Fine and Decorative Arts Jade Artifacts Jade and its cultural significance Jade 玉: nephrite jade, or soft jade Jadeite, or hard jade, introduced to China at around 1800 Most valued gemstone: “Gold is valuable but jade is invaluable.” Represents 5 human virtues: humanity, moral integrity, wisdom, justice, and perseverance Jade Artifacts Jade ornaments as early as 5,000 B.C., earliest works of Chinese art Rare, Hard, difficult to carve Not for everyday use; rituals and ceremonies Mostly found in high-status burials Symbol of political and spiritual power Technology matured during the Shang dynasty (1500 – 1050 B.C.) Bi 璧 Earliest: Neolithic age, Liangzhu culture (3400- 2250 B.C.) Flat disk, circular hole in the center Ritual utensils, used in sacrifices and other ceremonies Symbolizes the sky or heaven Cong 琮 From Liangzhu culture Tube, square outside, circular inside Zoomorphic design: mask-like face Ritual utensil Symbolizes earth Pig Headed dragon 豬龍 Neolithic age, Hongshan culture (3500 – 2500 B.C.) Pig head Coiled body, C shape, resembling dragon Domestication of pigs Somewhat realistic Ritual significance unclear Jade cicada Han dynasty (202 B.C. – 220 A.D.) Often found in burial sites Placed in the mouth of the deceased Symbol of rebirth Fish Flower Holder Ming dynasty (1368 – 1644) Fish leaping out of water In the process of transforming into a dragon Auspicious meaning, essential to decorative arts Calligraphy http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=MEN0CzGv5-Y#! http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=oRRiTo8sUwk Seal Script Square shape Lines of equal thickness Well-defined spacing Used for both writing and inscription Writing tool? Sense of antiquity Clerical Script Peak usage during the Eastern Han dynasty (25 – 220 A.D.) More practical than Seal Script Meets the need for growing bureaucracy Tip of brush visible at the pointed ends of a stroke Standard Script Modification of clerical script Short, terse characters Most legible and convenient for handwriting Running Script Cursive form of standard script Informal writing Combination of speed and legibility Cursive Script Freedom of brush Shorthand version of clerical or standard script Spontaneous, rapid and light strokes Variations of form and shade Advantage and disadvantage? Wang Xizhi (303 – 361) Sage of Calligraphy Best known for running and cursive scripts Record of the Orchid Pavilion Gathering: 353 A.D. Happy gathering of 40 literati friends Poetry contest alongside a stream: wine cups floating down Preface to accompany the poems collected in the event Anecdote about the Tang emperor Taizong (Ebrey p.113) According to one theory of his time, a reader can see the characters of the man behind the brush strokes. How do you think Wang Xizhi’s personality might have been described? As you look at each character, draw an imaginary box around it. What is the overall shape of ...

1. Fine and Decorative Arts
Jade Artifacts
Jade and its cultural significance
Jade 玉: nephrite jade, or soft jade
Jadeite, or hard jade, introduced to China at around 1800
Most valued gemstone: “Gold is valuable but jade is
invaluable.”
Represents 5 human virtues: humanity, moral integrity, wisdom,
justice, and perseverance
Jade Artifacts
Jade ornaments as early as 5,000 B.C., earliest works of
Chinese art
Rare, Hard, difficult to carve
Not for everyday use; rituals and ceremonies
Mostly found in high-status burials
Symbol of political and spiritual power
Technology matured during the Shang dynasty (1500 – 1050
B.C.)
Bi 璧

2. Earliest: Neolithic age, Liangzhu culture (3400- 2250 B.C.)
Flat disk, circular hole in the center
Ritual utensils, used in sacrifices and other ceremonies
Symbolizes the sky or heaven
Cong 琮
From Liangzhu culture
Tube, square outside, circular inside
Zoomorphic design: mask-like face
Ritual utensil
Symbolizes earth
Pig Headed dragon 豬龍
Neolithic age, Hongshan culture (3500 – 2500 B.C.)
Pig head
Coiled body, C shape, resembling dragon
Domestication of pigs
Somewhat realistic
Ritual significance unclear
Jade cicada
Han dynasty (202 B.C. – 220 A.D.)
Often found in burial sites
Placed in the mouth of the deceased
Symbol of rebirth
Fish Flower Holder

3. Ming dynasty (1368 – 1644)
Fish leaping out of water
In the process of transforming into a dragon
Auspicious meaning, essential to decorative arts
Calligraphy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=M
EN0CzGv5-Y#!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=o
RRiTo8sUwk
Seal Script
Square shape
Lines of equal thickness
Well-defined spacing
Used for both writing and inscription
Writing tool?
Sense of antiquity
Clerical Script
Peak usage during the Eastern Han dynasty (25 – 220 A.D.)
More practical than Seal Script
Meets the need for growing bureaucracy
Tip of brush visible at the pointed ends of a stroke

4. Standard Script
Modification of clerical script
Short, terse characters
Most legible and convenient for handwriting
Running Script
Cursive form of standard script
Informal writing
Combination of speed and legibility
Cursive Script
Freedom of brush
Shorthand version of clerical or standard script
Spontaneous, rapid and light strokes
Variations of form and shade
Advantage and disadvantage?
Wang Xizhi (303 – 361)
Sage of Calligraphy
Best known for running and cursive scripts
Record of the Orchid Pavilion Gathering: 353 A.D.
Happy gathering of 40 literati friends
Poetry contest alongside a stream: wine cups floating down
Preface to accompany the poems collected in the event
Anecdote about the Tang emperor Taizong (Ebrey p.113)

5. According to one theory of his time, a reader can see the
characters of the man behind the brush strokes. How do you
think Wang Xizhi’s personality might have been described?
As you look at each character, draw an imaginary box around it.
What is the overall shape of the character? Do the components
hold together along a central axis, or do they tend to "pull
apart"? Can you find any inconsistencies in the way Wang Xizhi
wrote similar characters or individual strokes?
Do you think this piece of writing was done methodically and
carefully, or executed quickly? How can you tell?
Painting

6. Compare these two paintings in terms of
Subject
Perspective (fixed viewpoint or not?)
Color
Composition (layout of the picture)
Place of human in nature
Landscape painting
Landscape painting: shan shui 山水, mountains and waters
Mountains: Humaneness; close to heaven, home of immortals
Waters: Wisdom; sense of movement
Fully developed during the Song dynasty with imperial
patronage
Longing to escape urban life and become one with nature
Considered to be the highest form of painting
https://www.npm.gov.tw/exh100/treasures/en/img7_1.html
郭熙早春圖Guo Xi—Early Spring (1072 A.D.)

7. Early Spring
Monumental landscape
Hierarchical structure:
Central peak vs. lower cliffs
Tall, upright pines vs. crooked, prostrating trees
Neo-Confucianism: underlying li (principles) in the moral and
physical realms
Human activities:
blending into natural environment
Travelers going up the mountain to temple
Daoist influences: harmony between man and nature, being one
with nature, virtual journey
Sense of authority, imaginative respite in nature
Guo Xi: “The Lofty Message of Forests and Streams”:
A great mountain is dominating as chief over the
assembled hills, thereby ranking in an ordered arrangement the
ridges and peaks, forests and valleys as overlords of varying
degrees and distances. The general appearance is of a great lord
glorious on his throne and a hundred princes hastening to pay
him court…
A tall pine stands erect as the mark of all trees, thereby
ranking in an ordered arrangement the subsidiary trees and
plants as numerous admiring assistants. The general effect is of
a nobleman dazzling in his prime with all lesser mortals in his
service.
Painting as a social record
Zhang Zeduan 張擇端(1085 – 1145): The Spring Festival Along
the River 清明上河圖(ca. 1000 A.D.)

8. Panoramic view of the urban life in the city of Kaifeng 開封,
capital of Northern Song
814 humans, 28 boats, 60 animals, 30 buildings, 20 vehicles,
nine sedan chairs, and 170 trees
Handscroll: view from right to left
17 feet long, 1 foot high
One of the most valuable work in Chinese art history
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxff-4GktOI
Economic Activities
Getting ready for business
Economic Activities
Eateries on the Rainbow Bridge

9. Economic Activities
Fortune-teller
Economic Activities
Clinic
The Family of Assistant Zhao
Care for the Five Wounds and Seven Injuries and Deficiencies
of Speech
Regulation of Alcohol-related Illnesses and Prevention of
Injury, Genuine Prescriptions of the Collected Fragrances
Remedy.
Economic Activities
Carpenters
Economic Activities
Wine shop
Transportation
Mule cart
Transportation
Carriages

10. Transportation
Sedan Chair
Transportation
Horse-riding
Transportation
Boat and Canal
People
Official
People
Literati
People
Official Residence
People
Tax Office

11. People
Buddhist Monk and scholar
People
Teahouse
People
Family entering the city
People
Little Kid
People
Story-teller
People
Foreign merchants and camels
People
Sailors

12. An Information Processing View on Joint
Vendor Performance in Multi-Sourcing:
The Role of the Guardian
ILAN OSHRI, JENS DIBBERN, JULIA KOTLARSKY, AND
OLIVER
KRANCHER
ILAN OSHRI ([email protected]) is a professor at Graduate
School of
Management, University of Auckland business school,
University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand. He is the author of “Offshoring
Strategies: Evolving
Captive Centers Models”(MIT Press, 2011), and the co-author
of “The Handbook
of Global Outsourcing and Offshoring” (Palgrave, 2015). He co-
authored 20 books
and published numerous articles in academic and professional
journals including
MIS Quarterly, European Journal of Information Systems,
Journal of Information
Technology, and Strategic Journal of Informatio n Systems. His
work on outsourcing
was featured on BBC Radio 4, Wall Street Journal,
Businessweek and Financial
Times. Ilan currently serves as associate editor of MIS
Quarterly and senior editor
of Journal of Information Technology.
JENS DIBBERN ([email protected]) is Professor of Information
Systems at
the University of Bern, Department of Business Administration

13. in Switzerland. His
research focuses on IT sourcing, platform ecosystems, system
implementation/use,
and distributed collaboration. His publications appeared in
Information Systems
Research (ISR), Management Information Systems Quarterly
(MISQ), Journal of
Management Information Systems (JMIS), Journal of the
Association of
Information Systems (JAIS), and others. He served as associate
editor of MISQ
and as senior editor of JAIS and ACM Sigmis Database and
currently serves as
senior editor of MISQ Executive and department editor of
Business & Information
Systems Engineering (BISE).
JULIA KOTLARSKY ([email protected]) is a Professor of
Technology and
Global Sourcing at the University of Auckland Business School
in New Zealand.
Her research interests revolve around technology sourcing and
innovation in knowl-
edge-intensive business services, and more recently, studying
interface between
artificial intelligence technologies and humans. Her work was
published in numer-
ous journals including MIS Quarterly, European Journal of
Information Systems,
Journal of Strategic Information Systems, Wall Street Journals
and others. Her book
“The Handbook of Global Outsourcing and Offshoring” is
widely used by aca-
demics and practitioners. She is co-founder of the annual Global
Sourcing
Workshop (www.globalsourcing.org.uk). Julia serves as a

14. Senior Editor for the
All authors contributed equally.
Journal of Management Information Systems / 2019, Vol. 36,
No. 4, pp. 1248–1283.
Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN 0742–1222 (print) / ISSN 1557–928X (online)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2019.1661091
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
http://www.globalsourcing.org.uk
https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1080/07421222.2
019.1661091&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-10-03
Journal of Information Technology and a former Associate
Editor for MIS
Quarterly.
OLIVER KRANCHER ([email protected]) is an associate
professor in the Business IT depart-
ment of IT University of Copenhagen. He holds a Ph.D. from
University of Bern.
His research interests revolve around knowledge processes in
the development, use,
and management of information systems. He has published in
outlets such as the
Journal of Management Information Systems, the Journal of the
Association of
Information Systems, and the Proceedings of the International

15. Conference on
Information Systems. Prior to his academic career, he served as
a consultant in
enterprise software and outsourcing projects.
ABSTRACT: This paper examines joint vendor performance in
multi-sourcing
arrangements. Using an Information Processing View, we argue
that managing
interdependencies between multiple vendors imposes substantial
information pro-
cessing (IP) requirements on clients. To achieve high joint
performance, clients
therefore need to possess sufficient IP capacity. We examine
how three sources of
IP capacity, two internal (i.e., the client’s inter-vendor
governance and the client’s
architectural knowledge) and one external (i.e., the guardian
vendor), work together
in realizing joint performance. Our results show that formal
governance and
architectural knowledge contribute to joint performance. The
guardian vendor
contributes to joint performance in settings where the client
deploys strong govern-
ance but lacks architectural knowledge. This suggests that,
contrary to common
views in the literature, guardian vendors should not be
understood as mediators (or
single points of contact) who relieve clients from governance
efforts. Instead,
guardian vendors are more fruitfully understood as architects,
who complement
the client’s governance efforts by compensating for knowledge
gaps. Put simply,
client firms should consider using a guardian vendor to

16. compensate for weak
architectural knowledge while still maintaining strong formal
and informal govern-
ance of all vendors.
KEY WORDS AND PHRASES: multi-sourcing, joint
performance, guardian, governance,
architectural knowledge, information processing view.
Introduction
In the information systems (IS) domain, multi-sourcing is
viewed as the practice of
procuring interdependent information technology (IT) and
business services from
external vendors to achieve optimal business goals [4]. Such a
definition brings to
the fore the interdependencies between outsourced tasks
delivered by various
vendors, thus implying the need for interactions between the
vendors in order to
jointly deliver an overall service [4, 49]. In assessing the
success of a multi-
sourcing arrangement, it is not the performance of the
individual vendors that
matters most, but their joint performance, i.e., the degree to
which the combined
services delivered by the vendors meet the client’s expectations.
An example of
such a multi-sourcing arrangement is British Airways’ (BA’s)
“Know Me
Programme,” which was initiated in 2013 and involves three
vendors, Tata
JOINT VENDOR PERFORMANCE IN MULTI-SOURCING
1249

17. mailto:[email protected]
Consultancy Services (TCS), Opera
Solution
s, and e-Dialog (now Zeta
Interactive).1 Together, these three vendors form a new
personalized customer
contact system. Although each vendor has its own
responsibilities, that is, TCS
for collecting, integrating, and managing customer data, Opera