An assembly line with 17 tasks is to be balanced. The longest .docx

An assembly line with 17 tasks is to be balanced. The longest
task is 2.4 minutes, and the
total time for all tasks is 18 minutes. The line will operate for
450 minutes per day.
a. What are the minimum and maximum cycle times? (Round
your answers to 1 decimal
place.)
Minimum cycle time minutes
Maximum cycle time minutes
b. What range of daily output is theoretically possible for the
line? (Round your answers
to 1 decimal place. Enter the smaller value in the first box and
the larger value in the
second box.)
Range of output to units/day
c. What is the minimum number of workstations needed if the
maximum output rate is to
be sought? (Round up your answer to the next whole number.)
Minimum number of workstations
d. What cycle time will provide an output rate of 125 units per
day? (Round your answer
to 1 decimal place.)
Cycle time min/cycle

e. What output potential will result if the cycle time is (1) 9
minutes? (2) 15 minutes?
Cycle Time Potential Output
(1) units
(2) units
Hint #1
Hints
As part of a major plant renovation project, the industrial
engineering department has been
asked to balance a revised assembly operation to achieve an
output of 240 units per eight-
hour day. Task times and precedence relationships are as
follows:
Task
Duration
(minutes)
Immediate
Predecessor
a 0.2 -
b 0.4 a
c 0.2 b
d 0.4 -
e 1.2 d
f 1.2 c
g 1.0 e, f

Do each of the following:
b. Determine the minimum cycle time, the maximum cycle time,
and the calculated cycle
time. (Round your answers to 1 decimal place.)
The minimum cycle time minutes per unit
The maximum cycle time minutes per unit
Calculated cycle time minutes per unit
c. Determine the minimum number of stations needed. (Round
your answer to the next
whole number.)
Minimum number of stations
d. Assign tasks to workstations on the basis of greatest number
of following tasks. Use
longest processing time as a tiebreaker. If ties still exist,
assume indifference in choice.
Work stations Following Tasks
e. Compute the percentage of idle time for the assignment in
part d. Use the actual

bottleneck cycle time in your calculation. (Round your answer
to 2 decimal places. Omit
the "%" sign in your response.)
Percentage of idle time %
For the set of tasks given below, do the following:
Task
Task
Time(seconds)
Immediate
Predecessor
A 45 -
B 11 A
C 9 B
D 50 -
E 26 D
F 11 E
G 12 C
H 10 C
I 9 F, G, H
J 10 I
193
b. Determine the minimum and maximum cycle times in seconds
for a desired output of
500 units in a seven-hour day. (Round your answers to 1
decimal place.)
The minimum cycle time seconds

The maximum cycle time seconds
c. Determine the minimum number of workstations for output of
500 units per day. (Round
up your answer to the next whole number.)
Minimum number of workstations
d. Balance the line using the greatest positional weight
heuristic. Break ties with the most
following tasks heuristic. Use a cycle time of 50 seconds.
Work stations Following Tasks
IV (Click to sele
e. Calculate the percentage idle time for the line using the 50
second cycle time. (Round
your answer to 1 decimal place. Omit the "%" sign in your
response.)
Percentage of idle time %
A manager wants to assign tasks to workstations as efficiently
as possible, and achieve an

hourly output of 4 units. The department uses a working time of
56 minutes per hour.
Assign the tasks shown in the accompanying precedence
diagram (times are in minutes)
to workstations using the following rules:
a. In order of most following tasks. Tiebreaker: greatest
positional weight.
Work Station Tasks
b. In order of greatest positional weight.
Work Station Tasks
II G, A, B
c. What is the efficiency? (Round your answer to 2 decimal
places. Omit the "%" sign
in your response.)
Efficiency %

SOW 4232
This class will focus on lobbying and the use of
testimony in advocacy efforts.
Let’s focus on lobbying first, since it’s important to
understand what this is and how it works. The first
step in this effort should be to understand the rules
of lobbying. Then we will go over the tasks of
lobbying. We will also look at the issues of writing
legislative alerts, handling face to face meetings
with your legislator, and producing public
messages- like letters and editorials, as well as
giving testimony.
Lobbying Rules and Restrictions
Lobbying is the act of representing a particular interest and
working to

impact policy proposals. There are some restrictions on
lobbying. State
dollars cannot be used to fund a lobbyist position. So, if you are
a lobbyist
for a private non-profit agency that receives state dollars
through a grant,
your position has to be funded by other means (such as
fundraising). Just to
be clear - State employees are absolutely allowed to contact
legislators.
State employers cannot prohibit their employees from lobbying.
However,
state employees are not allowed to lobby during work hours and
they are
not allowed to use state equipment, such as a work phone or a
work
computer, to lobby. For example, as a state employee (faculty at
UCF), I am
allowed to get politically involved as a private citizen, as long
as I am clear
that I am acting as a private citizen. I cannot use my office,
work phone, or
work computer to send political emails or other lobbying related
materials. I

can, however, use my real name, and disclose my employer if
asked. I
cannot at any time imply that I represent my organization or use
any tools
provided by my state employer. This does not mean that either
UCF or
faculty at UCF are not allowed to share information with our
community, or
are not allowed to have opinions- we most certainly are allowed
to have
opinions, and to share them. The line is at lobbying or working
to influence
political activity.
Lobbyists are required to register with state or local government
(whichever
level they are lobbying). The link below describes the
registration rules for
Florida.
http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Lobbyist/index.cfm?Mode=Forms&Su
bmenu=4&T
ab=lobbyist&CFID=70281020&CFTOKEN=77308103

Lobbyists must report expenditures (money that they spend),
such as gifts
to legislators. Note that this can include something as small as
meals, or
even flowers.
Lobbyists can be either individuals or groups.
Top 10 Lobbying Groups in 2016 Total
US Chamber of Commerce $52,320,000
National Assn of Realtors $21,417,467
Blue Cross/Blue Shield $12,077,994
Pharmaceutical Rsrch & Mfrs of America $11,825,000
American Medical Assn $11,275,000
American Hospital Assn $10,917,793
Boeing Co $9,230,000
AT&T Inc $8,550,000
National Assn of Broadcasters $8,348,000
Business Roundtable $8,060,000
Data courtesy of Center for Responsive Politics
Lobbyists’ Tasks

Lobbyists follow bills through the process. Their job includes a
number of
things related to how policy ideas become law. Note that the
tasks vary
widely – writing bills, analyzing bills, tracking bills, and
lobbying legislators
and the Governor’s Office throughout the process.
required to
get a bill in the ‘pipeline’).
clientele (the
person or group who is hiring her/him).
schedule a bill to
be heard.
no on a

bill.
passed by the
Legislature.
Lobbyists also have tasks outside of the legislative arena. They
must
communicate with the group they represent. For social workers,
this
generally includes other social workers, agency board members,
and clients
– whatever groups are included in their legislative network.
They must
educate these groups about the bills, keep them updated on the
status of
the bills, send out legislative alerts requesting their
participation in lobbying,
and educate these groups about bills that have passed and now
must be
implemented. Think about the NASW lobbyists, for example,
and the
presentations and materials that you have seen or received from
that office.

The Florida NASW office sends out summaries of bills and
issues that are of
interest to social workers in our state; they provided us with
bullet pointed
talking point sheets and summaries of issues at LEAD, and the
national office
produces a policy document called Social Work Speaks
annually, which
contains policy positions of the NASW on important issues in
the nation. The
national Council for Social Work Education (CSWE) also sends
out legislative
alerts- for example, they recently sent out an action request to
contact our
legislators about renewal of the social work education act at the
federal
level- the bill that mandates inclusion of social workers in
certain healthcare
arenas and funds training grants and educational programs
across the
country.
Legislative Alerts
The legislative alert is a key advocacy tool for those in the

social work field.
Big business is often able to accomplish its legislative goals
through contacts
with powerful friends of legislators. Private non-profit agencies
often do not
have this same access and thus, must rely on the power of many
small
voices united together. The legislative alert is usually the mode
through
which these voices are brought together.
A good legislative alert should list the bill number, the reasons
why the bill is
bad or good, the name and contact info of the legislators you
want the
recipients to call, and the action requested from the legislator.
For example
– “Please call Senator Doe at XXX-XXX-XXXX and ask her to
vote no on
Senate Bill 52, because it weakens the ability of the child
protection system
to help abused children. Alternatively, we have attached an
email template if
you wish to email her about this issue.”

These legislative alerts should be brief and easy to read. They
should be no
longer than one page in length and should resemble a flyer.
There are several mistakes that can be made in creating
legislative alerts.
You have to tell the recipients who to call. They are often busy
people who
do not have time to look up legislators and their contact
information. If you
are asking readers to call the chair or members of a particular
committee, do
not give them the phone number of the committee. The only
people who sit
in the committee office are analysts. They do not vote on the
bill. You must
give readers the phone numbers for the offices of legislators,
not the offices
of committee analysts. Also, it is a mistake to tell recipients to
call their
local representatives, unless the bill is in its final stages and
will soon be

before the full House or full Senate. Otherwise, the recipient
contacts
someone who may have absolutely no power to do anything
regarding this
bill. If the bill is scheduled to be heard by the Judiciary
Committee, the
recipients need to contact members of the Judiciary Committee.
If the
recipient’s local Representative or Senator is not on the
Judiciary Committee,
it is a wasted call. It is also a mistake to not tell the recipients
what to say.
They are often nervous and need support in knowing what to say
in the
correspondence. Other mistakes include referring to a Senator
as
Representative or vice versa, referring to a Senator or
Representative as
Congressman or Congresswoman, using the incorrect pronouns
for Senators
and Representatives (referring to a female legislator as he), and
using the
term statue rather than statute.

There are also several myths that you should tackle
in communicating with your network. The recipient
will probably not speak directly to the legislator. That’s
okay – legislators usually don’t speak directly to callers unless
they are very powerful or well known or personally known. The
recipient does not need to know much about the bill before
calling. It is
very rare that the legislator’s office will ask the caller anything.
Lastly, some
people believe it has no impact to leave a phone message. This
is not true.
In the morning and throughout the day, the secretary will keep a
running
tab of those who called for and against each bill and then report
this tab to
the legislator or legislator’s staff. The more calls, the better.
Contact with Legislators
As mentioned before, one of the tasks of the lobbyist is to have
contact with

legislators. This can be done through various venues – in
person, through
phone, or through letters. Regardless of venue, it is important to
follow
these guidelines:
Always be courteous and respectful. That doesn’t mean that you
can’t
respectfully disagree. You might use language such as “We are
concerned
about the impact of this bill” and “We were disappointed by the
vote.”
Never threaten them. Never say if you vote this way, you will
lose your seat.
First, you don’t have the power to manifest that consequence.
And second,
this person may be a possible ally on another bill and you don’t
want to
sabotage your relationship over this one issue.
Similar to what you would do when you give testimony to a
committee, state
your position and request a particular action, whether that
involves voting a
particular way or scheduling a particular bill for a hearing.

Choosing the Correct Venue
As stated above, lobbying directed at the wrong venue is wasted
effort. You
should not approach legislators or direct others to approach
legislators who
are not in the direct path of a bill. If a bill has been referred to a
committee
but has not yet been scheduled for a vote, contact the committee
chair.
Note, however, that bills must proceed in the order of
committees to which
they were referred. They cannot skip over committees. So, you
must target
the current committee where the bill sits. If the bill has been
scheduled for a
committee hearing, then you should contact or tell others to
contact all
members of the committee. If the bill has passed through all
committees,
then you should contact or tell others to contact all members of
that
particular chamber (the full House or full Senate). If the bill has

passed
through all committees and through the full House or Senate,
you would
then switch to the other chamber (switch to advocating for the
companion
bill in the other chamber). Once both bills have passed through
the full
House and full Senate, then you would contact or tell others to
contact the
Governor’s Office.
Once the bill has passed or died, then you would contact the
sponsors and
thank them for their work on behalf of the bill (assuming that
you are not
opposing the bill).
Take a look at the video from Schoolhouse Rock for information
regarding
the path of the bill. You can find that classic (and fun!) video
under Modules
in Canvas, and in the top module for miscellaneous materials.
Your advocacy
should match the path of the bill.

Influencing the Policy Environment
Lobbyists/Advocates can also
influence the policy environment
through public messages.
Generally, this is done through
newspaper editorials and
television or radio ads. Editorials
can be written directly by the
lobbyist, or members of the lobbyist’s network can reproduce
material from
the lobbyist’s fact sheets when writing an editorial. Powerful
members of an
agency’s board might be the best ones to author these editorials,
but they
often seek help from lobbyists related to their organization to
have the best
available information and impact. In this venue, it’s good to
have someone
plagiarize your material. It means your message is getting out
there. You

may have also seen television ads or heard radio ads that
advance a
particular position on a bill. Private non-profit agencies hardly
ever use tv or
radio ads, because they are costly. Remember that this is not the
same
thing as a public service announcement (PSA), which is usually
free. PSAs
are free opportunities to advertise your agency’s services and
communicate
messages specific to your agency’s program. They are not
opportunities to
advance political messages. Political messages require funds to
run on tv or
radio.
Testifying Before Legislative Committees
Similar to lobbying is the skill set of testifying before
legislative committees.
Let’s focus now on the use of testimony in advocacy efforts.
First, we will discuss the purpose of testimony – why we engage

in this task.
We will also focus on the process of testimony – how to register
for and
deliver testimony. You’ll also learn about the elements of
testimony and
how to construct a script. Finally, we’ll consider the clients’
role in testimony
and the advantages and disadvantages of including them in this
role.
Testimony’s Impact
The reality is that testimony rarely makes a difference in terms
of the vote
for a particular bill. Senators and Representatives do not
suddenly change
their decision because of testimony at a committee meeting,
although it has
been known to happen with particularly compelling testimony,
especially
when the vote is tabled for another day. They often enter the
meeting
knowing how they will vote. And if not, they generally will vote
with others in

their party. So, why should you present testimony? While
Senators and
Representatives may already know how they are going to vote,
they
appreciate public testimony that supports their positions, and
this can be
useful to them in advancing further legislation. Or on the
opposite side, the
legislators know that if they don’t vote your way, they at least
won’t be able
to do this in secret. Delivering testimony will show everyone
that you are
serious about your agency’s agenda and that you will work and
use your
voice on behalf of that agenda. It provides some measure of
public
accountability and visibility to the legislators, who have to hold
a position
that responds to the statements made by the public.
So, this is the primary reason to provide testimony.
The Process of Providing Testimony

Let’s move on to the process of providing testimony. Testimony
occurs in
legislative committees. The process varies slightly based on the
venue. On
the state level, those providing testimony will fill out a card,
submit this card
to the committee staff, and deliver brief testimony when called
on by the
chair. This testimony is usually no more than a few minutes in
length-
maybe 5-10 minutes. The national level is more formal.
Testimony is
arranged before the Congressional committee meeting
commences and is
rather lengthy in these forums.
One social work researcher developed a list of items that should
be included
in testimony:
the agencies
they represent or note any particularly noteworthy reasons that

they are
qualified to testify on this topic.
present.
in the
policy.
on (either a yes
vote, no
vote, or some other alterative such as yes vote with an
amendment).
available to
provide any material or information that the committee so
desires.
during this event that you should address a
male chair as
Mr. Chairman and a female chair as Madame Chair. All other
committee
members should be addressed as either Senator or
Representative.
Note that testimony should be delivered in the order described
above.

Legislators want to know from the very beginning: your name,
the name of
the entity you represent, and your position. In your testimony,
do not build
up to your position. State your position and then defend it. Be
respectful –
thank them at the beginning and the end of any interaction
(whether you
are providing testimony or meeting them individually): “Thank
you for this
opportunity to provide testimony.” “Thank you for your time
and
consideration.”
Examples of Testimony
Here are two examples of testimony for Federal Congressional
Committee
hearings.
Click on the first link, which features prepared testimony from
the Child
Welfare League of America before the House Subcommittee on
Income

Security and Family Support. http://www.cwla.org/cwla-
testimony-to-the-
house-subcommittee-on-income-security-and-family-support-
for-the-
hearing-on-racial-disproportionality-in-foster-care/
Note that this script includes some of the items from the list
that I gave you
above.
Click on the second link, which features prepared testimony
from the
Veterans Health Administration before the Committee on
Veterans’ Affairs
Subcommittee on Health.
http://www.va.gov/OCA/testimony/hvac/sh/080311AZ.asp
This script is different from the first one. This presentation is
more of an
agency status report than an advocacy piece. Some of the
difference in tone
is likely due to the nature of the author. Governmental entities
are not
allowed to lobby, so the testimony provided by these entities
will sound

more technical than the language from an advocate such as the
Child
Welfare League of America.
Clients’ Role in Providing Testimony
Let’s look at client participation in testimony. You may one day
have a client
who delivers testimony before a legislative committee. There
are some pros
and cons to this situation. Clients sometimes benefit from this
experience.
They may feel like they turned a bad experience into something
with
meaning and purpose – that their situation could contribute to
some positive
change in the world. It can also help clients who want to break
the silence
and speak out about their experiences. On the other hand, there
are also
potential negative outcomes that can arise from this process.
The legislature

is not filled with sensitive people; legislators and their staff can
be rude and
disrespectful, or unintentionally disempowering. It’s not a safe
environment
for a vulnerable client. Additionally, clients can feel great pain
and
disempowerment if their cause fails.
Social Workers’ Role in Supporting Client Participation
Social workers can support clients who decide to become
engaged in this
process. First and foremost, work as an empowering agent –
support the
client’s choice. Do not push one way or the other. Additionally,
you should
help prepare the client – preparation for the delivery of the
testimony, the
response of legislators and onlookers, and the legislative
outcome. With
these supports and the opportunity to practice ahead of time, the
client’s
experience is more likely to be a positive one.

Sir Elton John & Pastor Rick Warren testify before Congress on
behalf of the AIDS Foundation. Photo by Getty images.
SOW 4232
This class will focus on lobbying and the use of
testimony in advocacy efforts.
Let’s focus on lobbying first, since it’s important to
understand what this is and how it works. The first
step in this effort should be to understand the rules
of lobbying. Then we will go over the tasks of
lobbying. We will also look at the issues of writing
legislative alerts, handling face to face meetings
with your legislator, and producing public
messages- like letters and editorials, as well as
giving testimony.
Lobbying Rules and Restrictions

Lobbying is the act of representing a particular interest and
working to
impact policy proposals. There are some restrictions on
lobbying. State
dollars cannot be used to fund a lobbyist position. So, if you are
a lobbyist
for a private non-profit agency that receives state dollars
through a grant,
your position has to be funded by other means (such as
fundraising). Just to
be clear - State employees are absolutely allowed to contact
legislators.
State employers cannot prohibit their employees from lobbying.
However,
state employees are not allowed to lobby during work hours and
they are
not allowed to use state equipment, such as a work phone or a
work
computer, to lobby. For example, as a state employee (faculty at
UCF), I am
allowed to get politically involved as a private citizen, as long
as I am clear
that I am acting as a private citizen. I cannot use my office,
work phone, or

work computer to send political emails or other lobbying related
materials. I
can, however, use my real name, and disclose my employer if
asked. I
cannot at any time imply that I represent my organization or use
any tools
provided by my state employer. This does not mean that either
UCF or
faculty at UCF are not allowed to share information with our
community, or
are not allowed to have opinions- we most certainly are allowed
to have
opinions, and to share them. The line is at lobbying or working
to influence
political activity.
Lobbyists are required to register with state or local government
(whichever
level they are lobbying). The link below describes the
registration rules for
Florida.
http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Lobbyist/index.cfm?Mode=Forms&Su
bmenu=4&T

ab=lobbyist&CFID=70281020&CFTOKEN=77308103
Lobbyists must report expenditures (money that they spend),
such as gifts
to legislators. Note that this can include something as small as
meals, or
even flowers.
Lobbyists can be either individuals or groups.
Top 10 Lobbying Groups in 2016 Total
US Chamber of Commerce $52,320,000
National Assn of Realtors $21,417,467
Blue Cross/Blue Shield $12,077,994
Pharmaceutical Rsrch & Mfrs of America $11,825,000
American Medical Assn $11,275,000
American Hospital Assn $10,917,793
Boeing Co $9,230,000
AT&T Inc $8,550,000
National Assn of Broadcasters $8,348,000
Business Roundtable $8,060,000
Data courtesy of Center for Responsive Politics

Lobbyists’ Tasks
Lobbyists follow bills through the process. Their job includes a
number of
things related to how policy ideas become law. Note that the
tasks vary
widely – writing bills, analyzing bills, tracking bills, and
lobbying legislators
and the Governor’s Office throughout the process.
ponsorship (this is
required to
get a bill in the ‘pipeline’).
clientele (the
person or group who is hiring her/him).
ee chairs to either schedule or not
schedule a bill to
be heard.

no on a
bill.
veto a bill
passed by the
Legislature.
Lobbyists also have tasks outside of the legislative arena. They
must
communicate with the group they represent. For social workers,
this
generally includes other social workers, agency board members,
and clients
– whatever groups are included in their legislative network.
They must
educate these groups about the bills, keep them updated on the
status of
the bills, send out legislative alerts requesting their
participation in lobbying,
and educate these groups about bills that have passed and now
must be
implemented. Think about the NASW lobbyists, for example,
and the

presentations and materials that you have seen or received from
that office.
The Florida NASW office sends out summaries of bills and
issues that are of
interest to social workers in our state; they provided us with
bullet pointed
talking point sheets and summaries of issues at LEAD, and the
national office
produces a policy document called Social Work Speaks
annually, which
contains policy positions of the NASW on important issues in
the nation. The
national Council for Social Work Education (CSWE) also sends
out legislative
alerts- for example, they recently sent out an action request to
contact our
legislators about renewal of the social work education act at the
federal
level- the bill that mandates inclusion of social workers in
certain healthcare
arenas and funds training grants and educational programs
across the
country.

Legislative Alerts
The legislative alert is a key advocacy tool for those in the
social work field.
Big business is often able to accomplish its legislative goals
through contacts
with powerful friends of legislators. Private non-profit agencies
often do not
have this same access and thus, must rely on the power of many
small
voices united together. The legislative alert is usually the mode
through
which these voices are brought together.
A good legislative alert should list the bill number, the reasons
why the bill is
bad or good, the name and contact info of the legislators you
want the
recipients to call, and the action requested from the legislator.
For example
– “Please call Senator Doe at XXX-XXX-XXXX and ask her to
vote no on
Senate Bill 52, because it weakens the ability of the child
protection system
to help abused children. Alternatively, we have attached an

email template if
you wish to email her about this issue.”
These legislative alerts should be brief and easy to read. They
should be no
longer than one page in length and should resemble a flyer.
There are several mistakes that can be made in creating
legislative alerts.
You have to tell the recipients who to call. They are often busy
people who
do not have time to look up legislators and their contact
information. If you
are asking readers to call the chair or members of a particular
committee, do
not give them the phone number of the committee. The only
people who sit
in the committee office are analysts. They do not vote on the
bill. You must
give readers the phone numbers for the offices of legislators,
not the offices
of committee analysts. Also, it is a mistake to tell recipients to
call their

local representatives, unless the bill is in its final stages and
will soon be
before the full House or full Senate. Otherwise, the recipient
contacts
someone who may have absolutely no power to do anything
regarding this
bill. If the bill is scheduled to be heard by the Judiciary
Committee, the
recipients need to contact members of the Judiciary Committee.
If the
recipient’s local Representative or Senator is not on the
Judiciary Committee,
it is a wasted call. It is also a mistake to not tell the recipients
what to say.
They are often nervous and need support in knowing what to say
in the
correspondence. Other mistakes include referring to a Senator
as
Representative or vice versa, referring to a Senator or
Representative as
Congressman or Congresswoman, using the incorrect pronouns
for Senators
and Representatives (referring to a female legislator as he), and
using the

term statue rather than statute.
There are also several myths that you should tackle
in communicating with your network. The recipient
will probably not speak directly to the legislator. That’s
okay – legislators usually don’t speak directly to callers unless
they are very powerful or well known or personally known. The
recipient does not need to know much about the bill before
calling. It is
very rare that the legislator’s office will ask the caller anything.
Lastly, some
people believe it has no impact to leave a phone message. This
is not true.
In the morning and throughout the day, the secretary will keep a
running
tab of those who called for and against each bill and then report
this tab to
the legislator or legislator’s staff. The more calls, the better.
Contact with Legislators

As mentioned before, one of the tasks of the lobbyist is to have
contact with
legislators. This can be done through various venues – in
person, through
phone, or through letters. Regardless of venue, it is important to
follow
these guidelines:
Always be courteous and respectful. That doesn’t mean that you
can’t
respectfully disagree. You might use language such as “We are
concerned
about the impact of this bill” and “We were disappointed by the
vote.”
Never threaten them. Never say if you vote this way, you will
lose your seat.
First, you don’t have the power to manifest that consequence.
And second,
this person may be a possible ally on another bill and you don’t
want to
sabotage your relationship over this one issue.
Similar to what you would do when you give testimony to a
committee, state
your position and request a particular action, whether that
involves voting a

particular way or scheduling a particular bill for a hearing.
Choosing the Correct Venue
As stated above, lobbying directed at the wrong venue is wasted
effort. You
should not approach legislators or direct others to approach
legislators who
are not in the direct path of a bill. If a bill has been referred to a
committee
but has not yet been scheduled for a vote, contact the committee
chair.
Note, however, that bills must proceed in the order of
committees to which
they were referred. They cannot skip over committees. So, you
must target
the current committee where the bill sits. If the bill has been
scheduled for a
committee hearing, then you should contact or tell others to
contact all
members of the committee. If the bill has passed through all
committees,
then you should contact or tell others to contact all members of

that
particular chamber (the full House or full Senate). If the bill has
passed
through all committees and through the full House or Senate,
you would
then switch to the other chamber (switch to advocating for the
companion
bill in the other chamber). Once both bills have passed through
the full
House and full Senate, then you would contact or tell others to
contact the
Governor’s Office.
Once the bill has passed or died, then you would contact the
sponsors and
thank them for their work on behalf of the bill (assuming that
you are not
opposing the bill).
Take a look at the video from Schoolhouse Rock for information
regarding
the path of the bill. You can find that classic (and fun!) video
under Modules
in Canvas, and in the top module for miscellaneous materials.
Your advocacy

should match the path of the bill.
Influencing the Policy Environment
Lobbyists/Advocates can also
influence the policy environment
through public messages.
Generally, this is done through
newspaper editorials and
television or radio ads. Editorials
can be written directly by the
lobbyist, or members of the lobbyist’s network can reproduce
material from
the lobbyist’s fact sheets when writing an editorial. Powerful
members of an
agency’s board might be the best ones to author these editorials,
but they
often seek help from lobbyists related to their organization to
have the best
available information and impact. In this venue, it’s good to
have someone

plagiarize your material. It means your message is getting out
there. You
may have also seen television ads or heard radio ads that
advance a
particular position on a bill. Private non-profit agencies hardly
ever use tv or
radio ads, because they are costly. Remember that this is not the
same
thing as a public service announcement (PSA), which is usually
free. PSAs
are free opportunities to advertise your agency’s services and
communicate
messages specific to your agency’s program. They are not
opportunities to
advance political messages. Political messages require funds to
run on tv or
radio.
Testifying Before Legislative Committees
Similar to lobbying is the skill set of testifying before
legislative committees.
Let’s focus now on the use of testimony in advocacy efforts.

First, we will discuss the purpose of testimony – why we engage
in this task.
We will also focus on the process of testimony – how to register
for and
deliver testimony. You’ll also learn about the elements of
testimony and
how to construct a script. Finally, we’ll consider the clients’
role in testimony
and the advantages and disadvantages of including them in this
role.
Testimony’s Impact
The reality is that testimony rarely makes a difference in terms
of the vote
for a particular bill. Senators and Representatives do not
suddenly change
their decision because of testimony at a committee meeting,
although it has
been known to happen with particularly compelling testimony,
especially
when the vote is tabled for another day. They often enter the
meeting

knowing how they will vote. And if not, they generally will vote
with others in
their party. So, why should you present testimony? While
Senators and
Representatives may already know how they are going to vote,
they
appreciate public testimony that supports their positions, and
this can be
useful to them in advancing further legislation. Or on the
opposite side, the
legislators know that if they don’t vote your way, they at least
won’t be able
to do this in secret. Delivering testimony will show everyone
that you are
serious about your agency’s agenda and that you will work and
use your
voice on behalf of that agenda. It provides some measure of
public
accountability and visibility to the legislators, who have to hold
a position
that responds to the statements made by the public.
So, this is the primary reason to provide testimony.

The Process of Providing Testimony
Let’s move on to the process of providing testimony. Testimony
occurs in
legislative committees. The process varies slightly based on the
venue. On
the state level, those providing testimony will fill out a card,
submit this card
to the committee staff, and deliver brief testimony when called
on by the
chair. This testimony is usually no more than a few minutes in
length-
maybe 5-10 minutes. The national level is more formal.
Testimony is
arranged before the Congressional committee meeting
commences and is
rather lengthy in these forums.
One social work researcher developed a list of items that should
be included
in testimony:

the agencies
they represent or note any particularly noteworthy reasons that
they are
qualified to testify on this topic.
present.
in the
policy.
vote, no
vote, or some other alterative such as yes vote with an
amendment).
available to
provide any material or information that the committee so
desires.
male chair as
Mr. Chairman and a female chair as Madame Chair. All other
committee
members should be addressed as either Senator or
Representative.

Note that testimony should be delivered in the order described
above.
Legislators want to know from the very beginning: your name,
the name of
the entity you represent, and your position. In your testimony,
do not build
up to your position. State your position and then defend it. Be
respectful –
thank them at the beginning and the end of any interaction
(whether you
are providing testimony or meeting them individually): “Thank
you for this
opportunity to provide testimony.” “Thank you for your time
and
consideration.”
Examples of Testimony
Here are two examples of testimony for Federal Congressional
Committee
hearings.
Click on the first link, which features prepared testimony from
the Child

Welfare League of America before the House Subcommittee on
Income
Security and Family Support. http://www.cwla.org/cwla-
testimony-to-the-
house-subcommittee-on-income-security-and-family-support-
for-the-
hearing-on-racial-disproportionality-in-foster-care/
Note that this script includes some of the items from the list
that I gave you
above.
Click on the second link, which features prepared testimony
from the
Veterans Health Administration before the Committee on
Veterans’ Affairs
Subcommittee on Health.
http://www.va.gov/OCA/testimony/hvac/sh/080311AZ.asp
This script is different from the first one. This presentation is
more of an
agency status report than an advocacy piece. Some of the
difference in tone
is likely due to the nature of the author. Governmental entities
are not

allowed to lobby, so the testimony provided by these entities
will sound
more technical than the language from an advocate such as the
Child
Welfare League of America.
Clients’ Role in Providing Testimony
Let’s look at client participation in testimony. You may one day
have a client
who delivers testimony before a legislative committee. There
are some pros
and cons to this situation. Clients sometimes benefit from this
experience.
They may feel like they turned a bad experience into something
with
meaning and purpose – that their situation could contribute to
some positive
change in the world. It can also help clients who want to break
the silence
and speak out about their experiences. On the other hand, there
are also

potential negative outcomes that can arise from this process.
The legislature
is not filled with sensitive people; legislators and their staff can
be rude and
disrespectful, or unintentionally disempowering. It’s not a safe
environment
for a vulnerable client. Additionally, clients can feel great pain
and
disempowerment if their cause fails.
Social Workers’ Role in Supporting Client Participation
Social workers can support clients who decide to become
engaged in this
process. First and foremost, work as an empowering agent –
support the
client’s choice. Do not push one way or the other. Additionally,
you should
help prepare the client – preparation for the delivery of the
testimony, the
response of legislators and onlookers, and the legislative
outcome. With
these supports and the opportunity to practice ahead of time, the
client’s

experience is more likely to be a positive one.
Sir Elton John & Pastor Rick Warren testify before Congress on
behalf of the AIDS Foundation. Photo by Getty images.
Determine the utilization and the efficiency for each of these
situations:
a. A loan processing operation that processes an average of 3
loans per day. The
operation has a design capacity of 14 loans per day and an
effective capacity of 9 loans
per day. (Round your answer to 1 decimal place. Omit the "%"
sign in your
response.)
Utilization %
Efficiency %
b. A furnace repair team that services an average of 2 furnaces a
day if the design capacity
is 6 furnaces a day and the effective capacity is 5 furnaces a
day. (Round your answer to
1 decimal place. Omit the "%" sign in your response.)
Utilization %
Efficiency %
c. Would you say that systems that have higher efficiency ratios

than other systems will
always have higher utilization ratios than those other systems?
capacity is relatively
even though the efficiency
was (Click to select)
Hint #1
Hints
A small firm intends to increase the capacity of a bottleneck
operation by adding a new
machine. Two alternatives, A and B, have been identified, and
the associated costs and
revenues have been estimated. Annual fixed costs would be
$54,000 for A and $27,000 for
B; variable costs per unit would be $9 for A and $11 for B; and
revenue per unit would be
$16.
a. Determine each alternative’s break-even point in units.
(Round your answer to the
nearest whole amount.)
QBEP,A units
QBEP,B units
b. At what volume of output would the two alternatives yield

the same profit (or loss)?
(Round your answer to the nearest whole amount.)
Profit units
c. If expected annual demand is 13,000 units, which alternative
would yield the higher
profit (or the lower loss)?
rev: 02_06_2019_QC_CS-157424
A company manufactures a product using machine cells. Each
cell has a design capacity
of 250 units per day and an effective capacity of 230 units per
day. At present, actual
output averages 200 units per cell, but the manager estimates
that productivity
improvements soon will increase output to 230 units per day.
Annual demand is currently
50,000 units. It is forecasted that within two years, annual
demand will triple. How many
cells should the company plan to acquire to satisfy predicted
demand under these
conditions? Assume that no cells currently exist. Assume 238
workdays per year. (Round
up your answer to the next whole number.)
Cells
The following diagram shows a 4-step process that begins with
Operation 1 and ends with
Operation 4. The rates shown in each box represent the effective
capacity of that

operation.
Determine the capacity of this process.
Capacity /hr
A manager must decide which type of machine to buy, A, B, or
C. Machine costs (per
individual machine) are as follows:
Machine Cost
A $ 50,000
B $ 40,000
C $ 70,000
Product forecasts and processing times on the machines are as
follows:
PROCCESSING TIME PER
UNIT (minutes)
Product
Annual
Demand A B C
1 27,000 1 1 1
2 13,000 6 3 3
3 28,000 3 2 2
4 29,000 3 3 6
a. Assume that only purchasing costs are being considered.
Compute the total processing
time required for each machine type to meet demand, how many
of each machine type
would be needed, and the resulting total purchasing cost for
each machine type. The

machines will operate 8 hours a day, 200 days a year. (Enter
total processing times as
whole numbers. Round up machine quantities to the next higher
whole number.
Compute total purchasing costs using these rounded machine
quantities. Enter the
resulting total purchasing cost as a whole number. Omit the "$"
sign.)
Total processing time in minutes per machine:
A
B
C
Number of each machine needed and total purchasing cost
A $
B $
C $
b. Consider this additional information: The machines differ in
terms of hourly operating
costs: The A machines have an hourly operating cost of $12
each, B machines have an
hourly operating cost of $15 each, and C machines have an
hourly operating cost of $13
each. What would be the total cost associated with each
machine option, including both
the initial purchasing cost and the annual operating cost
incurred to satisfy demand?(Use

rounded machine quantities from Part a. Do not round any other
intermediate
calculations. Round your final answers to the nearest whole
number. Omit the "$"
sign.)
Total cost for each machine
A
B
C

An assembly line with 17 tasks is to be balanced. The longest .docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to An assembly line with 17 tasks is to be balanced. The longest .docx

Similar to An assembly line with 17 tasks is to be balanced. The longest .docx (20)

More from daniahendric

More from daniahendric (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

An assembly line with 17 tasks is to be balanced. The longest .docx