The Medieval Fusion of Church and State Interrelation of Secular and Religious Authorities Political and religious authorities in the High Middle Ages (1000-1350) had many conflicts, but none advocated a division between church and state. I. Political and Religious InterrelationsII. Papal Reform MovementIII. The Eleventh-Century Investiture Conflict I. Political and Religious Interrelations1. “Separation of Church and State” Defining what we mean in the twenty-first century: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.”2. The political role of medieval clergyBishops as worldly lords3. The religious role of medieval secular rulers II. Papal Reform Movement (Freedom of the Church)1. Choosing bishops and the PopeHenry III installs Pope Leo IX 1048Establishment of the College of Cardinals 10592. Attacking Church Abuses (secular clergy)SimonyProprietary ChurchesClerical Marriage/ConcubinageLay Investiture 3. Papacy as Religious Monarchy 1. Extending Papal JurisdictionPopes claim power to invest all bishops (those outside his territory in central Italy)2. Pope as Feudal LordConferred the status of king on the Norman ruler of Sicily3. Development of Canon Law and Pope as Ultimate JudgePapal Curia as a Church Supreme Court III. The Investiture Conflict1. Control of Milan 1075Pope Gregory VII deposed German bishops appointed by Henry IVHenry IV King of Germany and “Emperor of the Romans”2. Gregory excommunicates Henry, who faces a challenger for imperial throne 3. Canossa 1077; Civil War in Germany; Second excommunication4. Gregory Flees Rome 10845. Concordat of Worms 1122 Holy War: The First Crusade Urban II in 1095 in Clermont The Crusades grew out of the papal reform movement of the eleventh century and the increased political role of the pope in European affairs. Through the crusades the popes applied ideas of purification and regeneration to all of Christendom.Not just the clergy needed to be purified, but also the lay warrior elite. Through holy war! I. Preconditions for the Crusades1. Church and Papal Reform2. Penitential and Devotional Practices3. Christian Ideas of Just War and Holy War4. Political Fragmentation in the Islamic WorldBreakdown of the Abbasid Caliphate and the Influence of the Seljuk Turks II. Unexpected Developments1. The Peasants’ Crusade (Popular Crusade)Walter the Penniless and Peter the Hermit2. Attacks on Jewish Communities in the Rhineland (1096)Jews forced to convert or die3. The Baron’s Crusade and the Capture of Jerusalem (1099) III. Consequences of the Crusades1. The Capture of Jerusalem (1099)2. Establishment of Latin Crusader States3. Increased Conflict with the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Orthodox Church4. Increased Trade with the Near East Queing Models: You need cash and FAST! You jump out of your car at a location known to have one ATM, but a history of a line. Usually you can expec ...

1. The Medieval Fusion of Church and State
Interrelation of Secular and Religious Authorities
Political and religious authorities in the High Middle Ages
(1000-1350) had many conflicts, but none advocated a division
between church and state.
I. Political and Religious InterrelationsII. Papal Reform
MovementIII. The Eleventh-Century Investiture Conflict
I. Political and Religious Interrelations1. “Separation of Church
and State” Defining what we mean in the twenty-first century:
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.”2. The
political role of medieval clergyBishops as worldly lords3. The
religious role of medieval secular rulers

2. II. Papal Reform Movement (Freedom of the Church)1.
Choosing bishops and the PopeHenry III installs Pope Leo IX
1048Establishment of the College of Cardinals 10592. Attacking
Church Abuses (secular clergy)SimonyProprietary
ChurchesClerical Marriage/ConcubinageLay Investiture
3. Papacy as Religious Monarchy 1. Extending Papal
JurisdictionPopes claim power to invest all bishops (those
outside his territory in central Italy)2. Pope as Feudal
LordConferred the status of king on the Norman ruler of
Sicily3. Development of Canon Law and Pope as Ultimate
JudgePapal Curia as a Church Supreme Court
III. The Investiture Conflict1. Control of Milan 1075Pope
Gregory VII deposed German bishops appointed by Henry
IVHenry IV King of Germany and “Emperor of the Romans”2.
Gregory excommunicates Henry, who faces a challenger for
imperial throne 3. Canossa 1077; Civil War in Germany; Second
excommunication4. Gregory Flees Rome 10845. Concordat of
Worms 1122
Holy War: The First Crusade
Urban II in 1095 in Clermont

3. The Crusades grew out of the papal reform movement of the
eleventh century and the increased political role of the pope in
European affairs. Through the crusades the popes applied ideas
of purification and regeneration to all of Christendom.Not just
the clergy needed to be purified, but also the lay warrior elite.
Through holy war!
I. Preconditions for the Crusades1. Church and Papal Reform2.
Penitential and Devotional Practices3. Christian Ideas of Just
War and Holy War4. Political Fragmentation in the Islamic
WorldBreakdown of the Abbasid Caliphate and the Influence of
the Seljuk Turks
II. Unexpected Developments1. The Peasants’ Crusade (Popular
Crusade)Walter the Penniless and Peter the Hermit2. Attacks on
Jewish Communities in the Rhineland (1096)Jews forced to
convert or die3. The Baron’s Crusade and the Capture of
Jerusalem (1099)
III. Consequences of the Crusades1. The Capture of Jerusalem
(1099)2. Establishment of Latin Crusader States3. Increased
Conflict with the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Orthodox
Church4. Increased Trade with the Near East

4. Queing Models:
You need cash and FAST! You jump out of your car at a
location known to have one ATM, but a history of a line.
Usually you can expect to wait 250 seconds from the time you
arrive until leaving with the $$. Service time averages 30
seconds.
Remembering
a. What is the utilization of the server? _____% (0.5 pts)
b. What is the expected time between people arriving to this
system?
_____ seconds (0.5 pts)

5. c. How long is the line expected to be upon arrival? _____
people (0.5 pts)
d. What is the service rate of the server? _____ people/second
(0.5 pts)
Correct answer with work shown for every answer and
necessary conversions shown from data given.
W
W
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q
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m
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6. =
,
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1
,
,
Formation and Collapse of the Carolingian Empire
The Carolingians were a Frankish noble family that replaced the
Merovingians as the royal dynasty (usurped the throne).The
Carolingians created a new political system that was neither the
empire of ancient Rome nor a Barbarian kingdom. To maintain
their empire they fashioned new political structures while
appealing to a legacy of the imperial Roman past.
The Carolingian DynastyCharles Martel, Mayor of the
PalacePepin the Short, King of the Franks (751-768
C.E.)Charles the Great (Charlemagne), (768-814)Brother
Carloman died 771Crowned “Emperor of the Romans” 800
C.E.Louis the Pious (814-842)

7. I. Building an EmpireII. The Disintegration of EmpireIII. The
Dark Ages and the beginning of Feudalism
I. Building an Empire1. Military Expansion Against Saxons
(Northern Germany); Lombards (Italy)2. An Alliance with the
Bishop of Rome3. Governing without a state or regular taxation
missi dominici (itinerant judges)Appointed counts as regional
administrators and military leaders (counties)Oaths of
fidelityMonks for literate scribes and advisors
II. The Disintegration of Empire1. Internal Divisions and
Centrifugal ForcesProblem of empire as private
propertyPartition of Verdun 843 (C.E.)Rebellion by local counts
and lords (milites)2. External Invasions (Ninth and Tenth
centuries)Vikings (Norsemen, Northmen, Rus)Magyar
(Established in Danube River Valley)Muslim Pirates raids along
Mediterranean coasts
“Age of Viking Expansion”Annals of St. BertinCharles the Bald
king of Western Franks pays extortion money to Vikings
(845)Local lords such as Odo count of Paris led defense (also

8. bishops )Chronicle of St. DenisRollo the Norman (Northman)
received the Duchy of Normandy from Charles the Simple (c.
911)Oaths of fidelity among warlords and
bishopsVikings/Scandinavians Convert to Christianity
“Dragon ships” typically carried between 50 and 100 warriors.
*
As a consequence of the disintegration of the Carolingian
political order and the subsequent invasions, people during the
tenth century began to seek protection from local
warlords/landlords (milites) who assumed responsibilities once
vested in royal authorities.
III. Dark Ages (late 9th and 10th centuries) and Early
Feudalism1. Decentralized Power; weak monarchs; petty lords
control local areas2. Lord and Vassal Relations
(vassalage)Voluntary personal ties of loyalty and dependence
between free warriors sealed by oaths3. The Fief (and the
benefice)Grants of property or jurisdictionHeavy armed cavalry
(stirrups, saddles, lances)Fortresses and simple Castles
4. Confusion of Loyalty and Obligations5. The Manor and

9. Manorialism (Seigneurialism) Seigneur/Señor/Lord6. Serfs and
PeasantsIncrease in Agricultural ProductionHeavy plow,
shoulder yoke, and three-field rotationProvided their lord with
portion of annual agricultural productionTied to the land, but
could not be dispossessedProvided labor services to their lords
(in place of taxes)
Lords/VassalsGodKingDukeCount: William of Aquitaine/Fulk
of AnjouBishop: Gerald of Limoges/GilbertViscount:
Boso/RalphLord: Joselin/Hugh/Aimery/Bernard
The Demise of the Carolingian DynastyEast Frankish Kingdom
(the Kingdom of GermanyOtto I Duke of Saxony chosen king
936Battle of Lechtfeld 955 defeats MagyarsImitates
Charlemagne 962West Frankish Kingdom (the Kingdom of
France)Hugh Capet Count of France chosen king 987Duke of
Lorraine
The End of Saxon Rule in EnglandCnut Prince of DenmarkKing
of England (1016), Denmark (1018), and Norway (1028)Edward
the Confessor Regains throne from Cnut’s son (1042)William
Duke of Normandy becomes king of England Battle of Hastings
1066 CE
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_France_1030-
fr.svg