2. Table of Contents
3: El Presente 23: Negative Formal
4: Irregular Yo Forms Commands
5: Irregular Verbs 24: Informal Commands
(present tense) 25: Nosotros Commands
6: Ser y Estar 27: Object Pronouns
8: Verbos Como Gustar 29: Prepositional
10: Nouns & Articles Pronouns
11: Adjetivos 30: Double Object
12: Preterite v. Pronouns
Imperfect
31: Possessive Adjectives
15: Present Subjunctive
32: Possessive Pronouns
19: Subjunctive in Noun
Clauses 33: Demonstrative
20: Subjunctive in Adjectives
Adjective Clauses 34: Demonstrative
21: DOP & IOP with Pronouns
commands 37: Reflexive Pronouns
22: Formal Commands 38: Por y Para
39: To Become
3. El Presente
• present tense of regular verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive
ending “-ar, -er, -ir”
• used to express habitual actions or actions that will take place in the
near future
Stem-changing verbs
>-ar/-er: e to ie and o to ue
>-ir: e to i
**no stem-changing in the nosotros and vosotros forms
>JUGAR: u to ueconstruir, destruir, incluir, influir (add y before personal
endings)
Ejemplos
1) Yo como una hamburguesa para mi almuerzo.
2) Ella juega fútbol con su amigas.
3) Escribimos con un lapiz en mi cuaderno.
4. Irregular Yo Forms
• -er/-ir have irregular yo forms in the present
tense
• -cer/-cir change to -zco in the yo form
• -ger/-gir change to –jo
• many verbs have irregular -go endings
>caer, to fall: yo caigo
>conducir, to drive: yo conduzco
>dirigir, to direct/manage: yo dirijo
>caber, to fit: yo quepo
>saber, to know: yo sé
>ver, to see: yo veo
5. Irregular Verbs, Present Tense
>dar: doy, das, da, damos, dais, dan
>decir
>estar Ejemplos
>ir 1) Yo hago mucha comida durante los
vacaciones de diciembre.
>ser 2) Yo pongo mis libros en mi escritorio.
3) Yo salgo mi casa para ir al aeropuerto.
4) Yo conduzco con mi madre para recibir mi
>tener licencia.
>venir
6. Ser y Estar
“to be”
not interchangeable
SER ESTAR
• nationality and place of • express things temporarily
origin (qualities or conditions that
• profession or occupation change with time)
• characteristics of people, • location or spatial
animals, and things relationships
• generalizations • health
• possession • emotional states
• material of composition • certain weather expressions
• time, date, or season • ongoing actions
• where or when an event (progressive tenses)
takes place • results of actions (past
participles)
• death: “muerto/a”
7. Ser y Estar contd.
SER Ejemplos ESTAR Ejemplos
1) Soy de Woodstock, GA. 1) Estoy en Nueva York
2) Ella es colombiana. para esta semana.
3) Mi madre es una 2) Ellos están aburridos
doctora.
en la clase de
4) Los gemelos, Ana y Nico,
son morenos con ojos ciencias.
verdes. 3) Porque es octubre,
5) El libro Twilight es de estamos en el otoño.
Selena.
4) Mi amiga Marisol está
6) El concierto de Jingle
Ball es en diciembre.
enferma con la gripe.
8. Verbos Como Gustar
• gustar: “to please” • Aburrir: to bore
>the thing/person • Caer bien/mal: to get along
that pleases is the subject; • Disgustar: to upset
gustar agrees in person and • Doler: to hurt
number • Encantar: to enjoy
>singular or plural • Faltar: to lack
• when gustar is followed by • Fascinar: to fascinate
one or more verbs in
infinitive, singular form of • Hacer falta
gustar is always used • Importar
• used in conditional to • Interesar: to interest
soften a request • Molestar: to bother
• a+[prep. pronoun] or • Preocupar: to worry
a+[noun] emphasizes who • Quedar: to leave; to fit
is pleased
(clothing)
• Sorprender: to surprise
9. Verbos Como Gustar contd.
1) Me gusta la revista de InStyle.
2) Nos gustan las vacaciones en Florida.
3) Me fascina Central Park en Nueva
York.
4) Te duelen mis piernas.
10. Nouns & Articles
• nouns in Spanish are either masculine
or feminine (masculine usually ends in –
o, feminine usually ends in –a)
Definite Articles Indefinite Articles
el un
la una
los unos
las unas
Feminine: -a, -dad/-tad/-tud, - Masculine: -o, -ma/-ta/-pa
ción/-sión/-gión, -ez, -triz, -umbre,
and nouns referring to women
Examples: feminine--la fruta, la ciudad, la canción, la validez, la
actriz, la costumbre, la madre; masculine--el programa, el día
11. Adjetivos
• adjectives are used to describe nouns
• they take the form of either masculine or
feminine, depending on the gender of
the word they are describing (la fresa
roja, el libro aburrido)
• either singular or plural, again depending
on the noun it‟s describing (EX: el chico
alto, los chicos altos)
• adjectives that end in -e for the singular
also end in –es for the plural
12. Preterite v. Imperfect
PRETERITE IMPERFECT
“Snapshot” of the past “Video” of the past without a specific
beginning or stopping point
>actions viewed as single events
>habitual actions
>actions repeated a specific
>actions that “set the stage” for other
number of times past actions
>actions that occurred during a >time
specific time period >date
>part of a chain of events >weather
>state the beginning/end of an >age
action >mental states
Preterite >describing characteristics of people,
é í things, or conditions
aste iste
ó ió Imperfect
amos imos aba ábamos ía íamos
asteis isteis abas abais ías íais
aron ieron aba aban ía ían
13. Preterite v. Imperfect contd.
PRETERITE IMPERFECT
Trigger Words: ayer, Trigger Words: a veces,
anoche, el otro día, cada día, cada
entonces, esta semana/mes/año, muchas
mañana/tarde, la semana veces, nunca, mientras,
siempre, todos los días
pasada, el año pasado
>would, used to,
were/was…
Example
Juan habló con la Example
estudiante. Las chicas hablaban en
Juan spoke with the inglés.
student. The girls used to speak in
English.
14. Preterite v. Imperfect contd.
• -gar changes g to gu
• -car changes c to qu
• -zar changes z to c
• verbs that end in -aer, -eer, -oír, -oer, &
uir change ió to yó & ieron to yeron
15. Present Subjunctive
Subjunctive Main clause -ar: e, es, e, Irregulars
Mood + emos, en dar (dé)
*attitudes connector estar (esté)
*uncertainty + -er/-ir: a, as, a, ir (vaya)
*hypothetical subordinate amos, an saber (sepa)
clause haber (haya)
ser (sea)
Tenga
Wishing/Wanting **Subjunctive is SUBJECTIVE Venga
Emotion *iffy
Doubt *indicative Dé/Diga
Disbelief I vaya
Impersonal Sea
Expressions Haga/Haya
Negation Esté
God/Grief Sepa
17. Present Subjunctive contd.
Expressions of Emotion
*alegrarse (de): to be happy
*esperar: to hope, to wish
*sentir (e-ie): to be sorry, to regret
*sorprender: to surprise
*temer: to be afraid, to fear
*Es triste: It‟s sad
*Ojalá (que): I hope (that), I wish (that)
18. Present Subjunctive contd.
Expressions of Doubt, Disbelief, & Denial
*dudar: to doubt
*negar (e-ie): to deny
*Es imposible: It‟s impossible
*Es improbable: It‟s improbable
*No es cierto: It‟s not true, It‟s not certain
*No es seguro: It‟s not certain
*No es verdad: It‟s not true
19. Subjunctive in Noun Clauses
• noun clause: dependent clauses that serve as
a direct object or complement of a verb
• the subjunctive mood is used with noun
clauses when:
*subj. of the verb is different than that of
the dependent clause
*the verb is influence/willing (want, prefer,
desire), emotion (fear, happy), doubt/negation
(uncertain, deny), and impersonal expression
(es posible, es importante)
EX: Dudo que vaya al Inglaterra en el verano.
Creo que tengamos una prueba en ciencias.
20. Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses
• adjective clause: an entire clause that
describes a noun or pronoun
• the subjunctive mood is used with
adjective clauses when the
antecedent is indefinite, unknown,
nonexistent, or negated
EX: Necesito un libro que me explique
esto.
Busco una doctora que sepa español.
21. DOP & IOP with Commands
AFFIRMATIVE NOSOTROS
Tú: drop the ‘s’ Ud./Uds.: put it in ‘yo’ form, change
Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, to opposite vowel
ten, ven Irregulars: TVDISHES
Tú: put it in „yo‟ form and change Ud./Uds.: same as above
to the opposite vowel, add „s‟ Irregulars: TVDISHES
Irregulars: TVDISHES
NEGATIVE NOSOTROS
*DOP + IOP + „se‟ can attach to affirmative
*DOP + IOP + „se‟ must go before the negative
command
22. Formal Commands
• use when addressing someone you don‟t know well or
someone you show respect to
• all usted and ustedes commands are formed the same as
the present subjunctive
1. start with the yo form of the present tense
**irregularity carries
2. drop the –o ending over from the yo form
to command form
3. add the following endings: >tenga, tengan
*-ar: -e (usted), -en (ustedes) >traiga, traigan
>venga, vengan
*-er/-ir: -a (usted), -an (ustedes)
**stem-changing verbs
*hable, hablen *Affirmative &
transition the same as
*coma, coman Negative
irregulars
*escriba, escriban commands use
>cuente, cuenten
the same verb
>vuelva, vuelvan
forms*
>pida, pidan
23. Negative Formal Commands
• add “no” in front of the formal
command
EX: No saquen sus libros.
No ponga su mochila aquí.
No lleguen tarde.
24. Informal Commands
• use when addressing family or friends
• affirmative tú commands are formed the same as the
present tense usted form
*hablar –ar + a= habla
*comer –er + e= come
*escribir –ir + e= escribe
*EX: Compra la camisa.
*pronoun attached to the end of aff. Commands
*IRREGULARS: decir-di, salir-sal, hacer-haz, ser-sé,
ver-ve, tener-ten, poner-pon, venir-ven
• negative informal commands use the tú form of the
present subjunctive (EX: no hables, no escribas)
*pronoun precedes the verb
25. Nosotros Commands
• used when the speaker suggests an action to be done
by a group, including the speaker
• two ways to form these commands: ir form and
subjunctive form
*IR: use present nosotros form of ir
EX: Vamos a nadar.
Vamos al restaurante.
*pronoun attached to the end
*SUBJUNCTIVE: use nosotros in the present
subjunctive form
EX: Tomemos un taxi.
Comamos aquí.
*pronouns nos & se-drop the final –s of the verb and
add to the end
26. Nosotros Commands contd.
Negative
• place “no” in front of the present subjunctive of nosotros
EX: No nademos.
No salgamos.
*reflexive, direct object, & indirect object pronouns
precede negative pronouns
EX: No los comamos.
Reflexive: Peinémonos el cabello. Cepillémonos
los dientes.
DO: Comámoslas. Pongámoslo.
IOP: Contestémosles.
**when attaching reflexive pronouns to the end of
a nosotros command, drop the final s of the
command form before the reflexive pronoun**
27. Object Pronouns
*direct object pronouns receive the
action of the verb
**indirect object pronouns identify to
whom or for whom an action is done
*direct/indirect object pronouns
precede the conjugated verb
*obj. pronouns may be attached to the
infinitive, gerund, affirmative command,
or placed before the conjugated verb
28. Object Pronouns contd.
**Le and Les change to se when they
are used with lo, la, los, or las
*when obj. pronouns are attached to
infinitives, participles, or commands, a
written accent is often required to
maintain proper word stress
29. Prepositional Pronouns
Mí: me, myself Él: him, it Nosotros/as: us, Ellos: them
ourselves
Ti: you, yourself Ella: her, it Vosotros/as: Ellas: them
you, yourselves
Ud.: you, yourself Sí: himself, Uds.: you, Sí: themselves
herself, itself yourselves
*prepositional pronouns function as the objects of
prepositions
>except for mí, ti, & sí, they are identical to their
corresponding subj. pronouns
*pronoun sí is used to refer back to the same third-person
subject (mismo/a(s) added for clarification)
*when mí, ti, & sí are used with con, they become conmigo,
contigo, & consigo
*these are used with tú and yo instead of ti and mí: entre,
excepto, incluso, menos, salvo, según
31. Possessive Adjectives
5 Possessive Adjectives: mi (my), tu (your informal),
su (his, her, their, your formal), nuestro (our), &
vuestro (your familiar or plural)
*mi, tu, and su have both singular and plural
forms: mi, mis, tu, tus, su, sus
• agree with the nouns they modify
• mi, tu, and su do not have feminine or masculine
forms (stay the same regardless of gender)
• nuestro and vuestro: nuestro, nuestra, nuestros,
nuestras & vuestro, vuestra, vuestros, vuestras
EX: mi libro, tus libros, su revista, nuestros carros,
vuestro cuaderno
32. Possessive Pronouns
• mine: el mío, la mía, los míos, las mías
• yours (familiars): el tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas
• yours (formal), his, hers: el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las
suyas
• ours: el nuestro, la nuestra, los nuestros, las nuestras
• yours (familiar): el vuestro, la vuestra, los vuestros, las
vuestras
• yours (formal), theirs: el suyo, la suya, los suyos, las
suyas
EX: Mi libro es grande pero el tuyo es pequeño.
Su carro es negro pero el mío es rojo.
33. Demonstrative Adjectives
Este Ese Aquel
este ese aquel
estos esos aquellos
esta esa aquella
estas esas aquellas
Neuter Forms (refer to abstract ideas)
*esto: this matter, this thing
*eso: that matter, that thing
*aquello: that matter/thing over there
34. Demonstrative Pronouns
• replace a noun in a phrase instead of
modifying it like an adjective would
1) replace noun(s) close to the speaker
(this one)
EX: Yo quiero ésta aquí.
Singular Plural
éste (this one here) éstos (this one here)
ésta (this one here) éstas (this one here)
35. Demonstrative Pronouns contd.
2) replace noun(s) that are not close to
the speaker (that one)
EX: Ésas son las más bonitas.
Singular Plural
ése (that one there) ésos (those there)
ésa (that one there) ésas (those there)
36. Demonstrative Pronouns contd.
3) replace noun(s) far from the speaker
and listener (that over there)
EX: Aquél allá es peligroso.
Singular Plural
aquél (that over there) aquéllos (those over
there)
aquélla (that over there) aquéllas (those over
there)
37. Reflexive Pronouns
• reflexive pronouns work with reflexive verbs to show that a
person is performing the action to him/herself (personal care &
daily routines)
• used to indicate an emotional response
EX: Me ducho cada mañana.
I shower (myself) every morning.
• placed immediately before simple conjugated verbs &
negative commands; attached to affirmative commands
Reflexive Verb Examples Singular Plural
cepillarse (to brush) 1st person me (to, for, from, or nos (to, for, from, or
off myself) off ourselves)
ducharse (to shower)
2nd person te (to, for, from, or os (to, for, from, or
secarse (to dry off) off yourself) off yourselves)
3rd person se (to, for, from, or se (to, for, from, or
off himself, herself, off themselves,
itself, yourself) yourselves)
38. Por y Para
POR PARA
*express gratitude or apology:
Gracias por la ayuda *destination: Ella salió para
*“through”, “along”, “by”, “in Madrid
the area of”: Andamos por el *use or purpose: El vaso es
parque para agua
*exchange, including sales
*“in order to”, “for the purpose
*“on behalf of”, “in favor of”
of”
*express length of time: Estudié
por dos horas *recipient: Este regalo es para
*“during” ti
*communication, *deadline or specific time
transportation: Viajo por tren y
hablo por teléfono
*express cause or reason
*idiomatic expression: por
ahora, por aquí, por ejemplo,
por favor, por fin, por último
39. To Become
• Hacerse: reflexive verb; to become, to
pretend; conjugated the same as
hacer (add the proper reflexive
pronoun-EX: me hago)
• Ponerse: me pongo, se ponen,
reflexive form of poner
• Volverse: me vuelvo, te vuelves
• Llegar a ser: Spanish phrasal verb that
means “to become”
