2. All animals have
structures that help
them survive in their
environment. Some
structures help animals
find food, like the
amazing eyesight of an
eagle.
2
Presentation title 20XX
3. One special structure that
insects have is their hard
outer skeleton, called an
exoskeleton.
3
4. Exoskeletons
Exoskeletons are like wearing armor. It
protects insects from predators and keeps
insects from drying out.
4 Presentation title 20XX
6. Animal cells grow, mature, and
undergo differentiation. Tissues are
formed as a result of cell
differentiation.
6 Presentation title 20XX
7. The study of animal and plant tissues is
called histology. Histology involves the
preparation of thin tissue sections,
differentially stained and examined under
the microscope.
7 Presentation title 20XX
8. A microtome is an
instrument used to cut
tissues into ultrathin
sections. Tissue sections
are treated with biological
stains (dyes) to
differentiate cells and
tissues, and to have a
clearer view of the different
parts under the microscope
8 Presentation title 20XX
9. There are four types of tissues found in
animals and human body:
9 Presentation title 20XX
10. epithelial, connective, muscular, and
nervous. These different types of tissues
have distinct structures and functions.
10 Presentation title 20XX
11. The stomach, for example, is made up of four types
of tissue.
11 Presentation title 20XX
12. The inner wall of
the stomach is
lined by columnar
epithelial cells for
absorption of
digested food
12 Presentation title 20XX
13. .The stomach is surrounded by smooth
muscle tissues that are responsible for
the movement (peristalsis) during
digestion.
13 Presentation title 20XX
14. The stomach walls contain nervous
tissue (nerves) that transmits
signals to and from the brain.
14 Presentation title 20XX
15. Blood is a type of connective tissue, is
responsible for the transport of nutrients
from absorbed loose connective tissues
are also found in the stomach. These
different tissues have specialized with a
common objective to digest food, the
function of the stomach
15 Presentation title 20XX
16. It is considered a connective tissue,
because it consists of blood cells
surrounded by a nonliving fluid matrix
called blood plasma. It is the most atypical
connective tissue: the fibers of blood are
soluble protein molecules that become
visible during blood clotting.
16 Presentation title 20XX
17. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
COVER
Animals are multicellular organisms,
which means that their bodies are
composed of many cells. Animal cells
are organized into specialized groups
with distinct functions that form different
tissues.
17 Presentation title 20XX
18. Tissues may be recombined to form an
organ, which is a group of tissues
working together to perform a complex
job.
18 Presentation title 20XX
19. Epithelial tissues may be simple or
stratified. A simple epithelium is made
up of a single layer of cells. A stratified
epithelium has more than one layer of
cells. There are three types of
epithelium based on their shape:
squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
19 Presentation title 20XX
20. Simple squamous
epithelium consists of
a single layer of
flattened cells. These
flattened cells are
usually found in thin
barriers where
exchange of nutrients,
wastes, and respiratory
gases occur.
20 Presentation title 20XX
21. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
EPHITELIUM
They are found in the
alveoli of the lungs
where gas exchange
takes place, and in
capillaries where
diffusion and osmosis
take place. All blood
vessels and the heart
21 Presentation title 20XX
23. The secretory cells
of different glands
are made up of
cuboidal cells.
Cuboidal cells are
also found in the
tubules of the
kidneys and the
ducts of most
23 Presentation title 20XX
24. Simple columnar
epithelium is a single
layer of elongated cells.
This type of epithelium is
ideal for absorption and
secretion as it contains
large cytoplasmic
volumes with enough
organelles and energy
reserves to engage in
24 Presentation title 20XX
25. . It has special
structures called
microvilli, which are
extensions of the cell
membrane to
increase their
surface area for
absorption.
25 Presentation title 20XX
26. Goblet cells are
specialized
columnar cells
found in the lining
of the stomach and
small intestines
responsible for
mucus secretion.
26 Presentation title 20XX
27. Ciliated simple columnar
epithelium is found in the
small bronchioles of the
respiratory tract for mucus
movement, and in the
fallopian tubes of the
female reproductive tract
for the reproductive cell
movement.
27 Presentation title 20XX
28. Pseudostratified
epithelium, as the
name implies, is the
"falsely stratified"
epithelium. It is made
up of columnar cells
that are tall and thin,
forming irregular
28 Presentation title 20XX
29. Pseudostratified
epithelium is found in
the upper respiratory
tract as ciliated types.
The cilia are hairlike
extensions of the cell
that propel the mucus
secreted by the goblet
cell along the cell
29 Presentation title 20XX
31. Connective tissues include a large group of
different tissues characterized by having
dispersed cells and large extracellular space
31 20XX
32. The functions of connective tissues are
varied, depending on the type. Their
main function is to bind and support
other tissues. Their other functions
include:
32 Presentation title 20XX
33. • Protection,
• Provision of cushion,
• Maintenance of body form,
• Filling body space,
• Storage of fats,
• Transport of nutrients and wastes,
• Body defense, and
• Repair of body parts.
33 Presentation title 20XX
34. Connective tissues can be broadly classified
into three large groups; connective tissue
proper, supportive connective tissue (cartilage
and bones), and fluid connective tissues (blood
34 Presentation title 20XX
Adipose tissue
36. Loose Connective Tissue
Loose connective tissues are also called
areolar connective tissues. They are
connective tissues with watery matrix
(ground substance) where the cells, mostly
fibroblasts, are located.
36 Presentation title 20XX
37. Special white blood cells called
macrophages can also be found in the
matrix. Collagen, elastic, and reticular
37 Presentation title 20XX
38. Functions of loose connective
tissue
Includes binding and supporting one
tissue to another (as skin connects to
muscles), protecting and nourishing the
organs and structures as it binds (as it
forms a protective layer over muscles,
nerves, and blood vessels), and storing
body fluids.
38 Presentation title 20XX
39. Dense Connective Tissue
Dense connective tissues are made up
of closely packed bundles of collagen
fibers with few cells.
39 Presentation title 20XX
41. Reticular connective tissues
Reticular connective
tissues are made up of
cells called
reticulocytes
(specialized
fibroblasts) and a
matrix that contains
reticular fibers. They
give support to soft
organs such as the
41 Presentation title 20XX
42. Elastic connective tissues, as the
name implies, are highly elastic
(flexible), with flattened fibroblast
cells with a matrix that contains
bundles of elastic fibers and
interspersed collagen fibers
42 Presentation title 20XX
45. Adipose tissue
Adipose tissues, or fat tissues, are
special types of connective tissues
that store fats.
45 Presentation title 20XX
46. Adipose tissues are found
anywhere in the body,
especially in empty spaces.
The fat cells serve as
energy reservoirs for organs
and may provide insulation.
Adipose tissues found in the
subcutaneous layer of the
skin help shape, cushion,
and insulate the body. The
kidneys, heart, and the orbit
of the eyes are all
46 Presentation title 20XX
48. Cartilage is a type of
connective tissue
with cells called
chondrocytes, which
are separated by a
strong yet flexible
matrix made up of a
substance called
chondrin
48 Presentation title 20XX
49. The chondrocytes
are located in a
chamber called
lacuna (plural:
lacunae), which is
surrounded by a
membrane called
perichondrium
49 Presentation title 20XX
50. Bones are hardened connective tissues
containing cells called osteocytes, a
matrix with collagen fibers, and mineral
deposits such as calcium phosphate,
magnesium, carbonate, and fluoride
ions
50 Presentation title 20XX
51. FLUID CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
Blood is a special type of connective tissue
with a liquid matrix called the blood plasma.
51 Presentation title 20XX
52. The cells of the blood include the
erythrocytes or red blood cells for the
transport of oxygen, leukocytes or white
blood cells for the body's defense
against infection, and the thrombocytes
or blood platelets for blood clotting.
52 Presentation title 20XX
54. Muscular tissues are contractile tissues
responsible for movement. The muscle
cells (or more accurately called muscle
fibers) that make up muscle tissues contain
myosin and actin, the proteins involved in
muscle contraction
54 Presentation title 20XX
55. There are three types of muscular
tissues: skeletal, cardiac, and
smooth.
55 Presentation title 20XX
56. Skeletal muscular tissues
They are responsible for the movement of most
body parts and for locomotion. The contractions
of skeletal muscles are under voluntary control.
56 Presentation title 20XX
57. The contractions of
skeletal muscles are under
voluntary control. A skeletal
muscle fiber is long and
cylindrical, unbranched,
and contains multiple
nuclei. Under the
microscope, its fibers
appear as alternating dark
and light bands; thus, it is
57 Presentation title 20XX
58. Cardiac muscular tissues
Cardiac muscles are
also striated but its
contraction is
involuntarily
controlled. Cardiac
muscle fibers are
branching, with only
one nucleus per
58 Presentation title 20XX
59. They allow impulses to move freely
from one muscle fiber to another. This
results in a coordinated contraction
called the heartbeat.
59 Presentation title 20XX
60. Smooth muscular tissues
They are unbranched
with a single nucleus
per cell. Smooth
muscles are found in
the walls of the
stomach, intestines,
urinary bladder,
uterus, and blood
60 Presentation title 20XX
62. 62 Presentation title 20XX
The nervous tissue is made up of nerve cells called
neurons, which are found in the brain and spinal
cord. Neurons are specialized cells that conduct
impulses to and from the brain.
63. 63 Presentation title 20XX
Dendrites receive impulses and send them to
the cell body.
64. 64 Presentation title 20XX
The cell body is like a typical cell where the
nucleus and organelles are found
65. 65 Presentation title 20XX
Axon is a long fiber-like part that transmits the
impulses away from the cell body to the next
neuron.
67. Tissues are groups of similar types of cells
that perform diverse similar functions. A
group of different tissues united to perform
a common function forms an organ.
Several organs that perform together for a
common function make up an organ
system. The human body is made up of 11
organ systems.
67 Presentation title 20XX
68. Organ systems: Major Organs and Their Functions
System Major Structure Functions
Integumentary Skin, nail, and hair Protects against injury, infection and
fluid loss provides structure and support
Muscular Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscular
tissue
Moves limbs and trunk
Moves substance through the body
Provides structure and support
Skeletal Bones and joints Protects and supports the body and
organs
Interacts with skeletal muscles
Circulatory Heart blood vessels, blood lymph nodes
and vessels, and lymph
Transports nutrients, gases, ions,
hormones, and wastes
Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense
organs
Regular behavior
Maintains homeostasis
Controls sensory and motor function
69. Digestive Mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver,
pancreas, and small and large
intestines
Extracts and absorbs nutrients
from food
Removes wastes
Maintains water and chemical
balances
Respiratory Lungs, nose, mouth and trachea Moves air into and out of lungs
Excretory Kidney, urinary bladder, ureters,
and urethra
Removes wastes from the blood
Regulates concentration of body
fluids
Endocrine Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, pineal body, adrenal
glands, pancreas, testes and
ovaries
Regulates body temperature,
metabolism, development and
reproduction
Maintains homeostasis
Reproductive Testes and penis, ovaries and
uterus
Produces gametes and offspring
Immune WBC, lymph node and vessels and
skin
Defends against pathogens and
diseases
Editor's Notes
Other animals have camouflage to help them hide from predators. Some structures are very unique to certain animals, like the water monitor lizard’s long, forked tongue.
The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function.
The human body, for example, is made up of more than 200 differentiated cells. A tissue is a group of similar cells that performs a common function.
An organ is made up of different types of tissues.
Nervous tissue in the submucosa monitors the contents of the stomach and controls smooth muscle contraction and secretion of digestive substances.
For example, the leg muscle tissues make animals move.
Cuboidal cells have larger cytoplasm’s compared to squamous cells; thus, they can perform more complex functions such as absorption and secretion
The simple columnar epithelium lining the small intestines is responsible for about 90 percent absorption that takes place in the digestive tract
prepare the unfertilized ovum for fertilization by aiding in the transportation of the ovum from the ovaries to the uterus.
The cells appear to form several layers but are actually arranged in a single layer, and all its cells rest on the basement membrane.
The extracellular matrix includes protein fibers (collagen, elastic, or reticular) and ground substances secreted mostly by the cells of the connective tissue.
Areolar connective tissue is the type of tissue which connects and surrounds different organs in the human body.
They are less flexible than loose connective tissues but are more rigid.
Dense connective tissues are found in tendons that connect muscles to bones, in ligaments that connect bones to other bones, and in the dermis of the skin.
They also provide the supporting framework for the bone marrow and lymphoid (blood cell-making) organs.
The ligamentum nuchae is a large median ligament composed of tendons and fascia located between the posterior muscles of the neck
They are found in large arteries such as the aorta, bronchial tubes, and in the ligaments of the vertebral column.
The fat cells or adipocytes appear as translucent fat globules. Adipocytes contain a large vacuole that stores the fats. As a result, the nucleus is pushed to one side, giving the cell the appearance of a signet ring.
Chondrin a protein-carbohydrate complex
In humans, cartilage is found in the ears, nose, and joints.
Cartilage gives strength, support, and protection to the soft parts of the body.
In addition, the blood transports nutrients to cells and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes.
prototype of a molecular motor—a protein that converts chemical energy in the form of ATP to mechanical energy, thus generating force and movement.
They are all voluntary muscles because we can make them work by our conscious thinking.
are found only in the walls of the heart. The contraction of cardiac muscles causes the heart to beat, which pumps blood.
Cardiac muscular tissues are both separate and individual cells but are compactly arranged with each other.
are non-striated, spindle-shaped muscles that are involuntarily controlled.
Your integumentary system is your body's outer layer.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands
