2. It is a symbolic
construction which uses
abstract concepts, facts or
laws, variables and their
relations that explains and
predicts how an observed
phenomenon exists and
operates is
_ h _ _ r _ t _ c _ l
_ r _ m _ _ o _ k
T h e o r e t i c a l
f r a m e w o r k (CALMORIN & PALER-CALMORIN, 2007)
3. It is a response variable
which is observed and
measured to determine
the effect of stimulus
variable is
D _ p _ _ d _ n _
_ a _ i _ bl _
D e p e n d e n t
v a r i a bl e
(CALMORIN & PALER-CALMORIN, 2007)
4. It is a stimulus variables
that determines
relationships of
variable to an observed
phenomenon is
_ n _ _ p _ _ d _ n _
_ a _ i _ bl _
I n d e p e n d e n t
v a r i a bl e
(CALMORIN & PALER-CALMORIN, 2007)
6. Framework
- describe as the abstract,
logical structure of meaning
that guide the development
of the study.
https://www.slideshare.net/ludymae/chapter-
6theoretical-conceptual-framework
7. Theoretical Framework
- is a symbolic construction
which uses abstract concept, facts or
laws, variables and their relations
that explains and predict how an
observed phenomenon exist and
operates (CALMORIN & PALER-
CALMORIN, 2007).
8. To make research
findings
meaningful and
generalizable.
Purpose of Theoretical
Framework
9. To establish orderly
connections
between
observations and
facts
Purpose of Theoretical
Framework
10. To predict and
control situations
Purpose of Theoretical
Framework
11. What is Variable?
A variable is any factor,
trait, or condition that
can exist in differing
amounts or types
13. The effect of academic rank
on the research performance
of professors.
• Group of high academic
rank professors
• Group of low academic
rank professors
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:
Academic rank
14. DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
Research Performance
The effect of academic rank
on the research performance
of professors.
• Group of high academic
rank professors
• Group of low academic
rank professors
15. Ex. 1
Educational qualification of
teachers affect their
socioeconomic status because
the higher the educational
qualification, the higher the
salary will be. Educational
qualification is ___
Independent Variable
16. Ex. 2
Performance is affected by
civil status and gender
because single female
researchers are more efficient
than married female
researchers. To which variable
does performance belong?
Dependent Variable
18. It is an interaction in
which oral questions are
posed by the interviewer
to elicit oral response from
the interviewee.
Interviews
19. is one of the very important
methods for obtaining
comprehensive data in
qualitative research
especially when a composite
of both oral and visual data
become vital to the research.
Observation
20. This is a data collection
instrument mostly used in
normative surveys. This is a
systematically prepared form or
document with a set of questions
deliberately designed to elicit
responses from respondents or
research informants for the
purpose of collecting data or
information.
Questionnaire
23. References:
• CALMORIN, M. A., & PALER-
CALMORIN, L. (2007). RESEARCH
METHODS and THESIS WRITING. REX
Printing Company, INC.
• https://www.slideshare.net/ludymae
/chapter-6theoretical-conceptual-
framework
• https://www.slideshare.net/MhayeB
arile1/research-instrument-
69813352
• https://www.scribd.com/document/
78151508/Theoretical-Framework
Editor's Notes
Why do we need theoretical framework in research?
The Use of a Theoretical Framework as a Guide in a Research Study The theoretical framework plays an important role in guiding the entire process of the research study Theories are constructed in order to explain, predict and master phenomena (e.g. relationships, events, or the behavior).
Independent Variable (IV) – this is the stimulus variable which is chosen by the researcher to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon.
Dependent Variable (DV) – This is the response variable which is observed and measured to determined the effect of the independent variable.
Ex. A researcher wishes to determine the effect of academic rank on the research performance of professors. He takes a group of high academic rank professors, i.e., full professors and observes their performance. Likewise, he takes another of group of low academic rank professors i.e., assistant professors and observes their performance. In this particular example, academic rank is the independent variable because it is manipulated.
Ex. A researcher wishes to determine the effect of academic rank on the research performance of professors. He takes a group of high academic rank professors, i.e., full professors and observes their research performance. Likewise, he takes another of group of low academic rank professors i.e., assistant professors and observes their research performance. In this example, the dependent variable is research performance. Because it changes as a result of variations in academic rank.
If academic rank is high, what happens to research performance? If academic rank is low, what happens to research performance?
Research-made instruments such as questionnaire, test, observation, interviews and many others should meet the qualities of a good research instruments before gathering or collecting data, and are important devices because the SUCCESS or FAILURE of a study lies on the data gathered.
Validity means the degree to which a test or measuring instruments measures what it intends to measure. In other words, there is veracity or truthfulness of the response.
Reliability means the extent to which a research instruments is dependable, consistent, and stable. In other words, the test agrees with itself. However, a reliable test may not always be valid.
Usability means the degree to which the research instruments can satisfactory used by teachers, researchers, supervisors and school managers w/out undue expenditure of time, money and effort.