The document discusses the specialized structures and tissues found in animals. It explains that all animals have structures that help them survive, such as eyes that help animals find food. There are four main types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Each tissue has distinct cell types and functions. For example, epithelial tissues cover surfaces and connective tissues bind and support other tissues. The tissues combine to form organs that work together to perform important functions for survival.
Differences between an Animal cell and a Plant cellAiden
This PowerPoint presentation shows you the basic differences between a plant and an animal cell. Although they are very similar, the differences aid them in performing different functions.
Differences between an Animal cell and a Plant cellAiden
This PowerPoint presentation shows you the basic differences between a plant and an animal cell. Although they are very similar, the differences aid them in performing different functions.
The First Philippine Republic and the Filipino-American WarJamaica Olazo
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
MALOLOS CONGRESS AND MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
THE AMERICANS STARTED THE WAR
THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR
GUERRILLA WARFARE
FILIPINOS LOSE THE WAR
THE CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO
HISTORICAL VALUES
1. Filipinos should be proud that the first independent republic in Asia by Asians was established by Aguinaldo in the Philippines from 1989 to 1901.
2. Filipinos are brave and sturdy people who will fight for their rights and independence, even if they lose.
3. Filipinos lost the Filipino-American war because they were not united and they had inferior weapons.
4. Like all wars, the Filipino-American war was very bloody and expensive.
a. The Americans sent 126,248 troops, of whom 4,234 died.
b. They have spent a vast sum of $16,000.
c. 200,000 civilian died of starvation and/or diseases.
d. Property worth of billions of pesos was damaged.
5. We should remember and honor President Aguinaldo and other heroes of this era because they fought with courage and honor. These veterans of the revolution were the real founding father of our independence.
The word cell is derived from the Latin word “cellula” which means “a little room”
It was the British botanist Robert Hooke who, in 1664, while examining a slice of bottle cork under a microscope, found its structure resembling the box-like living quarters of the monks in a monastery, and coined the word “cells”
Definition :
Tissue is a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit. A nonliving material, called the intercellular matrix, fills the spaces between the cells.
Histology (his′-TOL-oˉ-jē; histo- = tissue; logy = study of) is the science that deals with the study of tissues.
A pathologist (pa-THOL-oˉ - jist; patho- = disease) is a physician who examines cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses.
1. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; it also forms glands. This tissue allows the body to interact with both its internal and external environments.
2. Connective tissue protects and supports the body and its organs. Various types of connective tissues bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide the body with immunity to disease-causing organisms.
3. Muscular tissue is composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of force. In the process, muscular tissue generates heat that warms the body.
4. Nervous tissue detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating electrical signals called nerve action potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions.
Every organism is composed of several different types of human body tissue. The human body tissue is another way of describing how our cells are grouped together in a highly organized manner according to specific structure and function. These groupings of cells form tissues, which then make up organs and various parts of the body.
The First Philippine Republic and the Filipino-American WarJamaica Olazo
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
MALOLOS CONGRESS AND MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
THE AMERICANS STARTED THE WAR
THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR
GUERRILLA WARFARE
FILIPINOS LOSE THE WAR
THE CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO
HISTORICAL VALUES
1. Filipinos should be proud that the first independent republic in Asia by Asians was established by Aguinaldo in the Philippines from 1989 to 1901.
2. Filipinos are brave and sturdy people who will fight for their rights and independence, even if they lose.
3. Filipinos lost the Filipino-American war because they were not united and they had inferior weapons.
4. Like all wars, the Filipino-American war was very bloody and expensive.
a. The Americans sent 126,248 troops, of whom 4,234 died.
b. They have spent a vast sum of $16,000.
c. 200,000 civilian died of starvation and/or diseases.
d. Property worth of billions of pesos was damaged.
5. We should remember and honor President Aguinaldo and other heroes of this era because they fought with courage and honor. These veterans of the revolution were the real founding father of our independence.
The word cell is derived from the Latin word “cellula” which means “a little room”
It was the British botanist Robert Hooke who, in 1664, while examining a slice of bottle cork under a microscope, found its structure resembling the box-like living quarters of the monks in a monastery, and coined the word “cells”
Definition :
Tissue is a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit. A nonliving material, called the intercellular matrix, fills the spaces between the cells.
Histology (his′-TOL-oˉ-jē; histo- = tissue; logy = study of) is the science that deals with the study of tissues.
A pathologist (pa-THOL-oˉ - jist; patho- = disease) is a physician who examines cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses.
1. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; it also forms glands. This tissue allows the body to interact with both its internal and external environments.
2. Connective tissue protects and supports the body and its organs. Various types of connective tissues bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide the body with immunity to disease-causing organisms.
3. Muscular tissue is composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of force. In the process, muscular tissue generates heat that warms the body.
4. Nervous tissue detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating electrical signals called nerve action potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions.
Every organism is composed of several different types of human body tissue. The human body tissue is another way of describing how our cells are grouped together in a highly organized manner according to specific structure and function. These groupings of cells form tissues, which then make up organs and various parts of the body.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. All animals have
structures that help
them survive in their
environment. Some
structures help animals
find food, like the
amazing eyesight of an
eagle.
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Presentation title 20XX
3. One special structure that
insects have is their hard
outer skeleton, called an
exoskeleton.
3
4. Exoskeletons
Exoskeletons are like wearing armor. It
protects insects from predators and keeps
insects from drying out.
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6. Animal cells grow, mature, and
undergo differentiation. Tissues are
formed as a result of cell
differentiation.
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7. The study of animal and plant tissues is
called histology. Histology involves the
preparation of thin tissue sections,
differentially stained and examined under
the microscope.
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8. A microtome is an
instrument used to cut
tissues into ultrathin
sections. Tissue sections
are treated with biological
stains (dyes) to
differentiate cells and
tissues, and to have a
clearer view of the different
parts under the microscope
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9. There are four types of tissues found in
animals and human body:
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10. epithelial, connective, muscular, and
nervous. These different types of tissues
have distinct structures and functions.
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11. The stomach, for example, is made up of four types
of tissue.
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12. The inner wall of
the stomach is
lined by columnar
epithelial cells for
absorption of
digested food
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13. .The stomach is surrounded by smooth
muscle tissues that are responsible for
the movement (peristalsis) during
digestion.
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14. The stomach walls contain nervous
tissue (nerves) that transmits
signals to and from the brain.
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15. Blood is a type of connective tissue, is
responsible for the transport of nutrients
from absorbed loose connective tissues
are also found in the stomach. These
different tissues have specialized with a
common objective to digest food, the
function of the stomach
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16. It is considered a connective tissue,
because it consists of blood cells
surrounded by a nonliving fluid matrix
called blood plasma. It is the most atypical
connective tissue: the fibers of blood are
soluble protein molecules that become
visible during blood clotting.
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17. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
COVER
Animals are multicellular organisms,
which means that their bodies are
composed of many cells. Animal cells
are organized into specialized groups
with distinct functions that form different
tissues.
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18. Tissues may be recombined to form an
organ, which is a group of tissues
working together to perform a complex
job.
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19. Epithelial tissues may be simple or
stratified. A simple epithelium is made
up of a single layer of cells. A stratified
epithelium has more than one layer of
cells. There are three types of
epithelium based on their shape:
squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
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20. Simple squamous
epithelium consists of
a single layer of
flattened cells. These
flattened cells are
usually found in thin
barriers where
exchange of nutrients,
wastes, and respiratory
gases occur.
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21. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
EPHITELIUM
They are found in the
alveoli of the lungs
where gas exchange
takes place, and in
capillaries where
diffusion and osmosis
take place. All blood
vessels and the heart
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23. The secretory cells
of different glands
are made up of
cuboidal cells.
Cuboidal cells are
also found in the
tubules of the
kidneys and the
ducts of most
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24. Simple columnar
epithelium is a single
layer of elongated cells.
This type of epithelium is
ideal for absorption and
secretion as it contains
large cytoplasmic
volumes with enough
organelles and energy
reserves to engage in
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25. . It has special
structures called
microvilli, which are
extensions of the cell
membrane to
increase their
surface area for
absorption.
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26. Goblet cells are
specialized
columnar cells
found in the lining
of the stomach and
small intestines
responsible for
mucus secretion.
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27. Ciliated simple columnar
epithelium is found in the
small bronchioles of the
respiratory tract for mucus
movement, and in the
fallopian tubes of the
female reproductive tract
for the reproductive cell
movement.
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28. Pseudostratified
epithelium, as the
name implies, is the
"falsely stratified"
epithelium. It is made
up of columnar cells
that are tall and thin,
forming irregular
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29. Pseudostratified
epithelium is found in
the upper respiratory
tract as ciliated types.
The cilia are hairlike
extensions of the cell
that propel the mucus
secreted by the goblet
cell along the cell
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31. Connective tissues include a large group of
different tissues characterized by having
dispersed cells and large extracellular space
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32. The functions of connective tissues are
varied, depending on the type. Their
main function is to bind and support
other tissues. Their other functions
include:
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33. • Protection,
• Provision of cushion,
• Maintenance of body form,
• Filling body space,
• Storage of fats,
• Transport of nutrients and wastes,
• Body defense, and
• Repair of body parts.
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34. Connective tissues can be broadly classified
into three large groups; connective tissue
proper, supportive connective tissue (cartilage
and bones), and fluid connective tissues (blood
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Adipose tissue
36. Loose Connective Tissue
Loose connective tissues are also called
areolar connective tissues. They are
connective tissues with watery matrix
(ground substance) where the cells, mostly
fibroblasts, are located.
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37. Special white blood cells called
macrophages can also be found in the
matrix. Collagen, elastic, and reticular
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38. Functions of loose connective
tissue
Includes binding and supporting one
tissue to another (as skin connects to
muscles), protecting and nourishing the
organs and structures as it binds (as it
forms a protective layer over muscles,
nerves, and blood vessels), and storing
body fluids.
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39. Dense Connective Tissue
Dense connective tissues are made up
of closely packed bundles of collagen
fibers with few cells.
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41. Reticular connective tissues
Reticular connective
tissues are made up of
cells called
reticulocytes
(specialized
fibroblasts) and a
matrix that contains
reticular fibers. They
give support to soft
organs such as the
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42. Elastic connective tissues, as the
name implies, are highly elastic
(flexible), with flattened fibroblast
cells with a matrix that contains
bundles of elastic fibers and
interspersed collagen fibers
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45. Adipose tissue
Adipose tissues, or fat tissues, are
special types of connective tissues
that store fats.
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46. Adipose tissues are found
anywhere in the body,
especially in empty spaces.
The fat cells serve as
energy reservoirs for organs
and may provide insulation.
Adipose tissues found in the
subcutaneous layer of the
skin help shape, cushion,
and insulate the body. The
kidneys, heart, and the orbit
of the eyes are all
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48. Cartilage is a type of
connective tissue
with cells called
chondrocytes, which
are separated by a
strong yet flexible
matrix made up of a
substance called
chondrin
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49. The chondrocytes
are located in a
chamber called
lacuna (plural:
lacunae), which is
surrounded by a
membrane called
perichondrium
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50. Bones are hardened connective tissues
containing cells called osteocytes, a
matrix with collagen fibers, and mineral
deposits such as calcium phosphate,
magnesium, carbonate, and fluoride
ions
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51. FLUID CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
Blood is a special type of connective tissue
with a liquid matrix called the blood plasma.
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52. The cells of the blood include the
erythrocytes or red blood cells for the
transport of oxygen, leukocytes or white
blood cells for the body's defense
against infection, and the thrombocytes
or blood platelets for blood clotting.
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54. Muscular tissues are contractile tissues
responsible for movement. The muscle
cells (or more accurately called muscle
fibers) that make up muscle tissues contain
myosin and actin, the proteins involved in
muscle contraction
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55. There are three types of muscular
tissues: skeletal, cardiac, and
smooth.
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56. Skeletal muscular tissues
They are responsible for the movement of most
body parts and for locomotion. The contractions
of skeletal muscles are under voluntary control.
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57. The contractions of
skeletal muscles are under
voluntary control. A skeletal
muscle fiber is long and
cylindrical, unbranched,
and contains multiple
nuclei. Under the
microscope, its fibers
appear as alternating dark
and light bands; thus, it is
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58. Cardiac muscular tissues
Cardiac muscles are
also striated but its
contraction is
involuntarily
controlled. Cardiac
muscle fibers are
branching, with only
one nucleus per
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59. They allow impulses to move freely
from one muscle fiber to another. This
results in a coordinated contraction
called the heartbeat.
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60. Smooth muscular tissues
They are unbranched
with a single nucleus
per cell. Smooth
muscles are found in
the walls of the
stomach, intestines,
urinary bladder,
uterus, and blood
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62. 62 Presentation title 20XX
The nervous tissue is made up of nerve cells called
neurons, which are found in the brain and spinal
cord. Neurons are specialized cells that conduct
impulses to and from the brain.
63. 63 Presentation title 20XX
Dendrites receive impulses and send them to
the cell body.
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The cell body is like a typical cell where the
nucleus and organelles are found
65. 65 Presentation title 20XX
Axon is a long fiber-like part that transmits the
impulses away from the cell body to the next
neuron.
67. Tissues are groups of similar types of cells
that perform diverse similar functions. A
group of different tissues united to perform
a common function forms an organ.
Several organs that perform together for a
common function make up an organ
system. The human body is made up of 11
organ systems.
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68. Organ systems: Major Organs and Their Functions
System Major Structure Functions
Integumentary Skin, nail, and hair Protects against injury, infection and
fluid loss provides structure and support
Muscular Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscular
tissue
Moves limbs and trunk
Moves substance through the body
Provides structure and support
Skeletal Bones and joints Protects and supports the body and
organs
Interacts with skeletal muscles
Circulatory Heart blood vessels, blood lymph nodes
and vessels, and lymph
Transports nutrients, gases, ions,
hormones, and wastes
Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense
organs
Regular behavior
Maintains homeostasis
Controls sensory and motor function
69. Digestive Mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver,
pancreas, and small and large
intestines
Extracts and absorbs nutrients
from food
Removes wastes
Maintains water and chemical
balances
Respiratory Lungs, nose, mouth and trachea Moves air into and out of lungs
Excretory Kidney, urinary bladder, ureters,
and urethra
Removes wastes from the blood
Regulates concentration of body
fluids
Endocrine Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, pineal body, adrenal
glands, pancreas, testes and
ovaries
Regulates body temperature,
metabolism, development and
reproduction
Maintains homeostasis
Reproductive Testes and penis, ovaries and
uterus
Produces gametes and offspring
Immune WBC, lymph node and vessels and
skin
Defends against pathogens and
diseases
Editor's Notes
Other animals have camouflage to help them hide from predators. Some structures are very unique to certain animals, like the water monitor lizard’s long, forked tongue.
The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function.
The human body, for example, is made up of more than 200 differentiated cells. A tissue is a group of similar cells that performs a common function.
An organ is made up of different types of tissues.
Nervous tissue in the submucosa monitors the contents of the stomach and controls smooth muscle contraction and secretion of digestive substances.
For example, the leg muscle tissues make animals move.
Cuboidal cells have larger cytoplasm’s compared to squamous cells; thus, they can perform more complex functions such as absorption and secretion
The simple columnar epithelium lining the small intestines is responsible for about 90 percent absorption that takes place in the digestive tract
prepare the unfertilized ovum for fertilization by aiding in the transportation of the ovum from the ovaries to the uterus.
The cells appear to form several layers but are actually arranged in a single layer, and all its cells rest on the basement membrane.
The extracellular matrix includes protein fibers (collagen, elastic, or reticular) and ground substances secreted mostly by the cells of the connective tissue.
Areolar connective tissue is the type of tissue which connects and surrounds different organs in the human body.
They are less flexible than loose connective tissues but are more rigid.
Dense connective tissues are found in tendons that connect muscles to bones, in ligaments that connect bones to other bones, and in the dermis of the skin.
They also provide the supporting framework for the bone marrow and lymphoid (blood cell-making) organs.
The ligamentum nuchae is a large median ligament composed of tendons and fascia located between the posterior muscles of the neck
They are found in large arteries such as the aorta, bronchial tubes, and in the ligaments of the vertebral column.
The fat cells or adipocytes appear as translucent fat globules. Adipocytes contain a large vacuole that stores the fats. As a result, the nucleus is pushed to one side, giving the cell the appearance of a signet ring.
Chondrin a protein-carbohydrate complex
In humans, cartilage is found in the ears, nose, and joints.
Cartilage gives strength, support, and protection to the soft parts of the body.
In addition, the blood transports nutrients to cells and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes.
prototype of a molecular motor—a protein that converts chemical energy in the form of ATP to mechanical energy, thus generating force and movement.
They are all voluntary muscles because we can make them work by our conscious thinking.
are found only in the walls of the heart. The contraction of cardiac muscles causes the heart to beat, which pumps blood.
Cardiac muscular tissues are both separate and individual cells but are compactly arranged with each other.
are non-striated, spindle-shaped muscles that are involuntarily controlled.
Your integumentary system is your body's outer layer.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands