2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Presente 12. Por & para
2. Ser y estar 13. To become:
3. Gustar + hacerse, ponerse, volv
nouns/articles/adj erse, llegar a ser
4. Preterite vs imperfect ------------------------
5. Subj. in noun clause 2nd semester
6. Sub. In adj clauses
7. Commands
8. Object pronouns
9. Possessive
adj/pronouns
10. Demonstrative
adj/pronouns
11. Reflexives
3. EL PRESENTE
AR ER IR
o o o
as es es
a e e
amos emos imos
áis éis ís
an en en
Drop the infinitive ending and add the conjugation to what
it needs to be.
4. SER Y ESTAR
Ser: to be (permanence)
Nationality Estar: to be (temporary)
Profession Location/spacial relationships
Characteristics of Health
people/generalizations Physical states/conditions
Possessions Emotional states
Material of coposition Certain weather expressions
Time, date, or season. Ongoing actions- progressive
Where/when an event takes Results of actions- past
place. participles
Expected qualities Variable qualities
5. GUSTAR + NOUNS/ARTICLES/ADJ
Me/te/le/les/nos gusta/gustan
Gusta is used for items being liked that are singular. If there is a
verb after ‘gusta’, use the verb’s infinitive.
Me gusta comer manzanas y fresas. I like to eat apples and
strawberries.
Me gustan las manzanas. I like apples.
VERBS LIKE GUSTAR:
fascinar, encantar, molestar, preocupar, interesar, dolar, faltar, aburri
r, disgustar, apetecer, etc.
a + prepositional pronoun or a + noun = emphasize who is
pleased, bothered, etc.
6. PRETERITE VS IMPERFECT
Preterite Imperfect
é aba
aste abas
ó aba
amos
asteis ábamos
aron abais
aban
Both indicate the past. However, preterite is used for
past actions that are ‘completed’, meaning you can’t
come back and continue to do them. Imperfect is
generally used for ‘incomplete’ actions- there is no
inferred beginning or end. They could still be
happening right now.
7. SUBJ IN NOUN CLAUSES
Alena no corre hoy. Alena is not running today. (correr)
Quiero que compres el arbol de navidad. I want you to buy the
christmas tree. (comprar)
Deseo que te corres. I want you to run. (correr)
The ending is changed to the opposite vowel.
8. SUBJ IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
An adjective clause helps describe a noun in detail.
No hay nada ahi que me guste. There is nothing there that I
like.
Since it uses subjunctive, you flip the ending of the conjugated
verb to that of the opposite vowel.
Ar- er/ir
Er/ir- ar
9. COMMANDS
AFFIRMATIVE
Tú- drop the s
Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon,sal, se, ten, ven
Ud/Uds- put it in ‘yo’ and change to opposite vowel.
irregulars- TVDISHES
NEGATIVE
Tu- put in ‘yo’, change to opposite vowel, add an s. (TVDISHES)
Ud/Uds- same as positive Ud/Uds (irr. TVDISHES)
10. OBJECT PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Direct
object pronouns directly receive the action of the verb.
Indirect object pronouns identify to whom or for whom an
action is done.
Indirect: me te le nos os les
Direct: me te lo/la nos os los/las
11. POSSESSIVE ADJ/PRONOUNS
Adjectives describe su(s) os, -as)
nouns
Pronouns take the
his, her, your your (fam. pl.)
place of nouns(formal), their vuestro gato
mi(s) su gato vuestras gatos
my sus gatos
mi gato nuestro(-a, -
mis gatos os, -as):
tu(s): our
your (fam. sing.) nuestro gato
tu gato nuestras gatos
tus
vuestro(-a, -
12. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND
PRONOUNS
Ése- that Éste- this Aquél- that
ésa ésta Aquélla
ésos éstos Aquéllos
ésas éstas Aquélla
13. REFLEXIVES
Reflexive verbs end in ‘se’.
lavar
to wash (non-reflexive)
lavarse
to wash oneself (reflexive)
rascar
to scratch (non-reflexive)
rascarse
to scratch oneself (reflexive)
When conjugated, you conjugated the ‘se’ into what it needs to
me (e.g. me, te, le, etc.) and put it in front of the verb.
Te lavas
Le rasca
14. POR Y PARA
POR: Por has seven special uses: PARA: Para also has seven uses.
General location & motion Expresses destination
Duration of action Deadline or specific future destination
Motive of action Purpose/goal + infinitive (In order
for…)
Object of search
Purpose + noun (In order for ____)
Translation of ‘by’
Recipient
Exchange or substitution
Unit of Measure Comparison or opinion
It is used more as ‘for’, whereas In the employ of… (she works for…)
para can mean ‘through’ or ‘by’.
Este libro es para mi hermana.
Gracias por el regalo.
15. TO BECOME
hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a ser: these all mean ‘to
become’.
Ponerse/Volverse are followed by an adjective and infer a
change in physical or emotional state.
Hacerse/llegar a ser are followed by a noun or an adjective
and infer a change in something due to effort.
Mari se pone verde cuando enferma. Mari turns green when
she is sick.
Llegó a ser muy popular a escuela. He became very popular
at school.
17. REFLEXIVE VERBS
In reflexive construction, the subject of the verb performs and receives the action.
Me te se nos les
Aburrir- to bore, aburrirse- to become bored
Acordar- to agree, acordarse- to remember
Comer- to eat, comerse- to eat up
Dormir- to sleep, dormirse- to fall asleep
Ir- to go, irse- to go away from
Quitar- to take away, quitarse- to take off (clothing)
Parecer- to seem, parecerse (a)- to resemble, to look like
A, de, and en added to the reflexive will make it mean about, to, of.
18. FUTURE & CONDITIONAL
The Future tense is used to
indicate that something will
happen in the nearby future. The conditional tense is used
-é, -ás, -á, -emos, - to indicate that a person
should have, could have, or
éis, -án are used for all regular would have applied an action
verbs. THEY ARE ADDED TO THE (also for probably or possibly).
INFINITIVE IN ITS TOTALITY.
Comeré- I will eat. ía
Caminaremos- we will walk. ías
Irregulars:
ía
saber, poner, venir, salir, hacer, de íamos
cir, tener, haber, etc.
íais
ían are applied to the
INFINITIVE IN ITS TOTALITY.
19. LO NEUTER
Lo + adjective is usually translated to The adjective
thing/part/one/style or What is adjective
Veo lo triste que es. I see how sad it is.
Lo que quiero es tu VIDA. What I want is
your life. ;)
20. PRESENT PERFECT
Hacer + ado/ido = (noun) HAS done the verb.
If you are using reflexives, put the reflexive prefix IN FRONT of
the conjugated hacer.
He
Has
Ha
Han
Hemos
He sido triste porque mi mama es enferma
I have been sad because my mom is sick.
21. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Que Quien(es) Lo Que Cuyo
that, which, who Who, whom, What, that A relative
used when there that which, or the adjective relates
is not a Refers ONLY to thing that…. the owner to
preposition. Add people- often that which is
el or la when used with a owned, as does
there IS a preposition or "whose".
preposition. the personal ‘a’.
Refers to things Set off by Idea/situation/p Use it to say
or people commas- ast event ______, whose
occasionally use _______ is _____
que.
El hombre que Lourdes, quien Lo que quiero es La mujer, cuyo
limpia es Pedro. estudia español una casa en casa es
es muy Acapulco. pequeña, tiene
intelegente. muchas gatas.
