3. 9th century Europe (800s)
Collapse of Carolingian Empire
Political chaos
Decline in influence of the church
Moral Decay

4. Power Struggle
• The three
Church powers united
in their efforts
CONFLICT when it came
Nobles Kings
to the
Crusades,
Crusades because all
benefitted from
them.

5. I. Reforms in the Church
Pope Leo III crowning of Charlemagne
sets a precedent
Church has authority over political leaders
Corruption in church made it lose its
prestige and authority in society

6. A. Need for Reform
Church amassed a great wealth
Neglected church duties to satisfy personal
hunger and greed
Seeking protection the church entered the
feudal system
Loyalty was split between lord and God

7. Nobles started to think that it King
appointing
was their right to appoint church clergy
officials (lay investiture)
Nobles appointed men with low or
no morals who would be loyal to
them

8. 910- Cluny, France
Reforms Began
Forbade simony = buying and selling of
church positions or relics
Cistercians = monks living in seclusion and
strict discipline
Bernard Clairvaux- outspoken critic of
worldliness in church and society

9. B. Rivalry between Pope & Emperor
Church reform  rescue papacy from
weakness and corruption
1059 – College of Cardinals formed
Clergy group who picked next pope
After 200 years of bad popes,
they chose a good one

10. Notice who is whispering
Gregory VII (1073 – 85) in his ear? Who does the
dove represent?
Benedictine Monk
 believed church was superior to
state
Wanted to free the church from
state control
1075  Gregory forbade any
lay person to appoint a member
of clergy

11. Conflict with Henry IV
Refused to obey Pope Gregory IV, wanted
to appoint his own church clergy
Pope excommunicates him & releases his
subjects from his authority
Henry’s nobles pressure him into asking the
Pope’s forgiveness (How do you think they did
that?)
1077 – Canossa, Henry asks forgiveness
Pope keeps him waiting 3 days in the snow until he
talks to Henry
Notice how much the
pope’s throne looks
like a monarch’s
throne

12. Struggle between church and monarch
Continues until 1122 AD
Reach compromise at Concordat of Worms
1. Church can elect own bishops
 Election held before clergy and monarch
2. Emperor can invest church officials with
secular authority

13. New Religious Orders
13th century new reform movements
Franciscan and Dominican
Emphasized service to others
Lived and preached among people
Renounced worldly possessions
Friars, mendicant orders (beggars)
Allegiance to pope

14. FRANCIS OF
ASSISI DOMINIC
Founder of Spanish nobleman
Devoted to battling
Franciscan order heresy
Son of rich Best way to fight heresy
is to educate
merchant
Promoted learning
Gave up life of Taught at best
wealth for live of universities
poverty and Greatest scholars
service to order Leaders of Inquisition
(court to find and try
heretics)

15. Zenith of Papacy
Reform to restore church power
Increase power of pope above all else
Innocent III (1198 - 1216)
Most powerful pope
Called himself the “sun” (king = moon)
“royal authority derives power from papal authority”
Used his power to humble kings and stamp out
opponents

16. Papal Weapons
Excommunication Interdict Inquisition
• Take away • Suspend church • Court to find and try
sacraments and services &sacraments heresy (teaching
fellowship with in an area (used to contrary to church
believers punish disobedient teaching)
• “anathema” curse kings) • Heresy = greatest
person to hell, it is • Public outcry would crime in medieval
legal to kill this force king into times
person, murderer obedience • Used torture and
would receive “grace” death to punish the
as a reward guilty

17. Results of Reform
Reforms rebuilt the church’s prestige
Did not PURIFY it from contamination
Wanted political power not spiritual power
Outside changes occurred, but NO INSIDE
changes

19. A. Founding of German Kingdoms
East Frankland  descendants of
Louis the German
Weak, could not protect from Magyars
Dukes = local tribe leaders
Assumed role of protectors
Duchy- land under rule of duke
* After death of last Carolingian king,
dukes chose from one of their own to
rule as king

20. First German Saxon King
Henry Fowler (Henry I)
Loved hunting with hawks
Allowed dukes to govern own lands
Dukes had authority to deal with their internal
affairs
Henry wanted to strengthen his land =
Saxony
He wanted to make Saxony a strong military
base
Repel Slavs and Magyars
Extend his land eastward

21. Otto I (936 – 973) Consider this: Is
this what led
him be called
Henry’s Son “Otto the
Great”?
One of strongest German kings
Wanted to assert his power over the dukes (his
father never did this)
Used power of the church to do this
Church supplied him with soldiers
Defeated Magyars
They settled in Danube River Valley

22. Establishment of the Holy Roman
Empire
10th century Italy
Divided into warring states
Otto crosses into Italy, takes over Lombardy
Proclaims himself king of Italy
962- Otto marches into Rome
 Pope asks him for help against Roman nobles
 Crowned Otto Emperor
“I’ll give you crown, if you give me protection”
This is an example of the bartering system that was so
common in Middle Ages. Instead of money being exchanged,
goods/favors were exchanged for goods/favors. It was so
engrained in society that even the pope and king made it work
for them.

23. Germanic Empire began to be called the
Holy Roman Empire
This shows the close association between
Otto and the Roman Catholic Church
Otto claimed to be descended from
Charlemagne and Roman Emperors
What other people claimed
to be descended from
great past leaders and how
did it benefit them? (China,
Japan, Mongols, etc.)

24. Conflicts within Empire
1. Conflict of Interests
German rulers intervened in Italian affairs
Paid more attention to Italy than home in their
German lands
German nobles increased in power
Divided interests weakened emperors power
Hindered unification of Germany and Italy

25. 2. Conflict with Popes
Emperors intervened in papal affairs
Began to appoint church officials (lay investiture)
Pope began to challenge emperor authority in
church affairs
Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII
Pope won temporary victory
Henry return home and appoints new pope
Gregory dies in exile
Later Pope Innocent III interferes in
politics and weakens power of
emperor.

26. 3. Conflict with Nobles
Nobles enjoyed great power while emperor
was involved in Italy
Salian Emperors (1024- 1125)
Weak rulers
Civil war broke out
Feudalism brought order
Powerful nobles ruled the land and chose the
next king

27. Empire under Hohenstaufens
1152- King from Hohenstaufens family
Frederick I “Barbossa” “Red Beard”
Wanted to restore glory and stalibity to empire
Meddled in Italian affairs
Strong opposition from pope
Marriage alliance between son and heiress of
Sicily

28. Frederick II (1215 - 1250)
 grandson of Frederick I
Heir to German & Sicilian throne
Exposed to Greek & Arab cultures
Educated, patron of arts and scholars
Ward of Pope Innocent III
Promised Pope not to claim Sicily throne
After Pope dies he breaks his promise
Almost united Italy under his rule
 Resistance from papacy
Why did Pope want to prevent Frederick
from claiming throne to Sicily on top of his
throne of Germany? Notice where the
Papal states are located…

29. The death of Frederick  decline in Holy
Roman Empire
Emperor’s contact with Germany was
minimal
Ignored the German nobles, they did whatever
they wanted
Attempts to unify Germany and Italy = FAIL
What follows is a long history of disunity in both
countries
Not until 1800s do these become united in the countries
that we know today

30. German States Italian
States

32. England  Anglo-Saxons
Romans leave Britannia (England) early 5th
century
Germanic tribes invade from N. Europe
Angles and Saxons establish independent kingdoms
9th century Vikings (Danes) start to invade
England
Alfred the Great (871 – 99)
Saxon King (last kingdom
not invaded by Vikings)
Defeated Danes (Vikings)
& pushed them to NE England
Drove out Vikings from England
under Edward the Confessor

33. Alfred the Great
Lay foundation for
Build churches and Invited foreign
rule over united
schools scholars to teach
England
Translated
Split land into important literature
Good ruler
shires (counties) into common
language
Began Anglo-
Patron of learning Build up navy Saxon chronicle
(History of England

34. Edward the Confessor (1042 – 1066)
Descendant of Alfred
Devoted to God
Died without heir
cousin William (Duke of Normandy) claimed
crown was promised to him
Nobles appointed Harold, Earl of Essex as king
William got pope blessing, raised army and invaded
England
Did you know: Edward the Confessor
donated money to build Westminster
Abbey, which turned out to be where
many monarchs have been crowned
and buried ever since.

35. Battle of Hastings
Battle of
William Hastings
Harold Duke
Duke of (fight for
of Essex
Normandy English
Throne)
• Brought feudalism to
• William wins
England
• Norman line of
• Gave lands to his military
English kings
followers (who swore
• William II
allegiance to him)
• Henry I
• Saw his authority greater
than pope (appointed his
own bishops)

36. Reforms strengthen Royal Authority
New Royal Line  Plantagenet
Henry II (1154 – 1189)
Great grandson of William the Conqueror
Frenchman (owned more land in France than England)
 Owned more French land than the king of France
 ** Rivalry between 2 kings because of this
Strengthened royal authority
Circuit court  justices traveled and heard cases
throughout the land
 Jury of 12 men gathered information to present to justice when he
arrived
 ** more cases were heard in royal courts than in church courts**
Henry’s justices provided universal laws for
everyone
Common law unified the country and ensured
that justice was done

37. Thomas a Becket
Friend of Henry II
Henry appointed him archbishop (highest
church position in England)
Once in office he began disagreeing with
Henry
Conflict climaxed when Henry wanted to try
clergy in royal court, not church court
Knights kill Becket, he becomes a martyr
King abandons plan to control clergy

38. RICHARD I JOHN
( 11 8 9 – 11 9 9 ) ( 11 9 9 – 1 2 1 6 )
 Son of Henry II  Brother of Richard I
 “lion hearted” brave  Able ruler
warrior and crusader  Lacked personal
 Kings Crusade and qualities of his brother
defending lands in  Weak willed &
France kept him away Unscrupulous
from England most of his  Constant conflict with
reign French, Pope, and
 His brother, John and Nobles
French King plotted to
overthrow him
Setting for Prince
fictional tale John
of Robin 
Hood
King
Richard

39. King John’s Conflict with:
French
• Took control of
many of John’s
lands in France
Pope
Nobles • Conflict over next Archbishop of
Canterbury
• Angry with high • Monks chose one, John chose
taxes another, both went to Rome
• Pope chooses his own
• 1215- Nobles archbishop, King John refused
revolted & forced to accept him to England
John to sign • Pope excommunicates King
Magna Carta John
• King John gives in and obeys
Pope

40. Magna Carta Limits Royal Power
One of most important documents in British
History
symbol of freedom from oppression
Foundation for English common law
no free man should be imprisoned without due
process
 Echoed in America’s Bill of Rights and Constitution
King is not above the law
He can be removed if does not obey law

41. Parliament Becomes Important
Institution
Edward I (1272 – 1307)
Wanted to extend rule over all Britain
 Scotland, Wales and England
Conquered wales (made his firstborn son = Prince of
Wales)
Cannot conquer Scotland (fierce opposition)
Developed Parliament “to speak” until now king’s
Up
Enlarged membership to include: councils had only been
 Knights from every shire upper class nobles
 Citizens to represent each town
William
Anglo-Saxon Edward I
Conqueror
“witan” parliament
“curia regis”

42. Edward I - Parliament
Divided into 2 houses
1. Commons – knights and citizens
2. Lords- nobility, chief vassals
King cannot propose new taxes without
consent of parliament
Means king had to summon parliament regularly to
obtain needed $$
Parliament could refuse to pass king’s new taxes
to get what they wanted from him (power of the
purse)
Parliament’s power grew
Legislative body, not only advisory body
anymore

43. France Capetians
West Frankland broke up
987 AD- Nobles chose Hugh Capet king
Count of Paris
Founded new royal line- Capetian
increased monarch power over feudal lords
1. Sons succeeded father’s on throne
2. King added lands under his control (marriage or conquest)
3. Effective system of centralized government
4. Allies with church and townspeople
 Wealth of church and towns made king
independent of nobles

44. Philip and Royal Expansion
Capetian kings only
ruled small land area
around Paris
called Ile de France
Surrounded by lands of
powerful nobles
Examples- Henry
Plantagenet, William Duke
of Normandy
Early capetian kings
struggled to hold onto
their land
Notice only the darker green
area belonged to the French
king. (The red colors all
belonged to the English
kings.)

45. Phillip II (1180 – 1223)
founder of France
Enlarged territory under his rule
This increased power over vassals (Remember land =
power)
Began period of Capetian greatness
Main obstacle = English holding lands in France
Gained lands of King John
 Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Tourine (tripled size of Royal lands)
Increased power of central government
Placed royal officials throughout lands to
administer justice and enforce king’s authority

46. Louis IX and Royal Dignity
Grandson of Philip III
Ideal medieval king
 Sincere, pious and just
 Valued peace and justice
Sought to protect every person’s rights
Expanded jurisdiction of royal courts
Established permanent court at Paris
Led 2 crusades against Muslims
Died on 2nd crusade

47. Philip IV (The Fair)
Handsome; 17 years old comes to throne
Further strengthen central government and
organization
Tax clergy- need revenue
Pope Boniface says “No one can tax clergy”
Philip refuses to send tithes to Rome
Philip has support of French people to stand up to
Pope
*** People support king more than pope***
Notice this never happened in England, the
people never supported the king above the
Pope. This leads to king having more
power than Pope in France

48. Estates General
Representatives from 3 social classes:
Church
Nobility
Townspeople
All meet in Paris
Asks for their advice, but DOES NOT seek
their approval for legislation and raise taxes

49. Notice: French monarchy will continue to
grow in power until it becomes an
unlimited, absolute monarchy
This is a great contrast with the limited
monarchy that is developing in England.
This will end up causing problems in a
few hundred years in France that will
end in a horrendous revolution.

51. The Call to Crusades
People would go to Jerusalem on a pilgrimage
 Similar to Islam and Mecca
Some went for piety (to get closer to God)
Some went for forgiveness of sins
11th century Seljuk Turks get close to
Constantinople
Byzantine Empire asks West for help
Pope Urban II addresses church leaders and
nobles
Calls for Crusades to save Holy Land from Turks
Convinces people it is God’s will to wage war on
Turks
 Next 200 years many Europeans obsessed with liberating
Holy Lands from Muslims

52. Motives
1. Adventure seekers
2. Pious, defenders of the church
3. Escape from boring lives
4. Gain fortunes
5. Knights looking for a fight
6. Merchants looking for commercial gain

53. Church
Major force behind the Crusades
Promised rewards on earth and heaven for
fighting in Crusades
Eternal Life
Debt forgiveness
Penance for sins

54. Crusades 8 of them from 1095 – 1291
First Crusade (1096-99)
Most successful one
Took back city of Jerusalem & 4 small Mediterranean
kingdoms
Second Crusade = FAIL
King’s Crusade (1189 – 1192)
Muslim’s recapture Jerusalem
Crusade lead by Europes most powerful kings
 Frederick Barbossa- Germany
 Philip Augustus- France
 Richard Lionheart – England
Make a 3 year truce with Muslims to allow pilgrimages to
holy places

55. Diverted Crusade
Venetians transport crusaders
They don’t have enough money to pay
Must attack Venice rival city
Crusaders have appetite for plunder, no
more Holy Land
Attack Constantinople and pillaged city
1204 Constantinople fell
The irony here is that Constantinople was the one who
asked for the Crusader’s help and protection from the
invasion of the Turks. The Crusaders are the ones
who caused it to fall in t he end…

56. Later Crusades
Crusades 4 – 8 all failed to accomplish
anything
People’s zeal and religious fervor started to
die out in Western Europe
Started to become occupied with explorations
and expeditions
Crusader explorer
“take up your cross” “seek and discover”
recovery of Holy Land find new routes to Far East

57. Consequences of Crusades
1. Weakening of Feudalism in Europe
Serfs bought their freedom to go on crusades
Growth of cities
Strong monarchs
2. Expansion of commercial activity in
Europe
 Exposed to riches of far East
 Sugar, spices, fruits, silk, cotton, glass, mirrors, etc.
 Increase in trade
 Rise of money economy

58. Consequences of Crusades
3. Early Crusades  increase power of Pope
Later crusades  people disillusioned and
distrustful of pope
4. Introduction to new cultures (Muslim &
Byzantine) This leads to
the
- Renewed interest in knowledge of antiquityRenaissance
Chapter 11
- Roman and Greek teachings
5. Increase in travel and knowledge of This leads to the
Geography Age of
Exploration
- encouraged exploration Chapter 13