building services project 1

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)
BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423)
Case Study and Documentation of Building Services Systems
SUMMIT MALL
Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
Tutor: MR. SIVARAMAN
Group Members:
YAP ZHI JUN 0310738
YAP ZHONG LIN 0310557
KRISTINE YONG XI WEI 0311297
CHEW WOAN CHYIN 0310797
TOH CHEE CHENG 0311122
HOW PEI NGOH 0316929
ERIC KWAN ZHENG HAO 0300694

Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 1-2
1.1 Abstract
1.2 Acknowledgement
2.0 Water supply system 3-24
2.1 Introduction & Function
2.2 Literature Review
2.3 Case Study
2.4 Component of System
2.5 Analysis
2.6 Conclusion
3.0 Electrical supply system 25-41
3.3 Case Study
3.5 Analysis
3.6 Conclusion
4.0 Sewerage, sanitary & drainage system 42-63
4.3 Case Study
4.5 Analysis
4.6 Conclusion
5.0 Mechanical transportation system 64-82

5.3 Case Study
5.5 Analysis
5.6 Conclusion
6.0 Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning system 83-104
6.3 Case Study
6.5 Analysis
6.6 Conclusion
7.0 Fire protection system 105-143
7.3 Passive Fire System
7.4 Active Fire System
7.5 Conclusion
8.0 Conclusion 144
9.0 References 145-148

1 Page
Figure 1.1 The Summit
Source:http://www.molon.de/galleries/Mal
aysia/KL/Malls/images01/03%20The%20
Summit%20mall%20in%20Subang%20J
aya.jpg
1.0 Introduction
The Summit is one of the oldest development
in USJ, which was completed in 1998. The
development is strategically located in the
vibrant commercial area of USJ.
The Summit is a mixed development located
in USJ 1. It is situated beside SEGi College
and Da Men, with enighbouring high-rise
development which are MenaraHeltechVillage,
Impian Meridian, Casa Subang and USJ
Sentral.
The shopping mall has a retail space of
599,474 sf. On the other hand, Menara
Summit is a 13-storey office buildings which
consists of units available from 620 sf. It
provides facilities such as free centralized air-
conditioning during office hours, 24-hour security, CCTV, covered basement parking
bays and cafeterias. It offers rental of office units at the rate of approximately RM3
psf. The Summit Hotel is a 17-storey three star hotel which consists of 332 rooms.
Both of the office buildings are hotel are located atop the 6-storey shopping mall.As it
is surrounded by plenty of shopping malls and commercial areas, people working in
Menara Summit can have a lot of choices for food during lunch hours. Many new
development on going in USJ, but the most outgoing development is a LRT station
situated within walking distance. It is estimated to complete by 2015.

2 Page
1.1 Abstract
We were assigned to investigate and analyze the building services and its
mechanisms such as water supply system, sewerage system, fire protection system,
mechanical transportation system, mechanical ventilation and air conditioning of a
shopping mall, Summit Mall. We are able to know about the basic principles, process
and equipment of a commercial building in a practical way. Apart from that, we are
able to understand and familiarize with the drawing conventions and standard for
different building services systems which is following to Uniform Building by Law
(UBBL)
We had the opportunity to discover in a detail way toward the systems. From this
assignment, we were able to illustrate our understanding into accommodating
spaces and components required for installation building services.
1.2 Acknowledgement
We would like to thank Summit Mall to allow our team to visit the building services.
We are also grateful that the person in charge has provided us with all of the
necessary information throughout the building including mechanical and electrical
drawings. Without their help, we won’t be able to finish the project with the required
information.
We would also like to thank the technicians for bringing us for a tour around the
building through the prominent service rooms. We are grateful that they relentlessly
explaining the systems of each room and the machines within. If it weren’t for his
team, we would only know the building on a surface level.
We would like to extend our gratitude to each individual that has helped and assisted
us to complete this research report which without your involvement, this report would
be insufficient and unsatisfactory. A special thanks to our tutor, Mr. Siva for guiding
us through each tutorial and providing us with an aim to accomplish.

3 Page
Chapter 2
2.0 Water Supply System
2.1 Introduction
2.2.1 Water Distribution System
2.3 Case Study
2.3.1 Water Supply System
2.3.2 Floor Plan
2.4.1 Bulk Meter
2.4.2 Suction Tank
2.4.3 Booster Pump
2.4.4 Storage Tank
2.4.5 Sump Pump
2.4.6 Valve & Pipework
2.5 Analysis
2.6 Conclusion

4 Page
2.1 Introduction
This chapter is about the basic and general study of water supply system. This case
study that we conducted is Summit Mall. The information mentioned is associated with
the case study upon how the water supply is available and being distributed throughout
the entire building.
According to the Laws of Malaysia ACT 655, the Water Services Industry Act 2006,
page 18, says that the term “water supply systems” means. ‘The whole of a system
incorporating public mains, pipes, chambers, treatment plants, pumping stations,
service of balancing reservoirs or any combination thereof and all other structures,
installations, buildings, equipment and appurtenances used and the lands where the
same are located for the storage, abstraction, collection, conveyance, treatment,
distribution and supply of water’.
In Malaysia, Jabatan Bekalan Air (JBA) distributes water throughout the whole country
and in each state, water is received by its on private company. For Selangor, the private
corporation that received the water supply from JBA is Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor
Sdn. Bhd. (SYABAS). SYABAS then distributed water to the whole of Selangor which
has been processed and treated before distribution. Rain falls and river flows will be
pumped to the water treatment plant and from there, raw water is treated by going
through the process of aeration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration,
disinfection and conditioning. Then from service reservoirs, water is supplies to Summit
Mall.
As for Summit Mall, the water tank is located at the Level 6 of the mall. Water from the
source is pumped to the reservoir by using a pumped distribution system. From there, it
uses gravity distribution system to transport water to Summit Mall. Once the water
supply has reached the building, it flows into water suction tanks that are located at the
basement. It then uses a pump to transport water up to the storage tanks located at the
level 6 of the building. Water is the stored and well distributed to the other parts of the
building. And due to that, gravity distribution system is introduced.

5 Page
2.2. Literature Review
2.2.1 Water distribution System
Treated water is use for daily activities such as cleansing, washing, and plumbing.
However, water needs extra treatment for drinking. A proper water distribution system is
needed to ensure a constant flow of water supply. The types of distribution system
largely depend on the topography of the area. There are three types of distribution
systems which are gravity distribution system, pumped distribution system, and gravity
& pumped combination system.
Gravity and pumped combination distribution system
The gravity and pumped combination system is the most commonly used system. It is
economical, efficient and reliable system. It uses a pumped system to get the water
from the source to the treatment plants and the service reservoir, and then changes to a
gravity distribution system to supply water to the service area. The excess water during
low demand periods get stored in reservoir and get supplied during high demand period.
Figure 2.1 shows Gravity and pumped combination distribution system
(Source: Engineering Science, UMT. Redrawn by: Yap Zhi Jun)

6 Page
Cold Water Storage and Distribution
There are two types of water distributions which are Direct and Indirect distribution
system. For direct water system, water distributed to the building is sourced directly
from the water main, whereas indirect water system, water going to overhead tank and
then the water is supplied to different floors by gravity (Siddharth, 11).
Cold Water Distribution: Indirect Water System
The indirect water system has many advantages. Firstly, because of the presence of a
storage tank, the supply of water would not be disrupted in the event of a failure at the
main water supply. Secondly, water that enters the building fills up the tank slowly, due
to the low pressure in the pipe work, smaller pipes can be used and there is no
tendency of pipe bursting.Besides, there is no risk of back siphon age with this system.
For disadvantages, longer pipe runs are required for the water to distribute to the all
services area and a larger storage cistern is necessary (Siddharth, 11).
Figure 2.2 shows Indirect Water System
(Source: Association of Plumbing & Heating Contractors. Redrawn by: Yap Zhi Jun)

7 Page
2.3. Case Study
2.3.1 Water Supply System
Water is distributed to Summit Mall through gravity and pumped combination distribution
system. The water is supplied by SYABAS and it is transported to Summit Mall,
whereby it is stored in suction tanks located at the basement. Electrical booster pump
pumps up the water to the water storage tanks on the roof of the building. Stored water
is then distributed to various parts of the building.
Figure 2.3 Water Distribution System Diagram of Summit Mall
(Drawn by: Yap Zhi Jun)
The water supply from SYABAS is transported to the water mains via communication
pipes. The communication pipes end at the bulk meter, where it is then transported into
the building via service pipes. It then transfers water and stores water into a suction
tank that is located at the basement. Then, electrical booster pump pumps up water into
the storage tank, located on the Level 6 and distributed to parts of the building.
Communication pipe: Pipe connect with the water main, to a point where the pipe
crosses the boundary between the street and private land (Bristol Water, 2010).
Service Pipe: The pipe from the water main supply to the water distribution system of
the building served.

8 Page
2.3.2 Floor Plan
The following plan drawings shows the locations of the bulk meter, sump pump, suction
tank, booster pump and water storage tank respectively.
System and location: -
1. Bulk Meter – Site Plan
2. Suction Tank – Basement 2 Floor Plan
3. Booster Pump – Basement 2 Floor Plan
4. Storage Tank – Level 6 Floor Plan
Figure 2.4 Site Plan shows location of Bulk Meter
(Picture source: LYE Manufacturing S/B. Plan source: Taken from Summit Mall)

9 Page
Figure 2.5 Basement 2 Floor Plan shows location of Suction Tank& Booster Pump
(Picture source: Taken by Yap Zhi Jun. Plan source: Taken from Summit Mall)
Figure 2.6 Level 6 Floor Plan shows location of Storage Tank
(Picture source: Taken by Yap Zhi Jun. Plan source: Taken from Summit Mall)
Booster Pump
Suction Tank
Storage Tank
Storage Tank

10 Page
2.4. Component of System
2.4.1 Bulk Meter
Figure 2.7 shows the requirements and connection of installing bulk meter
(Source: Water Corporation. Edited by: Yap Zhi Jun)
From SYABAS, water transfer to the bulk meter then only to Summit Mall. Water meters
are used to monitor the large flow of water in especially commercial buildings. As the
water travels under high pressure, it has to be continually monitored. The water meter is
measured in cubic meters (m3). There are few types of bulk meters in common use. The
choice depends on the flow measurement method, the type of end user, the required
flow rates, and accuracy requirement (Cooquitlam, 8) Summit Mall use Displacement
Water Meter.
Benefits of using Bulk Meter:
 In conjunction with volumetric pricing it provides an incentive for water
conservation, it helps to detect water leaks in the distribution network.
 Providing a basis for reducing the amount of non-revenue water.
 A precondition for quality-targeting of water subsidies to the poor.

11 Page
2.4.2 Suction Tank
Figure 2.8 shows the arrangement and sizes of Suction Tank at Basement 2 Summit Mall
UBBL 1984 Section 84:
Suitable measures should be taken to prevent penetration of dampness and moisture
into the building.
Suction Tank is a tank installed in combination with a pump. The required energy for the
system is provided by the pump. To store a supply of water on the premises to provide
against shortage, water be temporarily shut off from the street mains, suction tanks are
used to provide water to the buildings. Water from SYABAS store water in Suction Tank
then is connected to the Booster Pump to pump the water to Level 6 Water Storage
Tank. In Suction Tank, the cleanout or emptying pipe is valves and connected to the
overflow pipe. Below the valve that controls the water supply is connected a vent pipe to
admit air. The pump pipe enter the tank through the bottom and be controlled by a
balanced float valve. A drip pan, under the tank and extending a few inches on all sides
of it, catches the water of condensation and discharges it through the waste pipe
(StasoSphere.com).

12 Page
Figure 2.9, 2.10& 2.11 shows the Suction Tank pictures taken at Basement 2 of Summit Mall.
Specification of Suction tank in Summit Mall Basement 2:
 Types: Sectional Panel Tanks
 Materials: Galvanized steel (exterior), PVC linings (interior)
 Sizes: Different sizes (3 x 1m, 3 x 2m, 3 x 3m, 3 x 6m, 3 x 8m & 8 x 6m)
 Panel size: 1 x 1m, Thickness 8mm
 Numbers: There are 3 different sizes of Storage tank in total.
 Storage Area: Suction Tank storage area estimated size is 12m x 25m
Suction Tank
Connection Pipe
Overflow Pipe
Gate Valve
Connection Pipe
Figure 2.9
Figure 2.10
Figure 2.11
Figure 2.9 shows the Suction Tank with the
connection pipe which transfer water
straight to the services area when there is
shortage of water.
Figure 2.10 shows the overflow pipe of
Suction Tank which use to discharge
surplus liquid from tank.
Figure 2.11 shows connection pipe that
connected with the Bulk Meter. Gate Valve
is used to control the flow of water.

13 Page
2.4.3 Booster Pump
Figure 2.12 shows the main Booster Pump located at Summit Mall Basement 2
Figure 2.13 shows the second Booster Pump located at Summit Mall Basement 2
Figure 2.14 shows the Control Panel for Booster Pumps which located at Summit Mall Basement 2
UBBL 1984 Section 226: Automatic System for Hazardous Occupancy
Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require
automatic system sprinkles or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type
and standard appropriate or handled or for the safety of the occupants.
In Summit Mall, Hydro pneumatic System is applied to pump the water to services area.
There are different types of pump in Hydro pneumatic System. Selection of pump is
depends on several factors, including the yield of the rate of well, the daily flow of water
needed by the users, the size of the storage or pressure tank used, total operating
pressure tank used and etc (Peerless Pump Company, 8). Beside, cost, maintenance,
and reliability are also factors to decide the types of pump use.
Among these factors, two main factors to determine the selection are the flow rate
(volume per minute or per hour to be delivered) and the total pressure. The flow rate
depends upon the number of fixtures to be served. The total pressure includes the
suction lift, static head, and friction loss plus the pressure head (Multiquip Inc, 3).
Figure 2.13Figure 2.12 Figure 2.14

14 Page
Figure 2.15 shows the flow of water from Suction Tank to Storage Tank through Booster Pump
The booster pump is use in Summit Mall to pump water from the suction tank all the
way to the water storage tank on the Level 6. In hydro pneumatic System, there are
pressure vessel and a pressure pump. The pressure vessel contains water with a
pressurized sir space to provide the pressure for the system. The pump meets the
demand with the excess volume backing up in the pressure vessel. The decreases in
the air space and increases the pressure. When the upper level is reached, the pumps
shut off. The newer pressure vessels have a neoprene bladder to separate the air
space from the water (Global Engineering & Contracting Inc.). The booster pumps are
electricity powered and can consume a lot of electricity. There are two booster pumps in
Summit Mall that effectively work together to pump the water up the building.
Figure 2.16 shows the component of Hydro Pneumatic System of Summit Mall
Suction Tank
Booster Pump
Gate Valve
Pressure Gauge
Service Pipe (Connect
to Storage Tank)

15 Page
2.4.4 Storage Tank
Figure 2.17 shows the arrangement and sizes ofWater Storage Tank located at Summit Mall Level 6
UBBL 1984 section 247: Water storage
1. Water storage capacity and water flow for firefighting systems and installation shall
be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the tenth schedule to these by
laws.
2. Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall
be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet
connections accessible to fire appliances.
3. Storage tanks for automatic sprinkle installation where full capacity is provided
without the need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their
location.

16 Page
To install water storage tank, there are a few requirements for installation and protection
of water storage tank:-
 Tanks are installed on bases above ground level, platforms where the tank is
being located at is designed to bear the weight of the tank when it is filled wo
maximum capacity, without unnecessary alteration taking place.
 Tanks must be supported in a certain manner, so that no load is transmitted to
any of the attached pipes.
 Tanks are located in places where accessible for inspection, repairs,
maintenance and replacement.
 Tanks must be provided with a cover to prevent the entry of surface water, roof
water, animals or insects.
 Insulation from heat and cold should also be specified.
 Tanks storing potable water should not be located directly beneath any sanitary
plumbing or any other pipes conveying non-portable water.
Specification of water storage tank in Summit Mall Level 6:
 Types: Sectional Panel Tanks
Outer part of the water tank is made up of identical modular square
panels which are molded from the composite material Glass Reinforced
Plastic (GRP). GRP’s formation provides a strong, solid and reliable
material in the manufacture of water storage tanks (Dewey waters).
Advantages: Long term life expectancy, Inherent strength and durability of
material, highly economical transportation, ability to be installed in areas
with restricted access (Braithwaite).
 Materials: Galvanized steel (exterior), PVC linings (interior)
 Sizes: Different sizes (3 x 1m, 3 x 2m, 3 x 3m, 3 x 6m, 3 x 8m & 8 x 6m)
 Panel size: 1 x 1m, Thickness 8mm
 Numbers: There are 8 different sizes of Storage tank in total.
 Storage Area: Water Storage area estimated size is 36m x 18m

17 Page
Figure 2.18, 2.19 & 2.20 shows the Storage tank pictures taken at Level 6 of Summit Mall.
Figure 2.18
Overflow Pipe
Pipe connected from Booster Pump
Butterfly Valve
Figure 2.19
Figure 2.20
Ladder
Level Gauge
Concrete Dwarf Wall
Figure 2.18 shows the overflow pipe
of Storage Tank and the pipe that
connecting Booster Pump from
Basement 2 to Level 6 Storage
Tank Area. The overflow pipe which
directs water out of the tank in case
the inward water flow exceeds the
water tank capacity.
Figure 2.19 shows the butterfly
valve and the concrete dwarf wall of
the Storage Tank. The butterfly
valve use to control the flow of
water to the services are. The
concreate dwarf wall make space
for pipe system under the tank.
Figure 2.20 shows the ladder and
the level gauge which located at
every Storage tank. Ladder is use
for maintenance check and Level
gauge is to measure the level of the
water inside the storage tank to
make sure all the tank are filled with
water equally.

18 Page
The
Figure 2.21 shows pictures of storage tank at Summit Mall Level 6 with different sizes.
Figure 2.22 shows the connection pipes that transfer water from storage tank to services areas with the
control of gate valves.
Water tank has several inspection holes that are used for regular inspections of the
water. The inspection holes are of 600mm in its opening diameter. They are accessed
through ladders from the side of the tanks. At the top part of the tank, a screened vet is
used for tank ventilation. All buildings requiring un-interrupted water supply should
install a divider in the tank. The divider allows one side of the tank to be drained down
for maintenance, while water supply is maintained from the second segment of the tank
(Deweywaters).
-
Figure 2.21 Figure 2.22

19 Page
2.4.5. Sump Pump
Figure 2.23 shows the function of Sump Pump
(Source: Air Mechanical. Redrawn by: Yap Zhi Jun)
The function of a sump pump is to remove water when flooding or water pipe bursting or
leakage happens. It directs water away and out of the building and sends the water to a
drain or a dry well. A sump pump has to be installed in a building with basements. A
sump pump is installed in a sump basement or also known as a sump pit. Water flows
into the sump pit through drains or by natural water migration through the soil (Murray
Anderson). The sump pump is also electricity powered just as the booster pumps. The
sump pump must be kept clam and free of debris. The inlet screen prevents the
passage of dirt and other solid material from entering the pump, but it can become
overwhelmed. Cleanings should occur often for pumps that run constantly (InterNACHI).

20 Page
2.4.6 Valve, Piping & Fittings
2.4.6.1 Valve
Butterfly Valve
Figure 2.24 shows the Butterfly Valve at Summit Mall Level 6 Storage Tank Area.
Figure 2.25 shows the component of a Butterfly Valve.
In Summit Mall, butterfly valve is used for water supply system. It connect and control
the flow of water from the Booster Pump to Storage Tank. A butterfly valve is a quarter-
turn valve used to regulate flow. A metal disc in the body of the valve is positioned
perpendicular to the flow in the closed position, and rotated one quarter of a turn to be
parallel to the flow in the fully opened position. Intermediate rotations allow regulation of
liquid flow (PIF, 2010).
Symbol:
Advantages: They are small, when actuated pneumatically, open and close very
quickly. The disc is lighter than a ball, and the valve requires less structural support than
a ball valve of comparable diameter. They are quite reliable and require very little
maintenance.
Disadvantage: Some portion of the disc is always presented to the flow, even when
fully opened. The use of a butterfly valve therefore always results in a pressure switch
across the valve, regardless of the setting.
(Source: Amazon Supply)
Hand Lever
Stem
Ring
Disc
Body

21 Page
Gate Valve
Figure 2.26 shows the Gate Valve located at Level 6 Storage Area.
Figure 2.27 shows the Gate Valve located at Basement 2 Summit Mall.
Figure 2.28 shows the component of a Gate Valve.
In Summit Mall, Gate Valve is used commonly to connect the pipes which located at the
Basement 2 and Level 6 Storage Area. Gate Valve is designed to operate fully open or
fully closed. It is not usually used to regulate flow because the valve element can be
damages when in the partially open position (TLV). Not recommended as a throttling
valve. Solid wedge gate is free from chatter and jamming. Testing of the valve is done
by filling up with water and then air should be given from the other side. The presence
of air bubbles would indicate bad sealing and must be rectified (Bright Hub Engineering).
Symbol:
Figure 2.28 (Source: TLV)Gate Valve Closed Gate Valve Opened
Hand wheel
Stem
Gate
Body
Bonnet

22 Page
2.4.6.2 Pipework
MS 1525 code 8.5:
“All piping installed to serve buildings and within buildings should be adequately
insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapor barriers
may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.”
Copper
In Summit Mall, Copper pipe is used. Copper consist of three types which are Type M
(red) thinnest, Type L (blue) thick and Type K (green) thickest.
Specification of Copper pipe in Summit Mall:
 Type: Type K (green), use for plumbing, heating, gas lines and underground
 Thickness: 0.049”
 Joints:
- Manipulative compression joint, the end of the pipe is manipulated to fit into the
coupling fitting by means of a special tools. No jointing material is required and
the joint offers great resistance to being withdrawn.
- Non-manipulative compression joint, no manipulation is required to the cut of the
pipe, the holding power of the joints relies on the grip of a copper cone wedge
within the joint fitting.
- Capillary joint, the application of heat makes the soft solder contained in a groove
in the fitting flow around the end of the pipe (Jordon.B, 331).
UPVC Pipe
Beside copper, UPVC pipe is also widely use in pipe system. UPVC is made of
Polyvinylchloride which is a polymer that can be heated and molded to create very hard,
strong compounds such as piping. UPVC has excellent chemical resistance across
its operating temperature range, with a broad band of operating pressures. UPVC is lost
lasting, high stiffness and cost effectiveness.

23 Page
2.5 Analysis
Cold water supply system used in Summit Mall is the main water supply where they use
water from Suction Tank (Basement 2) and Storage Tank (Level 6) that distributed
throughout the entire building. The benefit of using this system is the water tanks
reserves the water supply, there is no worry with shortage of water. Besides that,
Summit Mall has sufficient number of storage tank to provide water supply to the whole
building and as preparation for shortage of water.
The main storage tank located at Level 6 of Summit Mall which do not required any
water pump to push up the pressure for water supply. The water from Storage tank
distributed to the services area by using gravitational force. This save up a lot of cost on
installing water pump. Moreover, the location and design of Water Storage Tank in
Summit Mall is a success which had fulfill the requirements of the UBBL by-Law and MS
1525. This not only allow the smooth flow of water but also easier for cleaning and
maintenance which are very important to sustain the usage and quality of water for the
entire Summit Mall.

24 Page
2.6 Conclusion
Based on the study and research conducted in this chapter, the flow of water
distribution in Summit Mall is from SYABAS to Suction Tank (Basement 2) then use
Booster Pump (Hydro pneumatic System) to pump the water up to the Main Water
Storage Tank (Level 6).
Water service in Summit Mall are efficient and suitable to distribute water for the entire
building. The number of storage tanks are enough usage for the people occupying the
building and also extra tanks for water shortage. Only two booster pumps are use,
easier to maintenance and also reducing the cost and energy used.
As recommended, Summit Mall should have a rainwater harvesting system to have
storage tank for collection of rainwater. Rainwater can be used for sanitary services and
gardening. This would reduce the usage of water and it is a more sustainable way.
As conclusion, water supply system is very important for any building because our daily
activities need water. Through this case study, we have identified and understood
information related to water supply system. We also understood how each components
and systems functions respectively as well as the space implications.

25 Page
Chapter 3
3.0 Electrical Supply System
3.1 Introduction
3.2.1 Electrical Power Supply System
3.3 Case Study
2.3.1 Electrical Supply System
2.3.2 Floor Plan
3.4.1 High Voltage/Tension Room: TNB Substation
3.4.2 High Voltage Room: Consumer Room
3.4.3 High Tension Switch Gear
3.4.4 Transformer Room
3.4.5 Main Switchboard Room
3.4.6 Gen-Set Room
3.5 Analysis
3.6 Conclusion

26 Page
3.1 Introduction
In Malaysia, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) is the largest electricity utility and a
leading utility company in Asia. The Company serve an estimated 8.3 million
customers in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Labuan. TNB has been keeping the
Lights On in Malaysia ever since it was set up as the Central Electricity Board in 1949,
powering national development via the provision of reliable and efficient electricity.
Malaysia uses various kind of sources to produce energy such as hydro powered,
natural gas, coal, solar power and etc. Nonetheless, about 75% of energy used is
generated by natural gas, which is not sustainable, therefore we encourage new
buildings to be energy efficiency at the same time, encouraging the usage of
renewable energy such as wind and solar energy.
Generation nowadays demand highly on energy. The rapid growth of energy use
endangers the world's supply of energy. Petroleum may become the first fuel to give
out. Electricity upgraded the standard and quality of daily living, making our life better
and easier, almost everything automated require electricity supply. Therefore the
relationship of human and electricity is almost impossible to be separated. Electric
power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI
unit of power is the watt, one joule per second. Nevertheless, as the world is
advancing, more and more electricity power will be generated to fulfill the needs of
everything. Energy use creates serious problems. They include the depletion of fuel
reserves and environmental effects. Electric starts to take over many other energy
contributors such as fossil fuel, coal, oil and etc. because burning fossil fuel and coal
are expensive yet will produce harmful byproducts that will cause harm to mother
earth.

27 Page
Figure 3.1 Electrical Power Supply System Schematic Diagram
Diagram above shows the power supply system, electric generated will first pass
through the step-up transmission station which current will be raised by using step-up
transformer and transfer through HV transmission Lines. Then it will go through step-
down transmission substation before it starts to distribute for customer usage. In
Malaysia, there are three main types of consumer, industrial, commercial and
residential. Each of everyone will be charged in different rate according to the amount
of consumption.

28 Page
3.3 Case Study
3.3.1 The Electricity Supply System In Summit Mall
Figure 3.2 Summit Mall Sub-Basement Floor Plan Highlighting Location Of Electrical Rooms
Figure 3.3 Zoom In Floor Plan Highlighting Electrical Rooms

29 Page
TNB Substation
Consumer Room
Transformer 1 Transformer 2
Main Switch Board 1 Main Switch Board 2
Distribution Boards
TNB H.T Panel
Consumer's H.T Panel
2 TNB Incoming 11kv
High Voltage
Low Voltage
630A TP
VCB (11kW) Vacuum
Circuit Breaker
VC
Figure 3.4 Schematic Diagram Showing The Main Electrical Routing

30 Page
3.4.1 High Voltage/Tension Room: TNB Substation
The TNB Substation Room is the direct
link from the transmission cables
receiving electricity. First of all, there are
2 main high voltage incoming powers
from TNB into Summit Mall's TNB
substation, both are 11kV. Then, they’ll
be transferred to the consumer room,
which is located beside TNB room.
Electrical rooms are located next to each
other to reduce the amount of voltage
drop when transferring. The longer the
cable, the higher the voltage drop. One
cannot simply enter the room without the
permission of TNB.
Figure 3.6 Zoom In Floor Plan Highlighting TNB Room
Figure 3.5 HT Room in Summit Mall

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3.4.2 High Voltage Room: Consumer Room
The Consumer Room is located directly next to
the TNB Sub-station room mainly to reduce the
voltage drop because the further current has to
travel; the reduction in current is higher due to
resistance in the wires. Hence the rooms are
located side by side. In the consumer room, a
transformer is installed to step down the
electricity from 11KV to 415 V which are much
more suitable for usage. The step down is done
by the transformer by the means of a primary
coil and a secondary coil, as electricity pass
through a coil of wire, a magnetic field is created,
and any other coil or wires nearby will be
induced of electricity, hence a step down transformer usually have more coils in the
primary coil and half or less coils in the secondary coil as to step down the electricity.
(Electric Power Transmission and Distribution, 2008)
Figure 3.7 Consumer Room with Danger
Sign
Figure 3.8 Zoom In Floor Plan Highlighting Consumer Room

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3.4.3 High Tension Switch Gear
These high tension switch gear are located inside the consumer room, showing the
incoming voltage from TNB Substation. The meters is to ensure the incoming Voltage
of TNB is stable, provide protection against overload current and short circuit.
i. Rubber Mats
Figure 3.9 High Tension Switch Gear Figure 3.10 High Tension Switch Gears Metering
Based on Electricity Supply Act 1990 and
Electricity Regulation 1994, rubber mats
should be placed on the floor beside
electrical boards in every electrical rooms
as a safety equipment for the maintenance
users. These rubber mats act as electric
insulator to prevent electric shocks when
there is a high voltage current
leakage. (Act 447)
Figure 3.11 Rubber Mats Flooring

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3.4.4 Transformer Room
A device used to change the voltage of an
alternating current in one circuit to a different
voltage in a second circuit, or to partially
isolate two circuits from each other.
Transformer Room is where the step-down
transformers are placed. A transformer is a
machine used step down high voltage current
from 11kV to low voltage 415V. The 415V
current will then be transferred to Main Switch
Board for distribution. In Summit Mall, the
transformers are placed inside the HT room.
Figure 3.12 Transformer Room With Danger
Sign
Figure 3.13 Floor Plan showing Transformer in HT Room

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Transformers
There are two types of transformers used in Summit Mall：
 Oil-Insulated Transformer
 Dry Type Transformer
i. Oil-insulated Transformer
An oil type transformer use transformer oil to
cool down the temperature. It is a highly
refined mineral oil that is stable at high
temperatures and has excellent electrical
insulating properties. Advantages of oil-
insulated transformer are small size, low first
cost, low losses, long life, low noise level and
etc.
Figure 3.14 Oil-insulated Transformer
Source: Direct Industry
ii. Dry Type Transformer
Dry type transformer is the newer generation
of transformer which did not use oil as coolant
anymore, simplifying the maintenance
process, it uses digital temperature controller
to cool down the transformer. Despite having
shorter life, higher losses, higher noise level
and larger size, this type of transformer are
still preferable by many users due to its
simplicity of installation and maintenance.
Figure 3.15 Dry Type Transformer
Source: Transformer Switch Gear Industry

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3.4.5 Main Switchboard Room (Low Voltage Room)
Starting from Main Switchboard Room, the
current is transferred from transformers. It
is consider low voltage as the current has
been stepped down to 415V. Main
switchboards are electric boards used to
redirect electricity from transformer to
more source of supply to smaller usage.
Current supplied into smaller division
currents for further distribution. At the same
time, those current can be controlled in the
main switchboards, current can be turned off when maintenance need to be done in
certain part of the building. Protection is also provided, when current over loads or
short circuit, breakers will trip. The switch boards control all devices by using buttons
and insulated handles on the front panel. (Electric Power Transmission and
Distribution, 2008)
Figure 3.17 Floor Plan Showing Location of LV Room
Figure 3.14 Picture showing inside of LV Room

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Figure 3.18 Main Switchboard
i. Main Switch Board
These meters on main switchboard are
used to monitor the electricity supply from
transformer, ensuring the incoming
current is 415V +- 1%, if any current is
different more than 1% of 415V, the
breaker in main switch board will trip. The
type of breaker used in main switchboard
is air circuit breaker (ACB).
Figure 3.19 Schematic Diagram of Low Voltage Routing
Schematic diagram above shows a part of electricity distribution route from main
switch board, there are distribution boards in every floor, and it acts as an electrical
power supply system which divide electrical into subsidiary circuits. The distribution
boards are protected by Main Circuit Breaker (MCB) and Miniature Current Circuit
Breaker (MCCB), which Main Circuit Breaker is only used for three phase, current
more than 100A; while Miniature Current Circuit Breaker is used for single phase, for
very small voltage below 100A. (Electric Power Transmission and Distribution, 2008)

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ii. Distribution Board
A distribution board is a smaller panel board compared to main switchboard, it has
similar function as a main switch board, but it is a smaller sub division, it just control a
specific level or specific part of a building electricity distribution. (Electric Power
Transmission and Distribution, 2008)
Figure 3.20 Distribution Board

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3.4.6 Gen-Set Room
Gen-set room is located just beside the Main switch boards’ room, generators set will
run automatically when it detected there is an electrical failure, as a backup electrical
supply for the building. The backup electricity supply system is very important for
Summit Mall because it is a shopping mall, a lot of live maintaining devices are
electrical powered which cannot be cut off during power failure.
A generator set included 3 basic components: the generator, fuel system and exhaust
facilities. The generators are powered by using the diesel. A full tank of diesel in Gen-
set room can run and supply the electricity for the whole building for approximately 24
hours. (Electric Power Transmission and Distribution, 2008)
Under UBBL Section 253(1):
Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power
automatically in the event of failure of the normal supply or in the event of accident to
elements of the system supplying power and illumination essential for safety to life
and property.
Figure 3.21 Floor Plan Showing Location of Gen-set Room

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3.5 Summit Mall Electrical Supply Analysis
1. Under MS 1525: 7. Electric power and distribution
 This clause applies to the energy efficiency requirements of electric motors,
transformers and distribution systems of buildings except those required for
emergency purposes.
 All electrical power distribution equipment should be selected for their energy
efficiency and to minimize cost of ownership. Cost of ownership includes the
capital cost and the cost of energy over the equipment life time.
 Supply system voltage has significant impact on losses. Hence, the supply
voltage should be maintained as close as possible to the design/optimum
voltage of the equipment installed.
In Summit Mall , the Gen-set room is located just beside transformer room, the
strategic location minimized the current travel distance, reducing the voltage drop
which is very efficient. At the same time, the Gen-set room is using the same
transformer with consumer room, unlike some other building, the Gen-set room have
another specialized transformer for backup usage only. By sharing the same
transformer, it achieved to minimize cost of ownership.
Figure 3.22 Floor Plan Showing Location of LV Room and Gen-set Room

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2. Under UBBL Section 253(1)
 Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power
automatically in the event of failure of the normal supply or in the event of
accident to elements of the system supplying power and illumination essential
for safety to life and property.
In Summit Mall, the emergency power supply
system meets all the requirement stated in
UBBL section 253(1). Diesel generator set is
used as standby power supply system to
provide electricity power during power failure,
the diesel fuel beside the generator can be
used to run the generator for up to 24 hours or
more. Hence, Uninterruptible Power Supply is
also provided to back up the warm up period
of generators.
Figure 3.23 Gen-set Room
Figure 3.24 Diesel Tank inside Gen-set Room

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TNB Room
Consumer/Hi
gh Tension
Room
Transformer
Main Switch
Boards
Gen-set
Room
Sub-switch
Borads
Distribution
Boards
Power Plants
3.6 Conclusion
According to Universal Building By Law (UBBL, every element in electricity supply
system are built accordingly in the correct place and each of the electricity component
play their roles. In conclusion, we can conclude that the electricity supply system at
Summit Mall follow the necessary requirements set by the governments for operating
the building in terms of electricity, the voltage supplied is adequate. Above is the sum
up of the flow electricity supply system. From all the above it is for the safety of the
workers and the peoples in the building and to aware the flow of the electricity.
In Summit Mall, the building services is not what we expected as it is a huge building
which will occupied high density. I observed that most of the safety system are not
functioning and are poorly maintained. For examples, the emergency phone and the
fire escape door which is allocated near the stairs. Besides, some of the lifts in the
Summit Mall are also not functioning. Forcing the users to use both the stairs and
escalator only. Moreover, the population in Summit Mall is lesser compared to other
shopping complex like Mid Valley Megamall, Subang Parade or 1 Utama. This could
because the environment in Summit Mall are not user comfortable. My first
impression of the building is that it is dull and dark almost like an abandoned building.
Summit Mall have to take serious manner about this issue and improve its lighting to
be more brighter.

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Chapter 4
4.0 Sanitary, Sewerage and Drainage System
4.1 Introduction
4.3 Case Study
4.4.1 Sanitary System
4.4.1.1 Water Closet
4.4.1.2 Basin
4.4.1.3 Traps
4.4.2 Stacks
4.4.2.1 Waste Pipe
4.4.2.2 Plumbing
4.4.3 Septic Tank
4.4.4 Manhole
4.4.5 Drainage System
4.4.5.1 Gutter
4.4.5.2 Downspout
4.5 Analysis
4.6 Conclusion

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4.1 Introduction
Sanitary and sewerage system is an underground carriage of wastewater system
which collect and transport sewage from buildings through pipes, drains, manholes
and inlet to treatment plant or disposal. Wastewater is drained and separated into
black water and grey water. Black water consist of the product from sanitary
usagesfor instancefaeces, urine and flushwater from WC, whereas grey water is the
waste water generated from washing food, clothes, dishware, and bathing. Grey
water has been legalized to be used for watering plants or recycled for flushing toilet.
There are two types of sewer systems which is separate sewer system and
combined sewer system. Separate sewerage carried domestic and waste water and
surface runoff separately. Waste water needs treatment whereas storm water does
not. Combined sewerageare large networks of underground pipes that carry
domestic sewage, waste water and storm water runoff in a single pipe system to
centralised treatment facility. There is a network of underground sewer pipes, pump
station, regulator and waste water treatment plant.This system does not need on-site
treatment or storage, therefore, it must be designed to maintain self-cleansing
velocity with a minimal flow of 0.6 to 0.75m/s. There are many advantages such as
low operation and maintenance costs compare to separate system. Besides that, it
minimised intervention by users which is convenience and no problem occurs while
storm water and waste water discharged simultaneously. Underground piping can be
distinguished into three types which are service line, mainline and access point.

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The main features of sewerage system consist of collection, carriage, treatment and
disposal which known as waste water treatment plant. (Figure 2.5.2.0)
Figure4.1 Waste Water Treatment Plant
Source: Mancl, K. (2015).
Preliminary Treatment
Screening
It was use to remove only large solid material in order to protect downstream
operations. There is also special equipment used to remove grit that gets washed
into the sewer.
Primary Treatment
Wastewater still contains someorganic solid matter or human waste. Most of the
solids settle to the bottom of the tanks and form a watery sludge, known as ‘settled
sewage’, which will removed for separate treatment.
Secondary Treatment
Settled sewage will flows to an aerobic biological treatment stage where comes into
contact with micro-organisms which remove and oxidise most of the remaining
organic pollutants. Air is pumped into the water to encourage good bacteria to break
down tiny bits.
Tertiary Treatment

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The treated wastewateris then passed through a final settlement tank, where the
good bacteria sink to the bottom. Sludges is forms at the bottom of the tank from
settling of the bacteria action. Besides that, the water is allowed over where the
filtered through a bed of sand.
Sludge Treatment
All methods of sewage treatment generate organic sludges as by products and these
must be managed separately from the liquid sewage. It can be recycled for
agricultural, use as fertiliser and also generate energy. There are three ways to do it,
combined heat and power, gas to grid and thermal destruction.
4.3 Case study
Operation of system
There are several scattered washroom units in one single floor, the layout of the
washrooms are arranged in same layout with each floor as Summit Mall uses the
sewerage stack system which eased the installation of the sewer required
components, keep the pipes vertical and straight to optimize soil and odor disposal
efficiency, meanwhile, minimizing the number of stack pipes for space-saving, where
the ducts provide adequate spacing for the piping system according to the UBBL By
Laws – Section 123.
UBBL by Law – Section 123
(1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate
pipes, cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosure shall
be –
(a) Adequate for the accommodation od the pipes, cables or conduits and
the crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing;
and
(b) Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and
other controls there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to
be made to each or all of the services accommodated.

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(2) The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and
suitable places to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.
Figure 4.2 Positions of public washrooms in Summit Mall on each floor.

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4.4 Component of system
4.4.1 Sanitary system
4.4.1.1 Water Closet
a. Water Closet (WC)
Figure 4.3 Wall hung water closet
Summit Mall uses wall mounted WC with hidden water tank. Blockage of WC rarely
happens. Valve-closet system is used as waterway design systems to allow valve
open and water pan flows rapidly out of the bowl into the drains. Plastic connectors
are used for joining the outlet to the soil branch pipe. Soil waste dispense from WC
outlet is connected to the soil stack. The flush pipe joint is made with a rubber cone
connector that fits tightly between WC and pipe.

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b. Squat toilet
Figure 4.4 Squat toilet with internal cistern
Squatting slabs made of porcelain with concrete covered by tiles. Squats toilet
essentially named for toilet pan or bowel at floor level. It may use a water seal to be
a flush toilet or it can be without a water seal and therefore be a dry toilet. It has the
same system as WC. This will then connected to a nearby septic tank then
connected to sewerage pipe system. Wastewater treatment plant will be carried out.
c. Urinal
Figure 4.5 Bowl urinal
Source: Waterlessurinals.co.uk, (2015).

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Electronic automatic flushes are commonly used to save water consumption.
Urinals are washed an intervals by means of an automatic flushing cistern
discharging 4.5L of water per bowl. It is directly connected to waste pipe. The
advantages of this system consist of save water, cut cost and well maintenance.
4.4.1.2 Basin
d. Basin
Figure 4.6 Sinks
This is a wall-mounted sinks which the plumbing lines will run directly to the
piping in the wall which provide aesthetics to the building. Maintenance are
easy as the design of wall-mounted is cantilevered and opened space
underneath the sink. The used water goes through the basin waste, into the
drainage pipe and then sewer.
4.4.1.3 Traps
Figure 4.7 Bottle trap sink
Source: Products, O., Us, C., & Sinks, L. (2015).

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The bottle trap is an essential element of basins plumbing that keeps the bath
room hygienic and clean. It helps to prevents bad smell, gases and pest which
may cause harmful to health. Traps are the devices which contain a water-
seal of about 50mm to 75mm to prevent gases escaping into sanitary fittings.
It was placed below the washbasin and sink to prevent entry of foul gases.
When more water gushes in the water inside the bottle trap goes into the
drain and fills with the new water that comes from the waste. Thus the trap
always remains with certain amount of water and the pipe from the basin
remains into this water the bottle trap. The advantages of using bottle traps
features with long and thin shape which does not take up much space
compare to P/S trap.
e. Trap water seal
Figure 4.8 Trap water seal
Nearly all sewer pipes and fixtures in a building will install a trap water seal.
This seals play an important role as they stop the gases which form in sewer
pipes from coming into the building. Some may have inspection opening (I.O.)
at the base of the seal pipe to prevent blockages and to trap solid object or
substances from entering the rest of the waste water pipe.
inlet
outlet

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f. Floor trap
Figure 4.9 Floor trap
Source: Imgsoup.com. (2015).
The function of floor trap is the collect waste water from bathroom, wash basin,
shower and sink etc. These are available in UPVC or cast iron material and
provide removable grating (JALI) on the top of the trap. The advantage of using
trap is it provide convenience for cleaning. An efficient trap should maintain the
water seal for all the conditions of flow. The minimum depth of water seal should
be 50mm.
g. Gully trap
Gully traps receive discharge from wastewater fixtures. One gully trap may
receive discharge pipes from several outlets. If a drainage system blocked, gully
trap provides the point where sewerage can overflow outside the building. It must
have an overflow rim at least 150mm below the overflow level of the lowest
fixture served by the system, located within the legal boundary of the land on
which the building stands, to prevent surface water from entering the trap. A floor
gully acts as a floor drain as to receive the discharge from wastewater fixtures.
The advantage of using this is to reduce the number of connections to the drain
and the length of pipe.

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UBBL By-Law, Section 43:
In all buildings, the size of latrines, water closets and bathrooms shall be-
(a) In the case of latrines or water-closets with pedestal-type closet
fittings, not less than 1.5 metres by 0.75 metre;
(b) In the case of water closets with fittings other than pedestal-type
closet fittings, not less than 1.25 metres by 0,75 metre;
(c) In the case of bathrooms, not less than 1.5 square metres with a
width of not less than 0.75 metre; and
(d) In the case of bathrooms with closet fittings, not less than 2
square metres with a width of not less than 0.75 metre.
4.4.2 Stack
4.4.2.1 Waste pipe
Figure 4.10 Connection to the stack
Source: Waybuilder.net,. (2015).

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The system of pipes that transfer water and waste to a sewer line or septic tank is
call the drain-waste-vent (DWV) system. It has three components:
 Drain lines collect water from sinks, showers, and tubs.
 Waste lines carry waste from toilets.
 Vent lines exhaust sewer gases and allow wastes to flow freely.
All drain and waste line slope slightly downward from the fixture toward the sewer or
septic system.
Pipes are large in diameter. Traditionally 32mm to 100mm to minimize the possibility
of blockages. The main soil stack for toilets is normally a 100mm pipe whereas
shower usually will have a 50mm pipe. Sink, bathtubs, lavatories and laundry tubs
may be served by 30mm to 50mm pipes. As long as there is no drain at the
connection point, several vents may be connected together and joined to one large
soil stack.
4.4.2.2 Plumbing
Plumbing is the system of pipes, drains, fittings, vavles, and fixtures installed for
the distribution of potable water for drinking, heating and washing, and
waterborne waste removal.
Figure 4.11 Three types of pipe with different carries

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 Plastic
Plastic pipe is widely used for domestic water supply and drain-waste-vent
(DWV) pipe. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the most common material for
drainage system nowadays. The main supply divides into one system of pipes
for cold water and hot water. Parallel hot and cold water pipes slope slightly to
the lowest point so the pipes can be drained through a valve or faucet.
(Vandervort, D. 2015.) It is more often used to carry high pressure water. In
Summit Mall, white pipe used for water supply whereas the grey pipe is used
for drains and vents. The diameter usually is 30mm-50mm for waste pipe
horizontally whereas 75mm for vertical position.
 Copper
Copper resists corrosion very well, and is ideal for carrying hot and cold water,
as well as gas. Copper pipe comes in three sizes: M (a very thin wall), L
(medium thickness) and K (thickest walls). Types M and L are usually used for
interior hot and cold supply lines. Type K serves for underground service line.
4.4.3 Septic tank
A septic tank consists of 1,000 and 2,000 gallons that connected to an inlet
waste water pipe at the end and a septic drain field at the other side. It is
made up by a T-pipe which allows liquid to enter and exit without disturbing
any crust on the surface. The design of the tank incorporates two chambers
which are separated by means of dividing wall that has openings located
about midway between the floor and roof of the tank.
Figure 4.12Details of septic tank

55 Page
Source: Turf2max.com,. (2015).
Waste water enters the first chamber of the tank, allow solids to settle and
scum to float. The settled solids will be digested by itself to reduce the volume
of solids. The liquid component will flows through the dividing wall into the
second chamber, where further settlement takes place, with excess liquid
then draining in a relatively clear condition from the outlet into the leach field
also known as a drain field. The remaining impurities will trapped and
eliminated in the soil. The entire septic system can operate by gravity alone or,
where topographic consideration require, with inclusive of a lift pump. Certain
septic tank designs include siphons or methods of increasing the volume and
velocity of outflow to the drainage field.
According to Malaysian Water Association (MWA)/(BS5572:1994),
Make sure all proposed design calculations and drawings documentation to
be prepared earlier and need to be endorsed & sign by the Clients before
doing any final Building Submissions to the authorities. (e.g.
MajlisPerbandaranSelayang, MajlisPerbandaran Kelang, MajlisPerbandaran
Shah Alam, DewanBandaraya Kuala Lumpur and etc.). Those approval
processes would take around three(3) to four(4) months from the date of
submission.
According to UBBL Act 113,
No water pipe, stack pipe or down spout used for converting surfacing water
from and premises shall be used or permitted to serve or act as ventilating
shaft to any drain or sewer.
According to UBBL Act 503, Section 31.(1)
No person shall construct any sewerage system or septic tank without the
prior written permission of the Director General approving the plans and
specifications of the proposed sewerage system or septic tank.

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4.4.4 Manholes
Figure 4.13 Manholes
Manhole acts as a tube that connects underground utilities like a sewer or
cable system to the surface. It has to be large enough to fit in a size of a
human in order for the utility worker to enter for some maintenance and
repairing purposes. The minimum internal dimensions of a manhole are
600mmx900mm and can be any depth, although most modern manholes tend
to be at least 1 meter deep with inspection chambers used for shallower
depths. The thickness of the wall also part of the manhole to be considered.
Manholes are usually outfitted with metal, polypropylene, or fiberglass steps
installed in the inner side of the wall to allow easy descent into the utility
space. The design of manhole should be flexible enough in case there will be
pipe-size changes or any alterations during and after construction. There are
two main design criteria for manholes which is:
 Manholes must be large enough to house the highest intersecting pipe size.
 The minimum structural length between adjacent pipe openings in a manhole
should be maintained frequently.

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UBBL
82. (1) wherever the dampness or position of the site of a building renders it
necessary, the subsoil of the site shall be effectively drained or such other
steps shall be taken as will effectively protect the building against damage
from moisture.
83. (1) all air-wells and open spaces in end around buildings shall be suitable
protected against soil erosion.
Schematic drawing of sewage system
Figure 4.14 Lower ground floor plan showing location of manholes on site.
There is a centralized manhole on site to collect the waste, after which this
leads to public manhole. There are PVC pipes direct the sewerage to the
public manhole.

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UBBL
84. (1) suitable measures shall be taken to prevent the penetration of
dampness and moisture into a building
(2) damp proof courses where provide shall comply with BS 743
(materials for horizontal D.P.C)
4.4.5 Drainage system
Figure 4.15 Drainage (Summit Mall)
The drainage system is an essential for all types of building to drain off excess
water from streets, sidewalk, roofs and other areas of the building. Storm
water drainage is used to drain storm water which also known as storm drains,
storm sewer or drainage wells. Storm drains are separated from sewer
system for sanitary purposes. Drainage system is to prevent flood, making
unsafe for human activities around the building and also human health.

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4.4.5.1 Gutter
Figure 4.16 Gutter (Summit Mall)
Source: Guttersupply.com,. (2015).
The main function of gutter is to collect and divert the rainwater from the roof
to protect the building’s foundation. Gutter helps to prevent leakage and
reduces erosion of the building. Rain gutter are usually made of materials
such as cast iron, lead, zinc, galvanized steel, painted aluminium and PVC.
Rainwater will be diverted from the gutter to downspout or downpipe and
lastly to drain.
4.4.5.2 Downspout
Figure 4.17 Downspout (Summit Mall)
Downspouts are drainage pipes that direct rainwater from roof to ground. This
is where rainwater is lead away from the buildings foundation so no rainwater

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is able to pool around the building. Downspouts are most commonly seen
attached to the corners of home or building. The working of downspout is very
important. If it is not installed perfectly, rainwater will fall off the roofs edge
and may cause flooding and damage to the building. Rainwater will pass
through the cracks in the walls, windows and into the building foundation. The
disadvantage of downspouts is that they clog very easily when twigs, leaves,
and other debris accumulate within the downspout itself. This will affect
rainwater to drain properly throughout the downspout. Any debris that found in
the gutters should be removed. Running a hose through the gutters will reveal
if there are any clogs in the downspouts.
Law of Malaysia Act 133, Street, Drainage and building Act 1974
Under laws of Malaysia Act 133, no water-pipe, stack pipe or down spout for
conveying surface water from any premises shall be used or be permitted to
serve or act as a ventilating shaft to any drain or sewer.
Street Drainage and Building Act 1974, Section 56(1)
Rain water pipes not to be used as soil pipe. No pipe used for the carrying off
rain water from any roof shall be used for the purpose of carrying off the soil
or drainage from any privy or water closet or any sullage water.
Street Drainage and Building Act 1974, Section 57
No water pipe, stack pipes or downspout used for conveying surface water
from any premises shall be used or permitted to serve or to act as ventilating
shaft to any drain or sewer.
- Under JKR20800-23:1.3.1, Storage tank shall be watertight and properly
supported, provided with dust and mosquito-proof cover. The cover shall
be constructed that it shall not be airtight. The storage shall be provided
with a high pressure ball valve on the inlet and of the same size as inlet
pipe, overflow / warning pipe shall discharge outside the building.

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UBBL by Law – Section 115
All roof of buildings shall be constructed as to drain effectively to suitable
and sufficient channels, gutters, chutes or troughs which shall be provided
in accordance with the requirements of these By-Laws for receiving and
conveying all water which may fall on and from the roof.

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4.5Analysis
In Summit Mall, liquid waste are being release in sanitary appliances and being flush
into the vertical waste pipe also called as stacks. From stacks will then travel to
septic tank in the basement of the building and through a soil pipe, wastewater is
being pumped into the public sewer line. Wastewater travel alone the public sewer
line to a wastewater treatment plant nearby for treatment before clean water being
send to the nearby water sources.
Most of the sewerage pipes and vents, including the storm drains and sewer are
hidden and cannot be seen. Most sewage pipes and vents, including the storm
drains and sewer are hidden and cannot be seen. Most sewage pipes run across
above ceiling panels, and behind walls. Therefore, this is a good thing for the
aesthetics of the building interior and exterior. Even the pipes beneath washroom
sinks are hidden by a concrete surface. The smell and odour around the building is
fresh, as every plumbing fixture and sewage inlet such as water closet and floor
traps are connected to a stack vent, and every stack vent has a vent pipe till the roof
to allow the smell of the sewage to escape the building, rather than trapping it inside
the building. So, the hygiene is maintained quite well.

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4.6Conclusion
Summit Mall may consider the use of separate sewerage systems. In a two-pipe
separated system, storm water can be collected through storm drains. Despite the
initial high cost, separating storm water from wastewater is much more
advantageous because it helps to eliminate combined sewer overflow and prevents
flooding by increasing the capacity. In terms of sustainability, it enable storm water to
be used as a resource, to collect and for the use of toilet cleaning and flushing
purpose. Summit Mall, for several cases to do follow the accordance of the UBBL.
However, presently it does not face any issues regarding its sewerage and drainage
system. It would therefore be better if separate sewerage system is implemented,
increasing the efficiency of out the building’s handling of waste output. For long term,
it would help in saving cost as a separate system would mean rainwater can be
recycled. Maintenance is easier as pipes are separated and can be individually
repaired and fixed.

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Chapter 5
5.0 Mechanical Transportation System
5.2.1 Elevators
5.2.2 Escalators
5.3 Case Study
2.3.1 Control System & Location of elevators and escalators
2.3. Control System & Location of elevators
5.4.1 Geared Traction Lift
5.4.2 Parallel Escalator
5.5 Analysis
5.6 Conclusion

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Mechanical Transportation System
5.1 Introduction
This chapter is to investigate the transport system in Summit Mall, which is divided
into escalators and elevators. Each component in both elevator and escalator is
explained and analyzed the system operation with the aid of diagram and pictures.
Thus, an explanation on highlighting the functions and the specifications of these
components. The entire system and specifications will be analyzed in accordance to
the Uniform Building By-Law requirements as well as other requirements to identify
the efficiency in its design. Finally, a summary of the lift system will be provided to
clarify the dimensions as well as specifications.
Vertical transportation has been a very important component especially in the
present construction industry. The vertical transportation devices are included
elevators, escalators and other mechanical devices in a building for transporting
people or goods from floors to floors.
5.2.1 Elevators
With the advances in technology, different types of vertical transportation have been
invented and one of the most recent one is the machine room-less (MRL) elevators
which do not require the use of a machine room.
Some of the advantages of using a machine room-less traction elevators are:
 The availability of extra space to be used in the building
 Reduction costs, time materials and coordination issues
 Easier installation
 Reduces the carbon footprint of the building while using up to 75% less
energy
An elevator is a transport device used to move goods or people vertically which
considered a requirement in all buildings which are over three storeys. Geared
traction lifts are being used in this building. Geared traction lift is connected to the

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sheave by gears in a gear box. Geared traction systems are designed to operate in
the range of 100 to 500fpm, which restricts their use to mid rise buildings. A traction
elevator works like a pulley system in which the car is balanced by a counterweight
on the other end. These two components are linked together by steel belts or steel
wire ropes that is lopped over the machine. The counterweight functions as a
counterbalance to the weight of the car thus reducing the energy required to raise
and lower the elevator.
5.2.2 Escalators
An escalator is a conveyor transport device for transporting people, consisting of a
staircase whose steps move up or down on tracks that keep the surfaces of the
individual steps horizontal. The angle of inclination is normally 30', but may increase
to 35' if the vertical rise does not exceed 6m and the speed is limited to 0.5ms-1.
The moving stairway, also referred to as an escalator or an electric stairway, was
first operated at the Paris Exposition in 1900. Its modern successors deliver
passengers comfortably. rapidly, safely. and continuously at constant speed and
usually with no delay at the boarding level. The annoyance of waiting for elevators is
eliminated. Also, no time is lost by acceleration, retardation, levelling, and door
operation, or by passenger interference in getting in or out of the cars. Instead of
formal lobbies and hallways leading to a bank of elevators on each floor and a ride in
a small, enclosed box, the electric stairway is always in motion. inviting passengers
to ride on an open. airy. observation type conveyance that can never trap them due
to equipment or power failure.
Automatic Escalator System is a very useful project and help in reducing the use of
energy and providing efficient system. This project has variety of applications. The
main part of this project are Human sensor, Micro-controller unit, driver unit and
escalator motor. The whole system is automatic and when someone steps on the
escalator, it senses it and according go up or down.In a building, where the top
occupied floor is over 18.5metres above the fire appliance access level fire lifts shall
be provided. Fire lifts shall be provided as the rate of on lift in every group of lifts
which discharge into the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the
rising main.

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5.3 Case Study
5.3.1 Elevators
5.3.1.1 Control System
3.1.2 Location of elevators and escalators
Fig 5.1 Location of elevators, escalators, control room and fire lifts in Basement 2 plan

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Fig 5.2 Location of elevators, escalators, control room and fire lifts in Floor 1 plan
Fig 5.3 Location of elevators, escalators, control room and fire lifts in Floor 6 plan

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5.4 Components of System
In Summit Mall lift system, electric lift system have been applied. They are
exclusively driven by geared traction lift. the designation "traction" means that the
power from an electric motor is transmitted to the multiple rope suspension of the car
and a counterweight by friction between the specially shaped grooves of the driving
of traction sheave of the machine and the ropes.
5.4.1 Geared Traction Lift
Machine room-less elevator employs a smaller shaft than conventional geared and
gearless elevators. They do not have dedicated machine room above the elevator
shaft. The shaft size is reduced together with a redesigned machine, allows the
machine to be mounted within the hoist way and eliminating the space needed for a
bulky machine room on the elevator cab. Machine-room-less elevators are becoming
more common. However, many maintenance departments do not like them due to
the hassle of working on a ladder as opposed to within a room.
Fig 5.4 Components of elevator (Source: International Labor Organization, Geneva, 2011.)

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Section 153
1. All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
2. Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices
controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close
feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to
close within a preset time.
The major components are machine room, cabs and hoist way. Machine rooms for
traction elevators generally located directly above the hoist way.
5.4.1.1 Machine room
5.4.1.1.1 Traction machine
Fig 5.5 Traction machine (Source: EveryChina, 2011.)
It is powered by AC-DC electrical motor. It functions to turn the sheave which then
moves the elevator car. Compared with gearless traction, it uses less energy to turn
the motor and help to save energy cost. It used in high-rise applications whereby the
drive motor and drive sheave are connected in line on a common shaft. It requires
minimal space requirement by eliminating the traction machine gearbox. Unlike
traditional induction motors that lose efficiency at lower speeds, this machine is
equipped with a highly efficient permanent magnet synchronous motor. It moves the
car by ropes and incorporates a motor and a brake. The traction sheave is
connected directly to the motor shaft and the motor rotation (speed) directly
regulated the traction sheave. The brand of elevator that Summit Mall uses is
Schindler and according to the building service manager, the geared machine is
check and maintained every month by compatible person.

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5.4.1.1.2 Governor
Fig 5.6 Governor (Source: International Labor Organization, Geneva, 2011.)
A governor is an elevator device acting as a stop device in case the elevator runs
beyond the rated speed, an over speed governor must be installed in the traction
elevators which function as activates the safety gears by the governor ropes when
the car speed has exceeded its limit. When an elevator reaches a predetermined
over speed, the switch located in a governor opens and power is removed fromt he
machine motor and brake. The braking mechanism that operates in response to
movement of the elevator remains disable until the switch is manually re-set. In
machine room-less elevators, the governor is located in the hoist way, therefore
accessing the resetting a governor overspeed switch is time consuming, complicated
and costly.

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5.4.1.2 Hoist way
5.4.1.2.1 Polyurethane-coated steel belt
Fig 5.7 Polyurethane-coated steel belt (Source: United Technologies, 2015.)
Machine room-less system uses flat polyurethane-coated steel belts that replace the
heavy woven steel cables. There are several advantages to using these belts which
are make sheave possible, they are only 3mm thick, yet they are as strong as woven
steel cables and far more durable, flexible and space-saving. In terms of space
saving, the flexible flat belt enables a more compact, energy-efficient machine, which
can be contained in the hoist way. Besides, the polyurethane coating avoids metal-
to-metal contact that reduces noise and vibration. Moreover, flat polyurethane-
coated steel belts last longer compared to conventional steel ropes, two to three
times longer life span.

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5.4.1.2.2 Counterweight
Fig 5.8 Counterweight (Source: Visualphotos, 2013.)
The ropes that lift the car are also connected to a counterweight, which hangs on the
other side of the sheave. The counterweight weighs about the same as the car filled
to 40-percent capacity. In other words, when the car is 40 percent full (an average
amount), the counterweight and the car are perfectly balanced.The purpose of this
balance is to conserve energy. With equal loads on each side of the sheave, it only
takes a little bit of force to tip the balance one way or the other. Basically, the motor
only has to overcome friction -- the weight on the other side does most of the work.
To put it another way, the balance maintains a near constant potential energy level in
the system as a whole. Using up the potential energy in the elevator car (letting it
descend to the ground) builds up the potential energy in the weight (the weight rises
to the top of the shaft). The same thing happens in reverse when the elevator goes
up. The system is just like a see-saw that has an equally heavy kid on each end.Both
the elevator car and the counterweight ride on guide rails along the sides of the
elevator shaft. The rails keep the car and counterweight from swaying back and forth,
and they also work with the safety system to stop the car in an emergency.Roped
elevators are much more versatile than hydraulic elevators, as well as more efficient.
Typically, they also have more safety systems. In the next section, we'll see how
these elements work to keep you from plummeting to the ground if something goes
wrong .Balances the weight of the car.

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5.4.1.3 Cabs
5.4.1.3.1 Cabin ceiling
Fig 5.9 Cabin ceiling which showing the ventilation
Car ceiling is designed to be able to support two persons during maintenance
operation without permanent deformation. Car ceiling is prepared also to mount
emergency trap door, blower fan and balustrade. False ceiling is the main source of
lighting in the elevator car, there are many different designs for elevator lighting.
5.4.1.3.2 Car operating panel
Fig 5.10 Car operating panel
A panel mounted in the car containing the car operating controls, such as register
buttons, door open and close, alarm emergency stop and whatever other buttons or
key switches are required for operation. The smart elevator alarming system needs
to automatically to regional control center. This allow the company to dispatch local
service personnel to each problem location, cutting response times and aiding the
company in manpower allocation.

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5.4.1.3.3 Door sensor
Fig 5.11 Door sensor
Infra red door sensors or beams are now common in modern days elevator. The
beam detects objects on the doorway when opening and closing. If the sensors
triggers a person or an object, it will cause the doors to reopen and does not close
until the person moved away or the object is removed from the doorway.
Section 151 Ventilation in lift shafts
Where openings to light shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift
shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre lift located at
the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air lift
shafts be vented to the exterior through duct of required FPR as for the lift shaft.

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5.4.1.3.4 Fire Lift
Fig 5.12 Fire switch
When fire happens, all the elevators will be sent back to the ground floor and
electricity is cut off. Fire lift will be powered by generator for fireman to access.
However, the fire switch must be activated to switch to manual mode. When in
manual mode, the fire lift can only be control from the inside by firemen. Fire lift
functions as normal passenger lift when not in use.

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5.4.1.4 How the geared elevator works
Fig 5.13 The working elevator (Source: HowStuffsWork, 2013.)

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5.4.2 Escalator
Fig 5.14 Components of escalator (Source: Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, 2015)
Fig 5.15 Eescalator in Summit Mall

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5.4.2.1 Balustrade
Fig 5.16 Components of balustrade (Source: Behance by Aobo Zhou, 2014)
The Balustrade consists of the handrail and the exterior supporting structure of the
escalator. It is the escalator exterior components extending above the steps and it
supports the handrail. It is either designed as Interior Low-deck or Interior High-
deck.
The balustrade may also refer to the individual interior panels, skirt panels, and deck
covers of the escalator. Each interior balustrade panel section is individually
removable to allow easy access to the escalator interior for cleaning, maintenance,
and component replacement.
Fig 5.17 Components of escalator (Source: Behance by Aobo Zhou, 2014)
The moving handrail provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are
riding the escalator. In an escalator, the handrail is pulled along its track by a chain
that is connected to the main drive gear by a series of pulleys.

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5.4.2.2 Truss
Fig 5.18 Truss section (Source: Behance by Aobo Zhou, 2014)
The escalator truss is the structural frame of the escalator and consists of three
major areas:
 The lower section,
 Incline section,
 Upper section.
It is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper landings. It is
composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom
and just below the top.
The ends of the truss are attached to the top and bottom landing platforms via steel
or concrete supports. The truss carries all the straight track sections connecting the
upper and lower sections. The structural steel truss members are designed to carry
the entire load of the escalator equipment and the steel covering without shifting
more than specified by the contract requirements. The entire structure is rigid
enough to maintain close operating tolerances but will allow for building shift and
vibration because of a built-in system of shift- plates and Teflon pads.

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5.4.2.3 Steps
Fig 5.19 Steps of escalator (Source: Behance by Aobo Zhou, 2014)
The steps are solid, one piece, die-cast aluminium or steel. Yellow demarcation lines
may be added to clearly indicate their edges.
The steps are linked by a continuous metal chain that forms a closed loop. The front
and back edges of the steps are each connected to two wheels. The rear wheels are
set further apart to fit into the back track and the front wheels have shorter axles to fit
into the narrower front track. As described above, the position of the tracks controls
the orientation of the steps.
 The Step Plate (Tread) is the surface area of the step people step on. The
step plate is usually made of an aluminium plate with longitudinal cleats or grooves
that run through the combs and provide secure footing.
 The Step Riser is the vertical cleat cast into the front of a step, designed to
pass between the cleats of adjacent step, thus creating a combing action with
minimum clearance for safety.
 The Demarcations are yellow strips or may be in bold color around the step
tread but mostly located at the front and at the rear ends of the tread. They are used
to visually locate the step separation and visual contrast between the steps and the
combs.
 Frame/Yoke - main support for riser, step tread, and step wheels
 Trail Wheels are used to guide the step and support its load on the track and
prevent it from being out of plane.
 Step Hook normally attached to the end of the yoke by the step wheel used to
activate the step up thrust safety device when the steps are not on their plane of
travel at the top and bottom inclines.

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5.5 Analysis
For a mid-rise building, Summit Mall has successfully provided enough
elevators which exceeds far more than the requirement stated by UBBL
where non-residential is not a problem. Summit Mall has met the
requirement of UBBL to install a smoke detector at every lift lobbies in
the building. Smoke detectors installed instead of fire detector, this is
because smoke is to detected first for lift occupants to exit lift before fire
actually happens. However, the number of escalators are not enough.
The distance between one to one is too far. This makes users difficult to
find the way.
We noticed there is an exhaust fan in life motor room. It is installed at
the lift motor room to enhance the air circulation and reduce the heat
stored in the room as the motor release heat due the continuous
operation for the lift. Mainly, is to avoid the motor from over heating as it
is always in operation.
5.6 Conclusion
As a conclusion, the mechanical transportation system in Summit Mall is applicable
for the function of the building as a shopping centre. It is designed and projected
accordingly to provide an optimum experience for its customers. However, Summit
Mall is renovating which all escalators would change to room-less elevators. The use
of the motor room-less elevator consume comparative fewer amounts of the building
energy and space.

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Chapter 6
6.0 Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning System
6.1 Introduction
6.3 Case Study
6.4.1 Cooling Tower
6.4.2 Chiller Plant Room
6.4.2.1 Evaporator
6.4.2.2 Compressor
6.4.2.3 Condenser
6.4.2.4 Refrigerant
6.4.2.5 Condenser Chilled Water Pump
6.4.2.6 Control Panel
6.4.3 Fan Coil Unit (FCU)
6.4.4 Air Handling Unit (AHU)
6.4.4.1 Air Filter
6.4.4.2 Fan
6.4.4.3 Cooling Coil
6.4.4.4 Mixer
6.4.4.5 Humidifier
6.4.4.6 Enthalpy Wheel
6.4.5 Diffuser
6.4.6 Duct System
6.4.7 Pipe System
6.5 Analysis
6.6 Conclusion

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6.1 Introduction
This part of research discuss about the Thermal Comfort of our chosen case study
building, Summit Mall. Throughout this research, we are able to know the air-
conditioning system of the building and have a better understanding to function of air
conditioning system.
Thermal comfort is easily to be achieved when the building ventilation design rules
and regulations are followed. Guidelines to be follows are Malaysian Standard
(MS1525) and Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL). Mechanical ventilation basically
function to redraw in the natural air from outside and expel the state air to create
better ventilation within the building, improving the air circulation within the building.
It also help to control the temperature and the air purity within the building.
There is only one mechanical ventilation system has been used in Summit Mall,
which is centralized air-conditioning system. Centralised air-conditioning system is a
process of removing heat content from multiple sources in the building through a
series of heat exchange equipment which ultimately remove the heat to the outdoor
atmosphere. This process involves the application of chiller, water pump units and
cooling tower as shown below.
Figure 6.1: Centralized Air- Conditioning System
(Source:https://talkintrashwithuhn.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/a-simple-chilled-water-system.jpg)

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This literature review is based on the related topic studied and has been given a
complete explanation on how the system work out. The stated review below is
essential hint in the study of air- conditioning system.
Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air, primarily temperature
and humidity to more favourable conditions in Summit Mall. The control of these
conditions may be desirable to maintain the health and comfort of the occupants, or
to meet the requirements of industrial processes irrespective of the external climatic
condition. In the process of carrying out this project, researches and observations
needed to complete air-condition system reports.
Principles of air - conditioning is to keep it more comfortable inside the house than it
is outside.However, another important aspect within the disciplines is the control of
air temperature, control air humidity, air-circulation and air quality. It pervades the
entire air- condition field determining how the systems operate to meet the design
goals of comfort, safety and cost-effective operation.
Air-conditioning refers to the sensible and latent cooling of air. Sensible cooling
involves the control of air temperature while latent cooling involves the control of air
humidity. Room air is cooled by transferring heat between spaces, such as with a
water loop heat pump system, or by rejecting it to the outside air via air-cooled or
water-cooled equipment.

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The components of the air-conditioning will be studied based on the following
sequences:
Chilled Water System
Chilled Water System also known as Water-Cooled System. Chilled wAter System
uses chiller plant to produce water that is pumped into fan coil units found in AHU
rooms. Then the heat rejected from room to water is then pumped back into chiller
unit where it is rejected by a condenser where water directed from cooling tower.
Water is then chilled again and pumped back to the rooms.
Air-Handling Unit (AHU)
The AHU functions to supply constant airflow, draw air in form outside, filter any
pollutants, control temperature, and deliver fresh air into the distribution system.
Fan Coil Unit (FCU)
Fan coil units are also found in the air-conditioning system, which act similar to an
induction system but replacing the induction unit.

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6.3 Case Study
As Summit Mall is a huge shopping mall located at USJ area. Due to its building
size, it utilized a centralized air-conditioning system. This system is suitable for huge
buildings as it requires efficiency of high cooling loads, which needs to be cool at all
times. Centralised system uses chilled water as a cooling medium. This system
comes with water-cooled chillers as well as systems with cooling towers for heat
rejection. The system is broken down into three major subsystems: the air-handling
unit, the chilled water plant and the boiler plant, duct system and diffusers.
Air is taken by the unit either from outside or from the space itself through a return air
system. When the temperature of outdoor air is lower than that of the return air, it is
more economical to use the outdoor air for cooling of the building than to circulate
return air which utilized economizing. When the outdoor air is warmer than the
return air, or when the outdoor temperature is very low, a minimum amount of
outdoor air will be mixed with the return air in order to provide fresh air ventilation for
removal of indoor contaminants such as carbon dioxide.
Preheating and cooling are done with the heat exchanger coils which are supplied
with a heat exchange medium, typically steam or hot water for heating, and chilled
water for cooling. Air flow to the conditioned space may be controlled, as in the case
of a variable air volume system, with a terminal box containing a valve for modulating
air flow. The air is finally delivered to the space through a diffuser, whose purpose is
to mix the supply air and the room air. The terminal box may or may not have a
reheat coil, which provides additional heat when the space does not need to be
cooled or needs less cooling than would be delivered by supply air at the terminal
box’s minimum air quantity setting.
The air leaves the conditioned space either through the return system, or through the
exhaust system. In many installations, the ceilings plenum space is used as part of
the return ducting in order to save the cost of return ductwork.
The chilled water system supplies chilled water for the cooling needs of all the
building’s air-handling units. For a water-cooled chiller, the condenser water pump
circulates the condenser water through the chiller’s condenser, to the cooling tower,
and back.

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6.4 Components of System
6.4.1 Cooling Tower
Cooling tower with chillers must have a way to reject the heat that is removed from
the recirculating chilled water system. Reject heat is handled by the condensing
water system, which serves the condensing process within refrigeration cycles.
Cooling tower are usually used as condensing water equipment in larger building.
The cooling tower placed within the overall equipment layout was shown in the figure
6.2.
Cooling tower functions to maximize the surface area contact between outdoor air
and the heat condensing water. Counter flow applies in Summit Shopping Mall, fans
move the air up as the water moves down. Cooling towers create a special and
usually unpleasant microclimate. The demand huge qualities of outdoor air,
approximately 300cfm (142 L/s per ton), which considerably more humid. While the
water that escapes as vapour from the tower is between 1.6 to 2 gph, which is about
1.7 and 2.1 mL/s.
The water is replaced automatically. The steady evaporation and exposure to the
outdoors under hot and humid conditions spells trouble for the condensing water.
Such as, controls for scaling, corrosion and bacteria and algae growth. A special
ozone treatment system which has the advantage of reliable biological control has to
be done with no chemical residue.
The floor space requirements can be approximated by estimation. For towers up to
2.4m high, the average
1
500
of the building gross floor area will be used to allocate
cooling tower. While
1
400
of the gross floor area taken for the higher towers.
Clearance of objects near cooling towers must be consulted before tower is enclosed
in any way. Thus, roof is a favourable location for cooling towers, as it allows the
wind to disperse the vapour, and the noise and odour can be remote from the street.
(Pages.drexel.edu, 2015)

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Figure 6.2: Cooling Tower Placed Within the Overall Equipment Layout
Source: (Grondzik, 2010)
Figure 6.3: Cooling Tower Located at
Roof Top
According to MS 1525 code 8.8:
“The system design should avoid
provide means for balancing the
air and water system such as but
not limited to dampers,
temperature and pressure test
connections and balancing
valves.”

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6.4.2 Chiller
Heat gathered by the recirculating chilled water system is removed by chiller as it
cools the building. The selection of chillers depends largely on the fuel source and
the total cooling load. Chillers include both absorption and compression refrigeration
processes in a wide range of sizes. The compressive refrigeration cycle is in chillers,
as shown in figure 6.4. Larger units are centrifugal chillers whose compressors
either can be driven by an electric motor or can utilize a turbine driven steam or gas.
Exhaust steam is often used to run an auxiliary absorption cycle machine when
steam driven turbine is used. These two devices make an efficient combination, and
the steam plant
A centrifugal chiller is a machine of large capacity using the compressive
refrigeration cycle. The low pressure unit of centrifugal chiller typically produces 100
to 400 tons (350-1400kW) of cooling. Typical dimensions are: 4.3 x 1.5 x 2.4m, at
7260 kg. Centrifugal chillers usually require about 1hp/ ton, which equal to 0.57kW,
or 10ft3 gas, or about 15Ib of steam per ton.
These large chiller usually require cooling tower.
Figure 6.4: Schematic Arrangement of the Compressive Refrigeration Cycle

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6.4.2.1 Evaporator
Chillers produce chilled water in the evaporator where cold refrigerant flows over the
evaporator tube bundle and evaporates. The evaporator is the heat exchanger
where the heat energy is removed from the water by the boiling of the refrigerant in
the evaporator, thus the chilled water is then pumped, via the chilled-water
distribution system to the building’s air handling units. The chilled water passes
through coils in the air-handler to remove heat from air used to condition spaces
throughout the building. However, this process causes the refrigerant to evaporate
into vapour as it gains heat from the air. The refrigerant vapour is drawn out of the
evaporator by a compressor that “pumps” the vapour to the condenser. The warm
water, which warmed by the heat transferred from the building ventilation air returns
to the evaporator and the cycle starts over.
6.4.2.2 Compressor
The vaporized refrigerant will then leave the evaporator and then be drawn into the
compressor where it is mechanically compressed. The compressor is needed to
converse this low pressure and low temperature gaseous refrigerant into high
pressure, high temperature gas. Then the vapour will be compressed by increasing
the pressure and the temperature of the vapour to a level that is required which is
typically 98 degree F and then flows into the condenser up. Upon leaving the
compressor, the refrigerant enters the condenser side of the chiller.
6.4.2.3 Condenser
The condenser is also the heat exchanger where the refrigerant gas condenses,
giving its heat to the atmosphere. The cold water that cooled in cooling towers is
transferred to condenser to absorb heat from the hot refrigerant gas. This caused
the hot gas in the condenser to be condensed and turned back into liquid form and
being transferred to the evaporator. Meanwhile, the heat transferred the cold water
becomes hot water and is circulated back to the cooling tower to be cooled.

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Figure 6.5: Centrifugal Chiller Component
Figure 6.7: Centrifugal Chiller
Figure 6.6: Evaporator

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6.4.2.4 Refrigerant
The type of refrigerant used in the chiller is R-134a or HFC-134a or 1,1,1,2-
Tetrafluoroethane as replacement for the more environmentally harmful R-12 and
retrofit kits are available to convert units that were originally R-12 equipped as it is
less damaging compared to CFC and R-12 dichlorodifluoromethane which has ozone
depleting properties. With the discovery of the damaging effect of CFCs and HCFCs
refrigerants to the ozone layer, the HFH family of refrigerant has been widely used
as their replacement. 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is also being considered as
an organic solvent suitable for extraction of flavour and fragrance compounds, as a
possible alternative to other organic solvents and supercritical carbon dioxide. It is
safe for normal handling as it is non-toxic, non-flammable and non-corrosive.
Figure 6.8: Refrigerant Type R134a Figure 6.9: Refrigerant Type
R134a, 60kg

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6.4.2.5 Condenser and Chilled Water Pump
There is two types of pump can be found in the chilled water system, which are
condenser pump and chilled water pump. It is a set of device by using mechanical
forces to move the condenser water. Condenser pump is used to channels the hot
condensed water to the cooling tower and then returns back the cold condensed
water into the condenser. The chilled water pump pumps the chilled water to every
Air Handling Unit (AHU) and it also returns the warm chilled water to the chiller so
that it can be chilled. (Pages.drexel.edu, 2015)
6.4.2.6 Control Panel
The control panels controls all the processes and can adjust manually by the
technicians in the chiller plant room. The control panels also indicate the
temperatures and pressure of each of the chiller. Chiller control systems include
safety and operating controls. If the equipmentmal functions, the safety control shuts
the chiller down to prevent serious damage to the machine. Operating controls allow
adjustment to some chiller operating parameter. To better monitor chiller
performance, the chiller control system should communicate the facility’s direct
digital control(DDC).
Figure 6.10: Condenser and Chilled Water Pump

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Diagram 6.12: Location of Chiller Plant Room at Summit Mall 6th Floor
Figure 6.11: Control Panels Located at Chiller Plant Room
According to MS 1525 code 8.11.1:
“Chiller water pumps circulating chilled water through the piping system
external to the package, and cooling tower pumps and fans circulating water
or air trough the condenser and cooling tower are not to be included in the
consideration of the COP for the component.

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6.4.3 Fan Coil Unit (FCU)
Fan Coil Unit is a system similar to AHU but in a smaller scale and the fan speed can
be controlled. It serves the purpose of cooling using chilled water with air flow to the
room ensured by one or more electrically driven fans. It is not connected to the duct
work, but is used to control the temperature in the space where it is installed.
FCU is similar to inducting system with the inducting unit replaced by the fan coil.
FCU are normally used for small spaces. For example, the computer server room is
the only room within the building that uses FCU. This is because the server of the
room needs continuous cooling for 24 hours.
Fan Coil Units may be of the cabinet style, within a room, for free air delivery, or of
the chassis style, concealed within the building structure with minimal ducting
appropriately connected to the inlet and/or outlet of the unit.
Diagram 6.13: Fan Coil Unit(FCU) in Air Handling Unit (AHU)

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