and Change; not static prediction; human action
can make difference (Confucian Humanism)
King Ping of Chu
Conf. Susan Miller (contemporary astrologist): “The end result
lies in your heart and in your determination”.
General Attitudes
Persistence is usually but not always effective
Going it alone is sometimes necessary but is never a position of
strength
Apparent weakness may change into strength
Apogees do not last

46. Divination Method (Coin method)
Calm your mind
(incense and kowtow if wish)
3 coins: toss to generate lines (from bottom up)
Heads = yang = 3; Tails = yin = 2
Totals = ?
6,8 = yin; 7,9 = yang
Find Hexagram no. Read text
Check any moving lines (6 or 9, all yin or all yang)
change into 2nd hexagram (=development)
Choose question carefully
http://www.pantherwebworks.com/I_Ching/
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Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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Homework: Yijing Exercise Have fun!
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