Case Study of Building Services in Public Building( PJ Trade Centre)

1. BUILDING SERVICES BLD 60903
PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING
SERVICES IN PUBLIC BUILDING
(PJ Trade Centre)
Tutor: Mr. Azim
Prepared by:
EE YUN SHAN 0319990
CHONG JIA YI 0320869
LEE NING 0320125
LEE ZI YING 0320435
LIM ZIA HUEI 0321031
ONG SHI HUI 0320303

2. PJ TRADE CENTRE
BUILDING SERVICES BLD 60903
PPROJECT 1 CASE STUDY OF BUILDING
SERVICES IN PUBLIC BUILDING
BY
EE YUN SHAN 0319990
CHONG JIA YI 0320869
LEE NING 0320125
LEE ZI YING 0320435
LIM ZIA HUEI 0321031
ONG SHI HUI 0320303
TUTOR: MR. AZIM

3. Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Introduction of PJ Trade Centre Building……….………………………………………4
1.2 Abstract…………………………………………………………………….………………………………………5
1.3 Acknowledgement………………………………………………………..………………………………5
2.0 Mechanical Ventilation
2.1 Literature Review…………………………………………………………..………………………………7
2.1.1 Introduction and Function……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7
2.1.2 Types of Mechanical Ventilation System………………………….……………..…………………………………………7
2.1.3 Components of Mechanical Ventilation System……………………...……………………………………………….8
2.2 Case Study………………………………………………………………………………………...……………9
2.2.1 Ducting System………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...9
2.2.2 Extract Ventilation System……………………………………………………………………………………………………………11
2.2.3 Pressurization and Exhaust System in Fire Protection System……………………………………….12
2.3 UBBL Requirements and Regulation………………………………………………………15
3.0 Air Conditioning System
3.1 Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………………….17
3.1.1 Introduction and Function…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...17
3.1.2 Types of AC System and Function…………………………………………………………………………………………….17
3.2 Case Study…………………………………………………………………………………………………….19
3.2.1 Centralized AC System…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19
3.2.1.1 Chilled water central air conditioning plants………………………………………………………….…19
3.2.1.2 Components of chilled water central air conditioning plants……………………………..24
3.2.1.3 Operation of Centralized AC System………………………………………………………………………...26
3.2.2 Split Unit AC System…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….27
3.2.2.1 Components……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………27
3.3 UBBL Requirements and Regulation……………………………………………………..30
1

4. 4.0 Fire Protection
4.1 Literature Review……………………………………………………………………………………...32
4.1.1 Introduction and Function………………………………………………………………………………….………………………..32
4.1.2 Types of Fire Protection System and Function……………………….…………………………………………….32
4.2 Case Study…………………………………………………………………………………………………….35
4.2.1 Active Fire Protection…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...35
4.2.1.1 Fire Detection System……………………………………………………………………………………………………35
4.2.1.2 Fire Suppression System……………………………………………………………………………………………….41
4.2.2 Components of Passive Fire Protection…..……………………………………………………………………………….51
4.2.2.1 Opening Protection…………………………………..…………………………………………………………………….51
4.2.2.2 Compartmentation……………………………………………………………………………………………………....55
4.2.2.3 Signs and Instructions…………………………………………………………………………………………………58
4.3 UBBL Requirements and Regulation………………………………………………………61
5.0 Mechanical Transportation System
5.1 Literature Review…………………………………………………………………………………………66
5.1.1 Introduction and Function………………………………………………………………………...………………………………….66
5.1.2 Types of Elevator…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...66
5.2 Case Study…………………………………………………………………………………………………...68
5.2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….68
5.2.2 Components…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..70
5.2.2.1 Car……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..70
5.2.2.2
Shaft……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..72
5.2.2.3 Machine/ Drive System……………………………………………………………………………………………….74
5.2.2.4 Control System………………………………………………………………………………………………………………76
5.2.2.5 Safety System………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..79
5.3 UBBL Requirements and Regulation……………………………………………………..80
6.0 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...82
7.0 References and Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………………………85
2

6. 1.1 introduction of pj trade centre building
Tujuan Gemilang Sdn Bhd was incorporated in 2005 and its forte lies in property development.
Tujuan Gemilang Sdn Bhd is the developer of PJ Trade Centre , it is a premier grade A office
development which with a shape of golden triangle located in Damansara Perdana, Petaling
Jaya. PJ Trade Centre completed in December 2009. It development features are four
high-rise office towers and a 3-storey annexe building with a total gross area of 1.05 million
square feet.The surrounding landscape of PJ Trade Centre is designed by Seksan Design.
PJ Trade Centre is designed as comfortable and healthy workplaces, with plenty of natural
light and cross-ventilation. Energy-efficient and eco-friendly design features lead to lower
maintenance costs, but more importantly, has the potential to enhance productivity, lower the
absenteeism, improved the staff morale and higher quality of work.The design of this building
getting closer to nature motives. It has 12 comfortable sky terraces which covering with wall
creepers and hanging vines. Besides that, PJ trade center is a plaza covered with 2.5 acres of
lushly landscaped that have achieved green environment.
Figure 1.1.1 Image of PJ Trade
Centre
Figure 1.1.2 Image of PJ Trade Centre
4

7. 1.2 abstract
This case study will be focusing into services system of the workspace in PJ trade Center such
as Air Conditioning System, Fire Safety System, Mechanical Transportation System, Water
Transportation System and Electrical Supply System. The report are aiming at introducing the
fundamentals of the systems which are mentioned above as well as an analysis of the system
that have been analyzed and synthesized to our own understanding and also based on the
regulations of buildings and its services such as Uniform Building By law (UBBL) and also
Malaysian Standards. Requirements and adherence will be analyzed based on each services
respected controlling arm.
1.3 acknowledgement
We are grateful that the staff of PJ trade Center willing giving us an opportunity to visit the
building. The staff has brought us to have a tour visit around the building through the
prominent service rooms such as lift motor rooms, fire fighting system room, electric room and
chiller room. Besides that, he also show us more information secretly to further describe the
systems throughout the buildings. We would like to give a big thank to him for explaining the
systems of each room and machines relentlessly. We also need to give special thanks to our
lecturer Mr Tan Hee Chai for the guidance and provide us more information for the assignment.
Without involvement of his help, this report cannot sufficiently be finished.
Figure 1.1.3 Image of PJ Trade Centre
5

9. 2.1 literature review
2.1.1 introduction and function
PJ Trade Centre Building was divided into few towers. The tower that we are studying was
Tower A. PJ Trade Centre Building more focusing on greeneries concept, hence, the ventilation
of the building focused on natural ventilation rather than mechanical ventilation. The uses of
mechanical ventilation system were minimized and was exposed on the ceiling of the building.
However, the building does cover all the components that we needed for the assignment.
Mechanical ventilation here focuses on individual rooms such as offices and serves to maintain
the air quality in the rooms.
2.1.2 types of mechanical ventilation system
Mechanical ventilation systems are systems that circulate fresh air using ducts and fans rather
than relying on airflow through small holes or crack’s in a home’s wall, roof or windows. These
systems employ an electrically driven fan or fans to provide the necessary air movement. They
also ensure a specified air change and the air under fan pressure can be forced through filters.
There are few types of mechanical ventilation systems which are EXHAUST SYSTEM, SUPPLY
SYSTEM and BALANCED SYSTEM. Figure 2.1.2.1, Figure 2.1.2.2 and Figure 2.1.2.3 shows how the
systems work.
Figure 2.1.2.1 Diagram of exhaust
ventilation
Figure 2.1.2.2 Diagram of supply ventilation
7

10. Name of Components Functions
Fan An apparatus with rotating blades that
creates a current of air for cooling or
ventilation.
Filters To evacuate suspended particles, smells and
contaminants.
Ductworks Used to convey air throughout a building.
Fire Dampers To prevent the spread of fire inside the
ductwork through fire-resistance rated
walls and floors, and also prevent the spread
of smoke inside the ducts.
Diffusers Used to slow the fluid's velocity while
increasing its static pressure.
2.1.3 components of mechanical ventilation system
There are few components in the mechanical ventilation system. Some
components are shown in the Table 1 below.
Figure 2.1.2.3 Diagram of balanced ventilation
Table 1 8

11. 2.2 case study
2.2.1 ducting system
The ducting system of the building is designed to be exposed rather than hiding it from our
views. A ducting system is used to convey air including supply air, return air and exhaust air
throughout a building. A duct system is also called ductwork. Most of the commercial buildings
will install rigid ductwork including PJ Trade Centre Building. The components of ducting
system include ducts itself, return air grilles, diffusers and fire dampers. Figure 2.2.1.1 and Figure
2.2.1.2 show the ducting system in different places of PJ Trade Center.
Figure 2.2.1.1 Ducting system in the basement carpark
Figure 2.2.1.2 Ducting system in the office
9

12. The rigid ductwork of the building comes with rectangular shape which size is range of 1m x
1.5m. The ducts were insulated to reduce the heat loss as well as the installation cost. Not only
that, insulated duct is to reduce the impact of the loud sound of the operator when it is on.
They are hardy, enduring, and reliable.
From our observation, there are axial fans behind the Air Handling Unit (AHU) to exhaust air
from the AHU through the ducting system. Axial fan is used because it can develop high
pressure and is used for moving air through long sections of ductwork. The fan is integral with
the run of ducting and does not require a base. It consists of a number of aerofoil cross sections
blades mounted on a motor driven central shaft.
Figure 2.2.1.3 Rectangular shape duct in the office
Figure 2.2.1.4 Axial fan found behind the AHU
10

13. 2.2.2 extract ventilation system
Extract ventilation system is equipped with ductwork attached to the extract fan, with hoods
or outlet grilles strategically located. Figure shows how it has been set up in fire pump room.
Ductwork is accommodated with fresh air inlets in marginal locations. The main function of
the system is to remove moist or polluted air, typically from kitchens and bathrooms, to the
outside. With an air extraction system, replacement air is drawn in due to reduced indoor
pressure through gaps, and open doors and windows. Figure 2.2.2.1 shows the location of fire
room and extract system of the building.
Figure 2.2.2.1 Location of Fire Room and Extract System
Figure 2.2.2.3 Vertical extract
ventilation in basement
Figure 2.2.2.2 Horizontal extract ventilation in basement
11

14. 2.2.3 pressurization and exhaust system in fire
protection system
Pressurization and exhaust system is designed to hold back smoke at a leaky physical barrier
in a building, such as a door or other similarly restricted openings. This system consists of an
axial fan box, frequency converter and air sensor pressure. The control system of the building
operate automatically from the smoke detection system with a manual on/off switch also
provided within the central building services control room.
Figure 2.2.3.1 Location of Centrifugal fan, fire damper and circular ductwork
12

15. Fire dampers are passive fire protection products used to prevent the spread of fire inside the
ductwork through fire-resistance rated walls and floors. The fire damper closes when a rise in
temperature occurs. The fire damper is usually activated by a thermal element which melts at
temperatures higher than ambient but low enough to indicate the presence of a fire, allowing
springs to close the damper blades. Fire dampers can also close following signal of an electrical
signal from a fire alarm system utilising detectors remote from the damper, indicating the
sensing of heat or smoke in the building occupied spaces or in the HVAC duct system.
In a pressurization system, there are three components which is Supply Air, Pressure Relief
and Air Release. Supply Air is where the air is injected into the area that is to be protected
while Pressure Relief is to avoid overpressure when doors are closed. In the other hand, Air
Release is defined as the air and smoke is released from the adjoining fire area. These
elements combine to create a positive pressure difference that prevents lobbies and
staircases from filling up with smoke. Figure 2.2.3.2 shows how the staircase pressurization
system works.
Figure 2.2.3.2 Diagram of staircase pressurization system
Figure 2.2.3.4 Components of fire damperFigure 2.2.3.3 Fire Damper at the staircase
13

16. Figure 2.2.3.6 Propeller fan inside
the water system room
Figure 2.2.3.5 Fire damper outside the
water system room
Figure 2.2.3.7 Circular ductwork placed in basement
Figure 2.2.3.6 Centrifugal fan at the rooftop
14

17. 2.3 ubbl requirements and regulation
UBBL By laws - Section 41 - Mechanical Ventilation and Air conditioning
(3) The provision of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are
mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned
(4) Where the permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water closet,
bathrooms, or corridor is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of
the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural
ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water closet, bathroom or
corridors
15

19. 3.1 literature review
3.1.1 introduction and function
Air conditioning is the process to control the humidity, ventilation, and temperature in a building
by eliminating heat from the interior space and bringing fresh air from the space outside of the
building. It provides and maintains internal air conditions at a set temperature, It is significant to
provide sustainable air humidity, air circulation, air quality. Homes and offices are typically
designed to include an internal air temperature of 19-23ºC and relative humidity between
40%and 60%.
3.1.2 types of ac system and function
Window Air Conditioning system
Window air conditioner is the mostly used in a single rooms. All the components in this system,
including the compressor, condenser, expansion valve or coil, evaporator and cooling coil are
enclosed in a single box. It fitted in a slot made in the wall of the room, or more commonly a
window sill.
Split unit Air conditioner
The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor unit
houses components such as the compressor, condenser and expansion valve while the indoor unit
comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. The advantage of this unit is to eliminate
the need to make any slot in the wall of the room. Moreover, it have aesthetic appeal and minimum
space taken.
Figure 3.1.2.1 Example of window air conditioner
Figure 3.1.2.2 Example of split air conditioner 17

20. Packaged Air Conditioning system
Packaged air conditioning system mainly used to cool more than two rooms or a larger space.
There are two possible arrangements with the package unit. In the first one, all the components
including the compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator are install in a single box.
The cooled air is bring out by the high capacity blower, and it flows through the ducts laid
through various rooms. While the second arrangement, only compressor and condenser are
housed in one casing. The compressed gas passes through individual units that located in
various rooms,, comprised of the expansion valve and cooling coil.
Central Air Conditioning system
For larger scale buildings, centralised air conditioning system are used if all spaces of the
building are meant to be air conditioned, It comprised of a huge compressor that has the
capacity to produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning.
Figure 3.1.2.2 Example of packaged air conditioner
Figure 3.1.2.3 Example of central AC
18

21. Figure 3.2.1.1.1 Components of Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning Plants
3.2 case study
3.2.1 centralized ac system
With the idea to towards greeneries and utilizes a greater amount of natural ventilation in the
building, the architect of PJ trade centre selectively choosing the type of mechanical
ventilation and air conditioning system for the building . Therefore,the utilization of
mechanical air conditioning system within the building are minimized by only fully enclosed
area such as toilet, office room, kitchen and basement room required to install mechanical
ventilation system.
There are two types of air-conditioning system that utilize in the building, which are the
centralized system and split air-conditioning system. Centralized air-conditioning system
mostly installed within Tower A and C while the Tower B utilize the split air-conditioning
system. The selection of air-conditioning system in PJ Trade centre is based on their owner.
Tower A and C is both towers are own under a single owner, Gamuda dissimilar with Tower B
which is owned by another holder. For this report, Tower A is the main building to study,
therefore will cover more on centralized air conditioning system.
3.2.1.1 Chilled water central air conditioning plants
The chilled water central air conditioning plants are usually installed in the place where whole
large buildings comprising of several floors are to be air conditioned. Refrigerant is directly
used to cool the room air in the direct expansion type of central air conditioning plants; in the
chilled water plants the refrigerant first chills the water, and the chilled water used to chill the
room air.
19

22. In chilled water plants, the refrigeration plant chilled the ordinary water or brine solution to very
low temperatures of about 6 to 8 degree Celsius by the refrigeration plant. The chilled water is
then pumped to various floors of the building and its different parts. Air handling units(AHU)
are installed in each of these parts. The chilled water flows through the cooling coil of the AHU,
then the blower absorbs return air from the air conditioned rooms that are to be cooled via the
ducts. This air passes over the cooling coil and gets cooled and is then passed to the air
conditioned space.
The maintenance of the air conditioning system required to be done once month, especially
the cleaning of the AHU to prevent the clogged of the stopper.
Figure 3.2.1.1.2 Process of Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning
Plants
Central Air Conditioning Plant Room:
All the important components of the chilled water air conditioning plant including the
compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and the evaporator or the chiller house in
central air conditioning plant room. The compressor is driven by the motor directly and cooled
by the water.
The condenser and the evaporator are categorized as shell and tube type. The water flowing
along the shell side and refrigerant along the tube side hence cool the evaporator. The
thermostatic expansion valve is operated automatically by the solenoid valve.
The evaporator or chiller chills the water. The dry expansion type of chiller let the water flows
along the shell side and refrigerant on the tube side. If the water flows along tube side and the
refrigerant along the shell side, it is categorized as the flooded chiller.
The water chilled in the chiller is pumped to the spaces of the building that need to be air
conditioned. First, it flows into the AHU (air handling unit), cools the air in cooling coil, absorbs
the heat and returns back to the plant room to get chilled again. Flow switch is used to control
the amount of water passing into the chiller.
20

23. Figure 3.2.1.1.4 Chiller housed in
central air conditioning plant room
Air Conditioned Rooms:
At the top of the office room of PJ trade centre, the supply and the return air ducts are laid and
left exposed. Diffuser used to supply the cool air to the room and absorbs the hot return air from
the room through supply air ducts and return air ducts. The hot return air enters the air handling
unit, gets cooled and again enters the room via supply duct to produce air conditioning effect,
this cycle repeat continuously to ventilate the room inside.
Figure 3.2.1.1.3 Plant room with
Chilled water pipes and pumps
Figure 3.2.1.1.5 Diffuser that supply the cooled air to the required spaces
21

24. Cooling Tower:
The cooling tower is used to cool the water that absorbs heat from the compressor and the
condenser. Some water gets evaporated when it flows through the condenser and
compressor. To make up this loss some water is also added in the cooling tower. The cooling
tower is of evaporative type cools the water by the atmospheric air and is re-circulated
through the compressor and the condenser.
Figure 3.2.1.1.6 Cooling tower located on rooftop
Figure 3.2.1.1.7 Sound insulation installed to reduce the disturbance noise produced in
AHU room from leaking outside
Air Handling Unit Rooms:
The air handling units (AHU) are installed in the various parts of the PJ Trade centre that are to
be air conditioned, in air handling unit rooms. The air handling units comprise of the cooling
coil, air filter, the blower and the supply and return air ducts. The chilled water flows through
the cooling coil. The blower absorbs the return hot air from the air conditioned space and
blows it over the cooling coil thus cooling the air. This cooled air passes by the supply air ducts
over the air filter into the space which is to be air conditioned. The air handling unit and the
ducts passing through it are insulated to reduce the loss of the cooling effect.
22

25. 1. Supply duct
2.. Fan compartment
The air handlers in PJ Trade Centre employ a large squirrel
cage blower which driven by an air conditioning induction
electric motor to circulate the air. These are driven using
high efficiency electronically commutated motors with
built in speed control.
Multiple blowers or supply fans placed at the end of the
AHU and the beginning of the supply ductwork. They are
often augmented by fans in the return air duct ("return
fans") pushing the air into the AHU.
3. Cooling coil.
The indirect cooling coil use chilled water for cooling. It
manufactured from copper for the tubes, with copper or
aluminium fins to aid heat transfer. Cooling coils employ
eliminator plates as well to eliminate condensate. The
chilled water is provided by a central chiller. Downstream
temperature sensors are used to monitor and control "off
coil" temperatures, with an appropriate motorized control
valve prior to the coil.
Components of Air Handling Unit (AHU)
Figure 3.2.1.1.8 Components of AHU
23

26. 5. Filter compartment
Air filtration eliminate the dust in air in order to bring in clean air to the building
occupants. Filtration is placed first in the AHU in order to keep all the downstream
components clean. It arranged in two successive banks with a coarse-grade panel
filter provided in front of a fine-grade bag filter. The panel filter is cheaper to replace
and maintain, and thus protects the Failure to replace a filter may eventually lead to
its collapse, as the forces exerted upon it by the fan overcome its inherent strength,
resulting in collapse. Hence, the air handler and downstream ductwork will be
contaminated.
6. Return /fresh air duct
7. Mixing Chamber
Air handlers commonly have provisions to allow the introduction of outside air into in
order to maintain indoor air quality. Mixing chamber is used to control the ratio
between the return, outside, and exhaust air.
Figure 3.2.1.1.10 Mechanical ventilation to supply
fresh air to AHU room
1
3
4
Figure 3.2.1.2.11 Components in central air conditioning system
2
5
3.2.1.2 Components of chilled water central air conditioning plants
24

27. Outdoor components
1.Condenser coil – It is a network of tubes filled with refrigerant in order to remove heat from
the heated gas refrigerant and convert the it into a liquid form again. It constantly cycles in
and out of the building in liquid and gas form hence cool the air in the ducts. It has a fan to
help it dissipate the heat in the unit.
Figure 3.2.1.2.12 Condenser coil
2. Compressor – Inside the condenser, there are compressor housed in. It condense the
refrigerant back into a liquid form therefore it can be cycled back into the building to cool the
air again.
3. Fan – Pulls air through the condenser coil to dissipate the heat produced by condenser.
Indoor components
4. Evaporator coil – The heat exchanged while it evaporate the warm liquid refrigerant to a cold
gas through an expansion valve. As the fan blows warm inside air over the coils, the cold gas
circulates through the evaporator coils. The indoor air gets cold and the refrigerant gas warms
up.
5.Drainage system and pan – In a PJ trade centre air conditioning system, there are primary
system of pipes that made of PVC, which carry the condensate water to the outside of the
building. This piping needs flushing once a month to prevent the algae from clogging it. The
inside air conditioning system have an emergency drain pan in case the primary drain lines stop
up. It comes with an cut-off switch so when the pan fills up with water, it will automatically
turns the air conditioning system off.
Figure 3.2.1.2.13 Condenser
located on roof top
25

28. Figure 3.2.1.1.14 Water inlet and
outlet to the AHU
3.2.1.3 Operation of Centralized AC System
6
1 2
3
4
5
Figure 3.2.1.3.1 Operation of Centralized AC System
26

29. The operation of central air conditioning system mainly involves moving refrigerant—a chemical
coolant—from the condenser to the evaporator and cycled back again.
1. The refrigerant condensed into a very cold liquid by compressor. The fan then blow
out the heat that has been removed from the refrigerant from compressor.
2. The refrigerant travels through tubing to the evaporator. It is extremely cold about 4
degrees when it is in the evaporator.
3. Warm air drawn from the room will flow to the return duct. The blower pushed the air
upward through the filter to the air handling unit so it can pass over the evaporator
coils that filled with refrigerant.
4. The refrigerant absorbs the heat, transform into a gas, as the air passes over the
evaporator coils. Condensation of the moisture vapour take place when the
temperature of the evaporator coils are lower than the air. Therefore the condensed
water vapour on the coils will roll off into a drain hence it dehumidify the space.
5. The air continues into the supply duct and is recirculated back into the space,
approximately 20 degrees cooler than it entered. It takes multiple cycles of cooling
before the indoor air reaches the temperature set on the thermostat.
6. The refrigerant now returns back to the condenser to be compressed and start the
cycle over again.
3.2.2 split unit air conditioning system
There are two main parts of the split air conditioner: the indoor unit and the outdoor unit. The
indoor unit of the split AC is installed inside the room intended to be air conditioned, while the
outdoor unit is installed outside the room in open space so that the unit can easily installed and
maintain. There is copper tubing connecting the indoor and the outdoor units.
Outdoor Unit
The outdoor unit is installed at the height above the height of the indoor unit inside the room. It
contains compressor, condenser, expansion valve etc.
2
13
1. Compressor
2. Condenser
3. Condenser cooling
fan
Figure 3.2.2.1 Components of outdoor unit
Figure 3.2.2.2 Outdoor unit located at
the basement of the building
27

30. 1) Compressor:
It compresses the refrigerant and increases its pressure before sending it to the condenser. In
this case, hermetically sealed type of compressor is implemented. The motor located inside
that used for driving the shaft is not visible externally.
2) Condenser:
The condenser used in the outdoor unit of split air conditioners is the coiled copper tubing with
one rows. The tubing is made up of copper since it rate of conduction of heat is high. The high
temperature and high pressure refrigerant from the compressor comes in the condenser
where it has to give up the heat. In order to release heat in refrigerant in faster rate, it is
covered with the aluminum fins.
Figure 3.2.2.3 Example of condenser
3) Condenser Cooling Fan:
The condenser cooling fan is a fan with three blades that is driven by a motor. It used to
exhaust the heat generated within the compressor so that the compressor will not get overheat
and its motor coils wouldn’t burn leading to complete breakdown of the compressor. Moreover,
it play an important role to cool down the refrigerant within the condenser coil so that the
temperature became low enough to produce the cooling effect. It located in front of the
compressor and the condenser coil. It cools the compressor and condenser by rotating the fan
to absorb surrounding air from the open space and blows at it. The hot air is thrown back to the
open space and the circulation of air continues unobstruct.
28

31. 1) Evaporator Coil or the Cooling Coil:
The refrigerant from the tubing at very low in temperature and pressure while enters the
cooling coil. The blower absorbs the hot room air or the atmospheric air and in doing so the air
passes over the cooling coil which leads to the cooling of the air.
2) Air Filter:
The air filter eliminate all the dirt particles from the room air therefore it maintain the
cleanliness of indoor air. It placed before the cooling coil. The hot air sucked by blower first
passed through the air filter and then through the cooling coil. Therefore, the air flowed to
cooling coil are clean and without dirt.
3) Cooling Fan or Blower:
Blower that located inside the indoor unit sucks the hot and unclean air from the room and
supplies cool and clean air back. The speed of the blower are adjustable as the shaft of the
blower rotates inside the bushes and it is connected to a small multiple speed motor. Hence the
speed of the blower changes according the fan speed set by the remote.
1
2
3
4
5
Indoor Unit
It is the indoor unit that produces the cooling effect inside the room. The indoor unit of the split
air conditioner is a box type housing in which all the important parts of the air conditioner are
enclosed. The most common type of the indoor unit is the wall mounted type though other
types like ceiling mounted and floor mounted are also used.
Figure 3.2.2.4 Components of Indoor unit
29

32. 4) Drain Pipe:
The temperature of drain pipe is very low, below the dew point temperature of the room air
because of the low temperature refrigerant located inside the cooling coil. When the room air is
passed over the cooling due the suction force of the blower, the temperature of the air drops
and reaches levels below its dew point temperature. Therefore, the water vapor present in the
air gets condensed, formed water drops on the surface of the cooling coil. These water drops
fall off the cooling coil and are collected. To drain the water, the drain pipe is connected from
the space collected water, extending to outside the room. The indoor unit tilted by 2 to 3
degrees so that the water can be collected in the space easily and drained out.
5) Louvers or Fins:
The blower blow the air into the room through louvers. Hence, the louvers able to change the
angle or direction of air needs to be supplied into the room. With louvers one easily change the
direction in which the maximum amount of the cooled air has to be passed.
3.3 ubbl requirement and regulation
UBBL By laws - Section 41 - Mechanical Ventilation and Air conditioning
(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant
building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and height of rooms may
be waived at the discretion of the local authority
(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall be considered if in addition to
the permanent air conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of
ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air conditioning
system failing, not less than stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be
introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not
functioning
30

34. 4.1 Literature Review
4.1.1 Introduction and Function
Fire protection is the study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of potentially
destructive fires. It involves the study of the characteristics of fire and its related emergencies. The
planning for fire protection needs to go beyond basic code compliance and the owner’s minimum
legal responsibilities for providing protection.
4.1.2 Types of Fire Protection System and
Function
Fire protection system usually split into two parts, active fire protection (AFP) and passive
fire protection (PFP).
Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of systems that require some amount of action or
motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire. Actions may be manually
operated, like a fire extinguisher or automatic, like a sprinkler, but either way they require
some amount of action. AFP includes fire/smoke alarm systems, sprinkler systems, and
fire extinguishers as well as firefighters. Fire/smoke alarm systems are used to detect
whether there is fire and/or smoke in a building. Sprinkler systems are used to help slow
the growth of the fire. Fire extinguishers and firefighters are used to help put out the fire
altogether.
Passive fire protection (PFP) is a form of fire safety provision that remains dormant, or
inert, during normal conditions but becomes active in a fire situation. It is an integral
component of structural fire protection in a building, which is designed to contain fires or
slow their spread. The purpose of PFP is to contain the spread of fire for sufficient time to
permit. PFP also serves to ensure the building remains as safe as possible for entry in this
situation.
32

35. 4.1.2 types of fire protection system and function
4.1.2.1Types of active fire protection system:
Water
Water is the most commonly used fire suppressant and the most well-known. You can choose
between having an automatic or manual sprinkler systems. An automatic sprinkler system is
typically connected to a smoke or fire detector and is triggered as soon as heat, smoke or flame
is picked up. Manual systems aren’t connected to an alarm or detector, someone needs to
actively trigger the system for it to work.
Types of Sprinkler System:
Wet Pipe Sprinkler System The water is stored under pressure directly in the pipes.
When the sprinkler heads detect heat, they release the water
immediately.
Dry Pipe Sprinkler System The Pipe contains pressurized air and nitrogen. Once
activated by heat, the air escape, valve is released and water
flow into the pipe and out through the sprinklers.
Pre-action Sprinkler System The system was setup with a double interlock
mechanism,includes pressurized air or nitrogen in the piping.
This monitors the pipes for leaks and holds water from the
piping in order to prevent accidental detector operation.
Deluge Sprinkler System The sprinkler heads, which are open at all times, are not
activated by heat. They are operated by a fire alarm that
activates the valve so that the water is released. The valve
must be shut off manually after it is opened.
Table 2
Inert Gas
Fires need oxygen to keep going and to spread, which is why inert gasses are an effective fire
suppressant. These gasses actually cut off the fire’s oxygen supply and puts the fire out by
smothering it. The release of inert gasses, such as purified nitrogen and argon, can be
dangerous, but when used properly, they’re extremely effective. Inert gasses are ideal for
situations where water will end up causing damage, for example, killing a fire in an area
surrounded by expensive electrical equipment.
33

36. Chemical Agents
There are two types of chemical agents that can be used in fire suppression systems. Wet
chemicals and dry chemicals. The most commonly known wet chemical is potassium carbonate.
This substance is commonly found in fire extinguishers and is one of the safest fire suppression
options. Potassium carbonate is so safe, it’s been used in winemaking, baking and even
medication.
Detection
Detection systems, in the form of smoke detectors, heat detectors, flame detectors or gas
detectors, send warning signals of impending disasters and alarm personnels to evacuate the
hazard zone before it is too late.
4.1.2.2Types of Passive Fire Protection :
Structural fire protection
Structural fire protection guards essential structural components (such as structural steel and
joint systems) from the effects of fire. This is accomplished with a fireproofing material
(spray-on thin-film intumescents, endothermic materials like gypsum-based plasters and
cementitious products, mineral wool wraps and insulation, and fireproofing cladding) or building
the structure out of concrete products. "When structural fire protection is designed and applied
properly," says Jelenewicz, "the building's structural integrity should be maintained when it's
exposed to fire."
Compartmentation
Fire barriers, fire walls, fire partitions, and smoke barriers are all included in compartmentation.
Fire barriers include fire-rated walls, floors, and ceilings (often made of concrete, combination
wood, gypsum, or masonry). These barriers are used to limit the spread of fire in a building and
allow safe egress. Walls extend from a fire-rated floor to the fire-rated ceiling above, and
continue into concealed spaces for full protection. Bill McHugh, executive director at the
Chicago-based Firestop Contractors Intl. Association (FCIA), also groups firewalls with structural
protection. "These walls are built structurally stable, so even if there is collapse of a building on
either side of the wall, the wall will remain standing," he says.
Opening protection
Fire doors and windows are installed in an opening of a fire barrier to maintain its fire
resistance. McHugh explains, "Doors, builders' hardware, and frames work together to form an
effective smoke and fire barrier." Fire-rated glazing/glass and framing are tested as a complete
assembly that maintains the protection of the fire barrier. Additionally, fire and smoke dampers
(often used in duct systems) are considered "opening protection" and complete the fire barrier
where air ducts penetrate fire-rated and/or smoke-resistant assemblies.
34

37. Firestopping materials
These materials are used to limit fire spread through penetrations in a fire barrier. "It's not
uncommon to see a fire barrier penetrated during a minor building alteration, and then the
penetrating item isn't protected by firestopping," says Jelenewicz. Electricians, plumbers,
communications engineers, etc. can leave hidden holes in the barriers as they perform their
services.
4.2 case study
4.2.1 Active Fire Protection
Components of Active Fire Protection
Active fire system can be divided into 2 components, that is the fire detection system and the
fire suppression system.
4.2.1.1 Fire Detection System
Fire detection systems are designed to discover fires early in their development when time will
still be available for the safe evacuation of occupants. Early detection also plays a significant
role in protecting the safety of emergency response personnel. When a detection system is
activated, it will carry out suppression system that were programmed. Property loss can be
reduced and downtime for the operation minimized through early detection because control
efforts are started while the fire is still small. Most alarm systems provide information to
emergency responders on the location of the fire, speeding the process of fire control.
35

38. 4.2.1.1.2 Fire Break Alarm System
Fire break alarm system is the most basic
manual alarm system which relies on the
occupants to discover the fire. The manual
break station sound the local alarm connected
when occupants depressed the small red
button. It will notify the fire control room
through the main control panel. The break
station are located along the corridors of the
PJ trade Center allow the occupants to find
and reach more conveniently.
Figure 4.2.1.1.2.2 Manual break station
Figure 4.2.1.1.2.1 Local alarm connected
to the system
4.2.1.1.1 Smoke Detector
Smoke detector are located at every floor of
the ceiling in PJ Trade Center. The smoke
detector is connected to the fire alarm control
panel and the water sprinkle system.
Whenever smoke is detected in that area,
signal will be sent to the fire alarm control
panel notifying the officers and give an
audible beep or alarm while activating the
water sprinkle system on that particular zone.
Type of the smoke detector PJ Trade Center
installed are photoelectric detector.
Figure 4.2.1.1.1 Smoke detector
36

39. 1) Computerised Fire Alarm Monitoring System
Computerised fire alarm monitoring system are located at the Fire Control Room in PJ Trade
Center. This system was monitoring all 4 blocks of the PJ Trade Center.
When the alarm is triggered by the initiating device when smoke is detected, the communicator
in the alarm system instantly sends a signal to the central station receiver. The signal will
indicates the location of the alarm code through the computer screen. Relevant emergency
information will then automatically and instantly processed into the computer system and all
emergency data will springs to the screen in front of the officers. Officers will then response
and see what have to be done, and contact relevant authority.
Figure 4.2.1.1.3.1 Computer is used to monitor the system
4.2.1.1.3 Fire Alarm Control System
The control panel is the "brain" of the fire detection and alarm system. It is responsible for
monitoring the various alarm "input" devices such as manual and automatic detection
components, and then activating alarm "output" devices .Control panels may range from
simple units with a single input and output zone, to complex computer driven systems that
monitor several buildings over an entire Building.
Initiating device
- Smoke Detectors
- Manual Call Points or Manual Pull Station
- Fire Sprinklers System Inputs
- Notification Appliances
- Responders
37

40. 2) Main Fire Alarm Monitoring Panel
A main fire alarm monitoring panel are assembled at the Fire Control Room in PJ Trade Center
as well, having the same function as the Computerised Fire Alarm Monitoring System, but a
more manual and traditional one in case of the system break down of the computerised fire
alarm monitoring system. The light signal will blink when it’s triggered, indicating the location
of the alarm code.
3) Addressable Fire Alarm Control Panel
Addressable Fire Alarm Control Panel are located at the ground floor or every block near the
entrance easing the officers to have a better response. It is function to indicate the location of
the fire alarm codes, controlling a variety of function such as activating the notification
appliances, activating fire suppression system.
Figure 4.2.1.1.3.3 Addressable fire alarm control panel
Figure 4.2.1.1.3.2 The control panel
38

41. 1) Master Control Console
The master intercom handset is set located at
the Fire Control Room PJ Trade Center. The
master control console consists of a master
headset, system control module and zone control
modules.
The master handset function to communicate
with the remote headsets.
2) Remote Handset Modules
The remote handset module consists of a
handset in an enclosure installed at the staircase
of each floor in all blocks of PJ Trade Center. The
remote handset modules are used to
communicate the officers in the fire control
room or nearby fire station directly in case of fire
outbreak.
Figure 4.2.1.1.4.1 The master intercom handset
Figure 4.2.1.1.4.2 The remote handset module
4.2.1.1.4 Fire Intercom System
Communications between firefighters is one of the most crucial aspect of containing and
suppressing fire. This communication need to be instant and effective. One of the best way to
accomplish this is through installation of a fire intercom system in the building.
39

42. 1) Speaker
Speakers are used in PJ Trade center as
an emergency voice communication
system in case of any fire outbreak to ease
the evacuation process. Pre-recorded
messages will be used to communicate
with the occupants for emergency
evacuation. The speakers can be spotted in
the staircase and corridors in the PJ Trade
Center.
2) Fireman Switch
FIreman Switch is used to switch off the
power supply from certain power
system of PJ Trade Center. It can be
found at every level of the building and
have various type of electrical supply
switches. The switches can only be
turned off by the firefighters.
4.2.1.1.5 Fire Alarm Notification Appliances
Figure 4.2.1.1.5.1 Fire alarm speaker
Figure 4.2.1.1.5.2 The fireman switch
40

43. 4.2.1.2.1 Fire Sprinkler System
Wet Pipe Sprinkler System
Wet pipe sprinkler system are the most common type, it is easy to design, install and
maintain. Wet pipe sprinkler system are suitable for high rises or office complexes like PJ
Trade Center it’s own, because it is more cost efficient compare to the other.
A wet pipe sprinkler system is composed of steel pipe and are always filled with water. The
water in the pipe is under a moderate amount of pressure. When the sprinkler head is
activated, the pressurized water in the pipes in immediately released, this allow quicker
response when a fire breakout occur.
Figure 4.2.1.2.1.1 Upright Sprinkler Head Figure 4.2.1.2.1.2 Pendent Sprinkler Head
Figure 4.2.1.2.1.3 Arrangement of wet pipe sprinkler system
4.2.1.2 Fire Suppression System
Fire suppression system function to extinguish or prevent the spread of fire in a building.
Suppression are a combination of dry chemical and wet agents to suppress equipment fire.
41

44. Components of Wet Pipe Sprinkler
Fire Pump
Fire Pump is the fire sprinkler system’s water
supply which was located at the Fire Pump
Room in PJ Trade Center. The fire pump are
fitted to the Fire Sprinkler System, Fire Pump
function to provide pumping the water supply to
increase the water pressure in the fire sprinkler
system.
Sprinkler Valve
Sprinkler Valve in PJ Trade Center contain
pressure switches and valve monitors. It is
function to control the flow of water into the fire
sprinkler system.
Pressure Gauge
Pressure Gauge can be found fitted to an
automated fire sprinkler system in PJ Trade
Center. There are 2 gauge fitted to the system,
one showing the pressure of the water supply,
while the other showing the installation
pressure. Differential between both pressure
are not to exceed 200KPa.
Fire Sprinkler Inspection
Fire Sprinkler System in PJ Trade Center are inspected regularly for public safety.
Included inspection are alarm testing, water pressure and flow, and control valve
function. Visual inspection are done by the local officers to avoid any corrosion.
Figure 4.2.1.2.1.4 Fire Pump
Figure 4.2.1.2.1.5 Sprinkler valve (left)
Figure 4.2.1.2.1.6 pressure gauge
42

45. 4.2.1.2.2 Fire Hose Reel System
Fire hose reel system are located in a cabinet at
every floor of the building consisting of pumps, pipes,
water supply, hose reel and also portable fire
extinguisher. Other than the cabinet, fire hose reel
can also been found in the stairways and electrical
room of PJ Trade Center. It is readily accessible by
the occupants with controlled water supply to
combat a potential fire risk.
Fire Hose Reel
The length of the hose reel have an extension of 36
meters with a diameter of 0.75 meter that
accommodates 0.33 litres of water per second. The
direction and the flow of water from a hose reel is
controlled by a nozzle located a the end of the fire
hose.
Fire Hose Reel Operation
1. Fully open valve in anti-clockwise direction before running out
hose.
2. Pull hose out in direction of the fire
3.To obtain spray open nozzle in clockwise direction.
For a water jet, continue turning
4. Aim water at the base of th fire
Figure 4.2.1.2.2.1 Fire hose cabinet
Figure 4.2.1.2.2.2 Fire hose system
43

46. 4.2.1.2.3 Wet Riser System
Wet riser are an internal hydrant for the fireman to use and are always charged with water.
Wet risers are mandatory for a building that are over 50 meters high as there is insufficient
pressure to ensure an adequate water flow.
Wet riser system is permanently charged with pressurized water by the jockey pumps
discharging into riser pipe with landing valves located at each level of PJ Trade Center
except the ground. The pipe system is connect to permanent water supply which fed from
the town mains.
Jockey Pump
Landing Valve Hose CradleWater Tank
Pump Starter
Panel
Duty Pump Standby Pump Piping
Figure 4.2.1.2.3.1 Arrangement of wet riser system
44

47. Landing Valves
Every landing valves were to be fitted with
an instantaneous hose cradle for connecting
to a standby fire hose. Landing valves can be
spotted on the top most floor of the PJ
Trade Center and stairways of each floor at
every floor.
Standby Fire Hose
Located together with each and every
landing valves.
Pumps
Pumps in PJ Trade Center comes in set,
which is a three fire pump, jockey pump,
duty pump and standby pump where all
having an independent source of power
supply. All pump are connected to an
emergency power supply in case of the main
supply system being cut off.
Pressure Gauge
Pressure gauge in fitted into the system to
ensure the water supply are pressurized.
Components of Wet Riser System
Figure 4.2.1.2.3.2 Landing valves at the top
most floor of the building
Figure 4.2.1.2.3.3 Standby fire hose
Figure 4.2.1.2.3.4 Jockey pump
Figure 4.2.1.2.3.5 Pressure gauge 45

48. Fire Alarm Control Panel
Fire alarm control panel receives
information from environmental
sensors. It is designed to detect changes
associated with fire and monitors their
operational integrity. Besides that, it
provides transmission of necessary
information and automatic control of
equipment for preparing the facility for
fire.
Alarm Valves
Alarm Valves are located outside of the
fire pump room of each 4 blocks of the
PJ Trade Center. It is function to
prevent a reverse flow of water from
the installation. Normally, it will be
closed of valves maintenance purpose.
Wet Valves
Wet valve in PJ Trade Center contain
pressure switches and valve monitors. It
is function to control the flow of water
into the fire sprinkler system.
Figure 4.2.1.2.3.6 Alarm control panel
Figure 4.2.1.2.3.7 Alarm valves
Figure 4.2.1.2.3.8 Wet valves (right)
46

49. Wet Riser System Operation:
During a fire:
1. The fire brigade connect the suction side of their pumps to a water supply (main) via an
underground fire hydrant, or hydrants.
2. The outlet side of their pumps are connected to the ground level wet riser breeching
inlets, thereby supplying water from the water main or hydrant into the break tank.
3. The riser pumps draw water from the break tank and force it into the riser.
4. On every floor, water becomes available for fire-fighting though the landing valves.
5. The firemen can now enter the building and connect their hoses to landing valves fitted to
the riser at the fire zone/level.
6. Should there be air trapped in the riser, an automatic air release valve at the top of the
riser opens to allow air in the pipe to escape and closes after that.
47

50. 4.2.1.2.4 Portable Fire Extinguisher
Portable fire extinguisher apply an extinguishing agent that will stop fire from burning either
displace or remove oxygen, cool burning fuel or stop the chemical reaction. The agent is
expelled out the nozzle when the handle of an extinguisher is compressed.
There are different kinds of fire extinguisher to tackle different kinds of fire, fire are
classified as below:
Class Type of Fire Suitability
A Flammable Solids ordinary combustibles such as wood, cloth,
cardboard, paper, trash or plastics.
B Flammable Liquids such as gasoline, petroleum, oil, paint, paraffin, spirits
or solvents.
C Flammable Gases including propane, butane, pentane, methane or
ammonia.
D Combustible Metals may include sodium, lithium, titanium, aluminum or
magnesium.
E Electrical such as televisions, microwave ovens, toasters,
computers, sockets and more.
K Kitchen Fires resulting from grease or cooking oils, deep fat fryers
and animal or vegetable fats.
48

51. There are 2 kinds of portable fire extinguisher available in PJ Trade Center :
Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher
Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher are located at the mechanical rooms and chemical storage
areas of PJ Trade Center to prevent a potential disaster. This fire extinguisher is cold and
was aim to target fighting fire class B and class C.
Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher contain pressurized liquid carbon dioxide which turns to gas
when expelled. However, its has no post fire security and chances are the fire could reignite.
ABC Fire Extinguisher
ABC fire extinguisher are a well rounded fire extinguisher where is is design to tackle class A, class B
and class C fire.
This fire extinguisher containing ammonium sulphate and aluminium sulphate powder to suppress
fire. Ammonium sulphate and aluminium sulphate powder are ejected with massive force from the
extinguisher, fuse together to form an airtight barriers that extinguishes the fire from growing.
Figure 4.2.1.2.4.1 CO2 fire extinguishers
Figure 4.2.1.2.4.3 ABC fire
extinguishers
Figure 4.2.1.2.4.2 CO2 fire extinguishers
components
Figure 4.2.1.2.4.4 ABC fire extinguishers components
49

52. Portable Fire Extinguisher Operation
Pull : Pull the pin, This will allowing the discharging of the extinguisher
Aim : Aim at the base of the fire, Hit the fuel, aiming flames will just allowing
the extinguishing agent to pass through
Squeeze : Squeeze the top handle, This depresses a button that releases the
pressurized extinguishing agent
Sweep : Sweep from side to side until the fire is completely out, start using the
extinguisher from a safe distance away and then slowly move forward. Once the fire is out,
keep an eye on the area in case it reignites.
50

53. 4.2.2 Components of the Passive System
4.2.2.1 Opening Protection
Fire doors are fitted with intumescent fire and smoke seals, either around the edges of the
door leaf or the frame. These seals are an integral part of a fire door structure to prevent the
spread of fire and ingress the cold smoke in the early stages of a fire. These fire doors usually
block the fire for 1-2 hours (based on the fire rating).
In PJ-Trade Centre, exterior fire doors are found in lobby and every opening access to fire
escape staircases to contain the fire and protect the fire escape route.
Figure 4.2.2.1.1 Fire door in
PJ-Trade centre
Figure 4.2.2.1.2 Fire door compositions
51

54. Figure 4.2.2.1..4 Fire shutter in PJ-Trade
Centre
The fire shutters are found in the lobbies in PJ-Trade Centre to protect the occupants
and property in the building during fire emergency. The fire shutter will automatically roll
down and keep the lobbies an enclosed area when fire is detected in the exterior of the
building to protect the occupants in the lobbies. With varying fire protection level, a fire
shutter can prevent the fire to spread from another space for 1-4 hours.
Fire shuttle offers an exceptionally
high standard of specification,
performance and protection for
premises. The fire protection
shutters are meant to protect your
commercial and industrial
premises by providing an effective
barrier against fire.
Figure 4.2.2.1..3 Cross section view of fire
shutter
52

55. Fire escape staircases are the designated
escape route in a building that allows the
occupants to get out from the building from
every floors when the elevators are not
functioning during the fire emergency.
In PJ-Trade Centre, the fire escape staircase
can be found besides the lobbies of each
building block from the basement to the top
floor. This designated fire escape route allows
the occupants of the building to escape to a
safety place or outside of the building during
emergency or in an event of fire. As elevators
are not allowed during fire.
Figure 4.2.2.1.6 Fire escape
staircase in PJ-Trade Centre
Fiberglass Reinforced Polyester (FRP) door and
aluminum frame intended primarily for exterior
openings such as schools, restaurants, or any
opening in high use and abuse areas. FRP Doors act
as a resistant from hurricane force winds and
debris. Perfect for anywhere a strong, lightweight
opening is required to withstand fire.
In PJ-Trade Centre, the fire rated FRP Door
complements the standard FRP door. Features of a
fire-resistant composite or mineral core are used in
openings to block the fire up to 1.5 hours. The FRP
door can be found at the external opening of the
building. It can be perform well in high corrosive
area.
Figure 4.2.2.1..5 FRP door in PJ-Trade
Centre
53

56. Figure 4.2.2.1.8 Elevation and cross section of intumescent air transfer grilles
Intumescent air transfer grilles combine air
movement with fire protection. In everyday use,
air can pass freely through the grilles to allow
good ventilation. In a fire, the intumescent
expands, fusing the grille into a solid block that
stops fire spreading. Intumescent air transfer
grilles also included smoke control shutter that
stops fast-moving cold smoke from passing
through the grille.
The intumescent air transfer grilles are found in
the lobbies and staircases of PJ-Trade Centre to
allow natural ventilation in everyday use and stop
the fire from spreading in a fire. Besides that, it
can also serve as another function to stop the
smoke from passing through the grille to another
space.
Figure 4.2.2.1.7 Intumescent air
transfer grilles in PJ-Trade
Centre
54

57. 4.2.2.2 Compartmentation
Fire-resistance rated floors and walls
are used for occupancy separations
(barriers designated as occupancy
separations are intended to segregate
parts of buildings, where different uses
are on each side; for instance,
apartments on one side and stores on
the other side of the occupancy
separation). In PJ-Trade Centre, fire
resistance rated floors are used to
prevent fire to spread from level to
level.
Figure 4.2.2.2.1 Elevation of PJ-Trade
Centre to show the floors for occupancy
separations
Figure 4.2.2.2.2 Example of fire resistance rate floor section
55

58. Fire-resistance rated walls
Firewalls not only have a rating, they are also designed to subdivide buildings such that if
collapse occurs on one side, this will not affect the other side. They can also be used to
eliminate the need for sprinklers, as a trade-off. Firewalls in PJ-Trade Centre prevent direct
spread of fire from space to space on the same level and prepare more time for the users to
leave the building during fire.
Figure 4.2.2.2.3 Example of fire
resistance rated wall section
Figure 4.2.2.2.4 Example of fire
resistance rated wall perspective
Figure 4.2.2.2.5 PJ-Trade Centre Basement 2 Plan to show locations of fire protection
components in the building and walls for occupancy seperations
56

59. Fire-resistant glass using
multi-layer intumescent
technology or wire mesh
embedded within the glass
may be used in the fabrication
of fire-resistance rated
windows in walls or fire doors.
Figure 4.2.2.2.6 Example of Illustration on
fire-resistant glass reacts on fire
Figure 4.2.2.2.6 PJ-Trade Centre Lobby with
fire-resistant glass
In PJ-Trade Centre,
fire-resistant glass is placed at
the lobby to allow people to
look into the lobby from
outside at the same time
protect the lobby from getting
fire.
57

60. 4.2.2.3 Signs and Instructions
Instruction plate is given on the
fire door that keeps fire hose reel
to provide basic understanding of
the fire protective system used in
the building for the firefighters
who will use these equipment
when to put out the fire in the
shortest time.
A warning plate is placed on the
fire doors in PJ-Trade Centre to
remind the users to keep tge fire
doors close after escape to
ensure that the fire door can
function properly in an event of
fire.
Figure 4.2.2.3.1 Instruction plate on fire door in
PJ-Trade centre
Figure 4.2.2.3.2 Warning plate on fire doors in
PJ-Trade Centre
58

61. Emergency evacuation plan is to provide
immediate and urgent movement of
people away from the risk or real incidence
of a danger. The purpose of an
emergency evacuation plan is to facilitate
and organize employer and employee
actions during workplace emergencies.
An emergency evacuation plan can be
found on the wall nearby the lift of every
floor in PJ-Trade Centre. The location of
emergency staircase, fire extinguisher,
bomba lift and fire alarms is clearly stated
in the plan. This is to provide the people to
find the shortest route and to leave the
building in the fastest way.
Warning sign plate is usually used to
remind people to follow the instruction to
prevent avoidable accidents during the
emergencies.
Warning sign plates are found beside every
elevator to remind the occupants in
PJ-Trade Centre that the use of elevator is
prohibited during fire.
Figure 4.2.2.3.3 Warning plate on
beside elevators in PJ-Trade Centre
Figure 4.2.2.3.4 Emergency
evacuation plan in the lobby of
PJ-Trade Centre
59

62. Fire indicator light
is a safety device to dedicate the satefy status in a room. It will notify the people who wants
to enter the room by using clors of light. If the room is in a risky or emergency condition,
green light will go off and red light will be lite, While if the room is safe, the green light will
maintain. It is to inform the users of the space that whether the room is safe or dangerous to
be enter.
In PJ-Trade Centre, fire indicator light is placed above the entrance of every high risk room.
It is used to prevent people to enter into the room when it is in the dangerous situation.
Emergency exit light sign
is use to indicate the emergency exits in the building. It is used to inform the users in the
building that there is another exit in a building that can be used to escape during
emergency in. Emergency exit light sign helps people to leave the building in a faster way or
shortest time. As during emergencies, the building may block all the normal exits to prevent
public from entering.
In PJ-Trade Centre the signs can be found on the top of the fire doors which are the access
routes between the fire staircases and lobbies.
Figure 4.2.2.3.5 Fire indicator on top of doors in
PJ-Trade Centre
Figure 4.2.2.3.6 Fire indicator on top of doors in
PJ-Trade Centre
60

63. 4.3 UBBL Requirement and Regulation
4.3.1 active fire protection system
UBBL By laws - Section 153 - Smoke Detection
- Smoke detectors are required in all lift lobbies
UBBL By laws - Section 225 - Fire Detection
- Fire alarm are provided together with highlighted exit signs to detect and extinguish every
buildings
UBBL By laws -Section 237- Fire Alarms
- Accordance with the Tenth Schedule to By-laws, fire alarm need to be provided. - Two
stage alarm system are provided if the gross floor area in the buildings exceeding 9290
square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height, excluding car park and storage areas.
- For general evacuation of the premises, provisions shall be made by action of a master
control.
UBBL By laws- Section 238
- Sprinkler valves must be located on the exterior wall which is safe and enclosed position. It
should be accessible by Fire Authority
UBBL By laws -Section 239- Voice Communication System
- Two voice communications systems
-Fire brigade communication system and other public address system should separated
approved and electrically supervised. (a)staircases, lifts, lifts lobby and corridors.
(b)The size of every office exceeding 92.9 square metres
(c)Fire brigade system combined with public address system in each dwelling unit
UBBL by laws- section 240 - Electrical Isolation switch
- Electrical isolation switch are provided when size of zone of any floor exceeding 929
square meters. It is located within staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of
electrical power supply.
- Fireman’s switch must be similar with the specified type
61

64. UBBL by laws - Section 228 - Sprinkler valves
- Sprinkler shall be readily to the fire authority therefore is located in safe enclosed position
on the exterior wall
- To provide automatic relay and immediate of alarm when activated, all sprinkler system
shall be connected to the nearest fire station.
UBBL By Laws -Section 231- Installation and testing of wet rising system
- Topmost floor of every building must provide wet rising systems when exceeding 30.5
meters above fire appliance access level.
UBBL By Laws -Section 248 - Marking on wet risers
- Wet riser and sprinkler shall painted red.
- All fire installations that recessed in wall shall be clearly identified to fire authority
UBBL By Laws - section 227- Portable extinguishers
- Portable fire extinguisher must be positioned visible on exit routes and provided with
relevant codes of practice.
62

65. 4.3.2 passive fire protection system
UBBL By laws - section 10 - No obstruction in staircases
1) There might be no obstacle in any staircase between the highest landing there
and the exit discharge on the ground floor.
UBBL By laws - section 164 - Door closers for fire doors
1) The automatic door closers of hydraulically spring operated type can fit with all
fire in the proper sequence.
2) To ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence, the double door shall be
provided with the coordinating device.
3) Fire doors might be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a
heat actuated device to release the doors protecting openings to protected
corridors or protected staircases.
UBBL By laws - section 110 - Exits to accessible at all time
1) Except as allowed by law 167 at the very least two separate ways out might be
given from every story together with such extra exits as might be necessary.
2) The exits should be sited and the leave get to might be arranged to the point
that the ways out are with the breaking points of travel separation as determined
in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws are promptly available at all
circumstances.
63

66. UBBL By laws - section 168 - Staircases
1) Except as allowed for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of way
out via at least two separate staircases.
2)Staircases should be of to such an extent that in case of any one staircase no
being accessible for escape purposes the rest of the staircases might suit the most
important occupancy load of any one story releasing into it figured as per
arrangements in the Seventh Schedule to these
By-laws UBBL By laws - section 172 - Emergency Exit Signs
1) Story exits and access to such exits should be set apart by promptly obvious
signs and might not be covered by any decorations, furnishing or other
equipment.
UBBL By laws - section 198 - Ventilation of staircase enclosure
1)All staircase restricted in areas should be ventilated at every floor or landing level
by either permanent openings or operable windows to the outside having a free
area of at least 1 square meter for each floor.
UBBL By laws - section 217 - Fire resistance of structural member
1) Fire resistance of not less than minimum period shall required by any structural
member or overloading wall required by-laws for any element which it carries.
UBBL By laws - section 222 - Fire resistance for walls
1) Other than external wall, enclosing a protected shaft shall, if every side of the
wall is independently presented to the test by fire, having imperviousness to fire
for at the very least time frame required by this part.
64

68. 5.1 literature review
Mechanical Transportation
Lifts/ Elevators Escalators Travelators
Lift Performance
Waiting interval
Opening and closing
speed of lift door
Acceleration rate
of car
Speed of the lift
Time taken to enter
and leave the lift
Elevator
Electric lift Hydraulic Lift Paternoster Stair Lift
Diagram 5.1.1.1 Type of mechanical transportation
5.1.1 introduction and function
Mechanical transportation is a transport device used to move goods and people vertically or
horizontally and vertically. In a building more than 4 stories, mechanical transportation should be
implemented. Another function of elevator is providing access for elderly and disable, modern
offices and public buildings. Lift should be positioned at locations which provide easy access to
Whole building such as central of building.
The performance of lift will be affected by several aspect.
5.1.2 Type of Elevator
There are a few types of elevator.
Diagram 5.1.1.2 Lift performance
Diagram 5.1.2.1 Types of elevator
66

69. The standard elevators will include the following basic components.
Basic Component
Car Hoistway Machine/
drive system
Control
system
Safety
system
Traction Elevators
Geared Traction
Elevators
Gearless Traction
Elevator
Machine Room Less
Traction Elevator
Generally, electric elevator is divided into two category, which are traction with machine room
and machine room less traction.
Diagram 5.1.2.5 Basic components of elevator
Figure 5.1.2.2 Detail of geared
traction elevator
Figure 5.1.2.3 Detail of
gearless traction elevator
Figure 5.1.2.4 Detail of
machine room less traction
elevator
67

70. 5.2 case study
5.2.1 introduction
Mechanical transportation is an integral part of modern buildings. It used to move goods and
people vertically or horizontally. Mechanical transportation systems are classified as escalators,
travelators and elevators. In PJ Trade Center, they are using elevator only for vertical
transportation. There are two types of lift, which are lift bomba and normal passenger lift. Lift
bomba can be straight up to 21 floor from basement. While normal passenger lift works from
Basement 7 to level 2( lobby level) and level 2 to level 20. The reason is to maintain the
security of the building.
This building is required lift as this is consist 21 floors. The minimum standard of service is one
lift per four storey. In accordance to Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984, clause
124: Lift is required for all non-residential buildings which are exceeding 4 storeys and above or
below the main entrance. If the buildings that is not exceeding 4 storeys but there are seniors
or disabled access, lifts are required as well. Other than clause 124, it must fulfill the
requirement of Clause 153 in UBBL as it state smoke detector must be provided at the lift
lobbies in order to detect if there is any fire occurred.
Elevators are powered by electric motors that hoists the cars up and down, including a braking
system. It is activated by driving traction cables or counterweight systems, for example: hoist.
The hydraulic fluid will be pumped to raise the cylindrical piston. Quality of the elevator is an
important factor in the choice of tenants.
Figure 5.2.1.1 The location of lift in PJ Trade Centre
68

71. Lift Lobby
Lift lobbies are one of the key public areas and it’s worth making a good impression. In PJ
Trade Centre, there have a few lift lobbies in different blok. Lift lobby should be large enough
to allow traffic to move in two directions.
Figure 5.2.1.2 The location of lift lobbies in PJ Trade Centre
69

72. The standard elevators will include the following basic components.
- Car
- Hoistway
- Machine/drive system
- Control system
- Safety system
5.2.2.1 Car
Elevator car is the vehicle that travels vertically between the different elevator stops carrying
passengers or goods. In PJ Trade Centre, it used heavy steel frame surrounding a cage of metal.
Type of elevator car that used in PJ Trade Center is normal cabin. It can be classified according
to the number of entrances which is a door opening. The hoistway door that used is automatic
door.
5.2.2 components
Figure 5.2.2.1.1 Elevator in PJ Trade Centre Figure 5.2.2.1.2 Material used of elevator car
70

73. Handrail
Handrail is a rail within the elevator car which
passengers can use for support. In PJ Trade
Centre, elevator car is provided by a handrail
at all sides of the cabin.
Handrails come with different finishes like
stainless steel styles or painted in selected
color. This building is used the most common
handrail, which is flat type stainless steel
handrail.
Car Operating Panel (COP)
Car operating panel is a panel mounted in the
car containing the car operating controls,
such as emergency call buttons, door open
and close, and floor request buttons or key
switches are required for operation.
Figure 5.2.2.1.3 Car operating panel in
elevator car
Figure 5.2.2.1.4 Handrail in elevator car
71

74. Counterweight
Counterweight is a tracked weight that is
suspended from cables and moves within its
own set of guide rails along the hoistway
walls. It is located in the shaft and set into the
wall of the shaft by two guide rails.
Counterweight helps to reduce the energy
cost and power demand. It also balance the
mass of the complete car and a portion of
rated load.
5.2.2.2 Shaft
Shaft can be known as hoistway. It is basically
the vertical passageway for car and
counterweight. Guide rail usually mounted to
the sides of shaft to guide and direct the
course of travel of car and counterweight. Life
shaft extended below to form lift pit.
Moveover, the elevator machine room is
located directly top of the shaft. Traction
machine and some control system are
located in the elevator machine room in order
to activate the elevator.
Figure 5.2.2.2.1 Shaft
Figure 5.2.2.2.2 Counterweight
72

75. Suspension Ropes
Suspension Rope is represented by steel
wire ropes. It is used on traction type
elevators and attached to the crosshead
and extending up into the machine room
looping over the sheave on the motor
and then down to the counterweights.
Figure 5.2.2.2.3 Suspension ropes
Figure 5.2.2.2.4 The placement of components of lift.
73

76. 5.2.2.3 Machine/drive system
The elevator that was incorporate in this building is traction elevator. Traction elevator is the
most common type of elevation. Cars are pulled by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply
grooved pulley also known as sheave. The weight of car is balanced by a counterweight.
Sometimes the elevators can be the counterweight of each other, when two elevators are built
so that their cars always move synchronously in opposite directions.
Moreover, traction elevators are commonly used for mid and high-rise applications and have
much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. It used in high rise applications whereby
the drive motor and drive sheave are connected in line on a common shaft, without any
mechanical speed reduction unit located between the drive motor and drive sheave.
Nowadays, some traction elevators are using flat steel belts instead of conventional steel
ropes. Owing to flat steel belts are extremely light due to its carbon fiber core and a
high-friction coating.
There are a few types of traction elevator, which are geared traction elevator, gearless elevator
and machine roomless elevator. However, gearless elevator is used in PJ Trade Centre due to
the high of the building. It has the wheel attached directly to the motor. Capable of speeds up
to 610m per minute and they have a maximum travel distance of around 610m so they are the
only choice for high-rise applications.
Figure 5.2.2.3.1 Detail of gearless traction system Figure 5.2.2.3.2 Gearless traction system
74

77. Machine Room/ Lift motor room
Machine room is a room that houses the machinery and electrical
controls that operate a lift. It placed at the top of lift shaft. It
minimize the length of rope and optimize the efficiency.
Moreover, it should be well-ventilated and provide with a
controlled environment to prevent damage to the equipment.
Figure 5.2.2.3.3 The placement of machine room
Figure 5.2.2.3.4 The interior of machine room
75

78. 5.2.2.4 Control system
There are 3 main types for elevator control systems as follows:
- Single Automatic operation
- Selective collective operation
- Group automatic operation
The elevator as a control system has a number of components. These can basically be
divided into the following:
- Inputs
- Outputs
- Controllers
1. Inputs, which include:
- Sensors
- Buttons
- Key controls
- System controls
5.2.2.4.1 Buttons
Hall Button
These buttons are on a button panel on the
outside of the elevator shafts. It used to call an
elevator to desire floor. There are two hall
buttons on each floor which is one for up,
another for down, except for the top floor where
there is only down and on the bottom floor where
there is only up.
Figure 5.2.2..4.1.1 Hall button
76

79. Button Panel
The button panel is located on the interior of each car. The controller interacts with these
buttons by receiving pressed signals indicating the button which they were pressed from.
Open And Close Door
Button
The function of these
button is to open or close
the elevator doors or keep
pressing it to keep them
open or close, but only
when the elevator cab is
stopped at a floor.
Sensor
Overload sensor can be
found at the door of the
lift and it is to prevent the
car from exceeding the
maximum load. It will
trigger the alarm when
exceeding the maximum
load.
Emergency Bell Button:
The function of this button is to
sound a bell to alert people
outside of the elevator shaft
that someone is trapped inside
the elevator cab in case of a
malfunction.
Floor Request Button
The controller interacts with
these buttons by receiving
pressed signals indicating the
desired floor number which
they were pressed from. It also
sends light on/off signals to
indicate the status of the
buttons.
5.2.2.4.2 Key Controls
Key controls may only be activated by the proper keys. Thus, it
just restricted to repair people, elevator operators or firemen. It is
used in place of or in conjunction with a pushbutton to restrict
access to a floor.
Figure 5.2.2..4.1.2 Button Panel inside elevator car
Figure 5.2.2..4.2.1 Key control inside the elevator car
77

80. Key Switch Panel
Key switch panel is located at the elevator machine room of the building. It can control the car
of the lift when there is an emergency or lift breakdown occurs. Also, when lift is breakdown,
the passengers are able to ask for help through the help button which contact to control room.
So, technicians are able to know clearly where the elevator has stopped through the key switch
panel.
2. Outputs, which include:
- Actuators
- Bells
- Displays
5.2.2.4.3 Displays
Car Position Display:
The interior of each car has a display that indicates to its passengers
which floor the car is currently on. The elevator systems in PJ Trade
Centre has floor number display on every floor outside of the
elevator doors. The controller interacts with this display by sending a
signal that tells it which floor number to display.
Figure 5.2.2..4.2.2 Key switch panel Figure 5.2.2..4.2.3 Key switch panel
Figure 5.2.2..4.3.1 Car position display
78

81. 5.2.2.5 Safety System
Escutcheon Tube
One of the special safety system of elevator that
found in PJ Trade Centre is escutcheon tube. It is
a keyhole on the upper portion of a hoistway door
that accepts a hoistway emergency door key and
permits unlocking of the hoistway door locking
mechanism.
Figure 5.2.2..5.1 Escutcheon tube at upper
portion of elevator
79

82. UBBL By laws - Section 124 - Lift -For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above
or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.
UBBL By laws - Section 151- Ventilation to lift shaft- Where openings to lift shafts are not
connected to protected lobbies, such as lift shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than
0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge
directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the
required FRP as for the lift shaft.
UBBL By laws - Section 153 - Smoke Detector -
(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with Smoke detector.
(2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light
beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty
seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.
UBBL By laws - Section 154 - Emergency Mode -
(1) On failure of mains power all lifts shall return in sequence directly to designated floor,
commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors
open.
(2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation:
Provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all lifts, this mode
of operation need not apply.
5.3 UBBL requirement and regulation
80

84. These project is to focusing the service system of a workspace. After we visit to the PJ Trade
center, found that there are include Air Conditioning System, Fire Safety System, Mechanical
Transportation System, Water Transportation System and Electrical Supply System. So that
we started to collect data and do analysis.
Mechanical Ventilation
- circulate fresh air using ducts and fans
- exhaust system, supply system and balanced system
- fan, filter, ductworks, fire dampers, diffusers
- provide the necessary air movement.
- ensure a specified air change and the air under fan pressure can be forced through
filters.
Air Conditioning System
- process to control the humidity, ventilation, and temperature in a building by
eliminating heat from the interior space and bringing fresh air from the space outside
of the building.
- Window Air Conditioning system, Split unit Air conditioner, Packaged AC, Central AC
- maintains internal air conditions
Fire Protection
- active fire protection (AFP) and passive fire protection (PFP).
- study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of potentially destructive fires.
- Type of AFP (water, inert gas, chemical agents, detection)
- Type of PFP (structural fire protection, compartmentation, opening protection,
firestopping materials)
Mechanical Transportation System
- a transport device used to move goods and people vertically or horizontally and
vertically.
- Lift, elevator, escalator, travelator
- Elevator (Car, Hoistway, Machine/drive system, Control system, Safety system)
5.8conclusion
82

85. In the conclusion, we have gain the knowledge of the mechanical ventilation, air conditioning
system, fire protection system, mechanical transportation system and electrical supply
system. Those system contribute in achieving thermal comfort in the building. The cooling
and ventilation system in PJ Trade Centre is well planned and suits with the Malaysia’s
climate. It is a great opportunity for us to conduct a case study on PJ Trade Centre. We have
learnt extra knowledge about the theories in this case study.
83

87. References
Electrical-knowhow.com. (2017). Elevator Control System. [online] Available at:
http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevator-control-system.html [Accessed 6
May 2017].
Meielevatorsolutions.com. (2017). Car Operating Panel | MEI - Total Elevator Solutions. [online]
Available at: http://www.meielevatorsolutions.com/car-operating-panel/ [Accessed 6 May
2017].
Electrical-knowhow.com. (2017). Basic Elevator Components - Part One. [online] Available at:
http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/basic-elevator-components-part-one.html
[Accessed 6 May 2017].
Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems - Principle of Operation | Firewize. (2017). Firewize.com.
Retrieved 7 May 2017, from
http://firewize.com/blog/2010/04/automatic-fire-sprinkler-systems-principal-operation
Fireman Intercom System Malaysia | Fire Equipment & Training. (2017). Fire Fighting
Equipment Malaysia. Retrieved 7 May 2017, from
https://www.firefightingequipment.my/fireman-intercom-system/
How Fire Sprinkler Systems Work. (2017). HowStuffWorks. Retrieved 7 May 2017, from
http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/household-safety/fire/fire-sprinker
-system2.htm
Operator's Manual for Patent Premium. (2017) (1st ed.). Retrieved from
http://www.patent.com.sg/pdf/premium2way_evc/2.pdf
Unit 10 WET RISER SYSTEM. (2017). Finalprojectfyp.blogspot.my. Retrieved 7 May 2017, from
http://finalprojectfyp.blogspot.my/2014/01/unit-10-wet-riser-system.html
Wet riser - Designing Buildings Wiki. (2017). Designingbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2017,
from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Wet_riser
Inc., L., Installation, F., Maintenance, F., Services, F., & Mississauga, L. (2017). What Are The
Different Types of Fire Sprinkler Systems?. Lumar Fire. Retrieved 7 May 2017, from
http://www.lumarfireprotection.com/what-are-the-different-fire-sprinkler-system-types/
The 4 Types of Fire Protection Systems -. (2017). Archer-systems.com. Retrieved 7 May 2017,
from http://www.archer-systems.com/the-4-types-of-fire-protection-systems/
85

88. References
Chong, L., & Chong, L. (2005). UBBL passive fire safety design for architects (1st ed.). Kuala
Lumpur: [compiled by PAM Resource Centre].
Grondzik, W., & Kwok, A. (2015). Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings (1st ed.).
Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.
Ministry of Business, I. (2017). Passive fire protection features. Building Performance.
Retrieved 20 April 2017, from
https://www.building.govt.nz/managing-buildings/managing-your-bwof/passive-fire
-protection-features-and-compliance-schedule-requirements/
Passive Fire Protection : Firesafe.org.uk. (2017). Firesafe.org.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2017,
from http://www.firesafe.org.uk/passive-fire-protection/
PFPF Passive Fire Protection Federation Home Page. (2017). Pfpf.org. Retrieved 20 April
2017, from http://pfpf.org/
The Basics of Passive Fire Protection. (2017). Buildings.com. Retrieved 20 April 2017, from
http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/5851/title/the-basics-of-passive-fi
re-protection-
WHAT IS PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION. (2017). Eapfp.com. Retrieved 20 April 2017, from
http://www.eapfp.com/what_is_passive_fire_protection.php
Systems, M., Circulation, V., Types, E., Types, <., Architects, H., Tests, L., Actual, D., Prep, A.,
Architect Credential Info State: CEU, R., Levels, A., Buildings, R., Friction), F., Types, E. and
Fireproofing, S. (2017). Elevator Types - archtoolbox.com. [online] archtoolbox.com.
Available at:
https://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/vertical-circulation/elevatortypes.h
tml [Accessed 6 May 2017].
Explain that Stuff. (2017). How do elevators and lifts work?. [online] Available at:
http://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-elevators-work.html [Accessed 6 May 2017].
Electrical-knowhow.com. (2017). Elevator Machine and Drive System. [online] Available at:
http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/elevator-machine-and-drive-system.h
tml [Accessed 6 May 2017].
Air extraction systems and energy efficiency. (n.d.). Retrieved May 07, 2017, from
http://www.level.org.nz/energy/active-ventilation/air-extraction-systems/
86