This document outlines the key parts of chapter 3 in a research paper, which focuses on the research methodology. It discusses the importance of research design, identifying the qualitative designs of historical study, ethnography, phenomenology, case study and grounded theory. It also covers selecting a research locale, population and sampling techniques, methods of data gathering such as questionnaires, interviews and observations. The document concludes with discussing statistical treatment of data and approaches to qualitative data analysis.

1. CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH
METHOD AND
PROCEDURES

2. Learning
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the
students should be able to:
1. Identify the different parts of
chapter 3,
2. Determine the importance
of each part in crafting a
research paper, and
3. Evaluate what
methodology is applicable
in their paper.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3. Parts of
chapter 3
1.Research Design
2.Locale of the Study
3.Population and
Sampling Technique
4.Data Gathering
Procedure
5.Research Instrument
6.Statistical Treatment
of Data
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3

4. Research Design

5. Research Design
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 5
•It refers to a scheme or plan of action for
meeting the objectives
•A blueprint for conducting a study that
maximize control over factors that could
interfere with the validity of the findings.

6. Qualitative Research Design
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 6
1. Historical Study
2. Ethnography
3. Phenomenology
4. Case Study
5. Grounded Theory

7. 03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 7
1. Historical Method – the objective is to
interpret events in the light of the present
situation.
- It tells you the right research method to
determine the reason for change or
permanence of things in the physical world in a
certain period.
- Biographies, autobiography reading,
documentary analysis, and chronicling
reading.

8. Examples:
• A Five Year Study of the Impact of the K-12 Curriculum in
the Philippine Employment System
• Filipino-Student Activism from Spanish Era to the
Contemporary Period
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 8

9. Ethnography
– defined as the environment or setting where the behavior
occurs.
- It involves a study of a certain cultural group or
organization in which you, the researcher, to obtain
knowledge about characteristics, organizational set-up,
and relationships of the group members, must necessarily
involved in their group activities.
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 9

10. Phenomenology
• A phenomenon is something you experience on Earth as a
person.
• It aims to getting a thorough understanding of an
individual’s life experiences for this same person’s realistic
dealings with hard facts of life.
• It makes you follow a research method that will let you
understand the ways of how people go through inevitable
events in their lives.
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 10

11. Case study
• The aim is to determine why such creature (person,
organization, thing, or event) acts, behave, occur, or exist
in particular manner.
• Interview, observation, and questionnaire
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 11

12. Grounded Theory
• The main idea in this design is to conceptualize and
create a theory grounded or based on the data gathered
on the field.
• The creation of theory is derived in the words and actions
of the individuals under study or data, through various
forms of data collection such as survey, case study,
interview, life history, secondary data, quantitative data,
videos, audios, etc.
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 12

13. Locale of the study

14. Locale of the Study
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 14
•The setting of the study.

15. Research Locale example
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 15
• The study will be conducted in the Philippines. The
respondents will be interviewed in their houses or any
comfortable place that the respondent will choose to. The
researchers also gathered respondents residing in USA.
These respondents will be interviewed via video chat. The
researchers chose the place of implementation because it
will give the researchers the needed information for people
with spina bifida. The study will be conducted in the first
semester of the academic year 2016-2017.

16. Population and
Sampling Techniques

17. Population/Universe:
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 17
- in statistics denotes the aggregate from
which sample (items) is to be taken.
- A population can be defined as including all
people or items with the characteristic one
wishes to understand.

18. 03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 18
-Sampling frame is the list from which
the potential respondents are drawn .
-A sample is “a smaller (but hopefully
representative) collection of units from
a population used to determine truths
about that population” (Field, 2005)

19. Sampling
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 19
- Sampling: the process of learning about population on
the basis of sample drawn from it.
Three elements in process of sampling:
- Selecting the sample
- Collecting the information
- Making inference about population

20. 20
SAMPLINGMETHODS
NON
PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY MIXED
JUDGMENT
QUOTA
CONVENIENCE
SNOWBALL
SIMPLERANDOM
STRATIFIED
RANDOM
SYSTEMATIC
CLUSTER
MULTISTAGE
MULTIPHASE
LOTQUALITY
ASSURANCE
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

21. Judgment/Purposive/Deliberate
Sampling
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 21
- It depend exclusively on
the judgment of the
investigator.
- Sample selected which
researcher thinks to be
most typical of the
universe.

22. Convenience Sampling
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 22
- Convenient sample
units selected.
- Selected based on
their availability.

23. Quota sampling
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 23
- Within the quota,
selection depends on
the personal judgment.

24. Snowball Sampling
• A special non probability
method used when the desired
sample characteristic is rare.
• It may be extremely difficult or
cost prohibitive to locate
respondents in these situations.
• Snowball sampling relies on
referrals from initial subjects to
generate additional subjects.
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 24

25. Simple Random
Sampling
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 25
- Each unit has an
equal opportunity
of being selected.

26. Data Gathering
Procedure

27. Data Gathering Procedure
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 27
- Data collection is defined as the procedure of collecting,
measuring and analyzing accurate insights for research
using standard validated techniques.. In most cases, data
collection is the primary and most important step for
research, irrespective of the field of research. The
approach of data collection is different for different fields
of study, depending on the required information.

28. Research Instrument

29. Research Instrument
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 29
- A research instrument is a tool used to
obtain, measure, and analyze data from
subjects around the research topic. You
need to decide the instrument to use based
on the type of study you are conducting:
quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-method.
It can be Questionnaire, interview,
observation, or checklist.

30. Questionnaire
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 30
- The most common instrument or tool of research for
obtaining the data.
1. Closed form – it has fixed number of questions and a
limited choice of answer. The respondents should
choose one or more suitable answers.
2. Open form – it consist a number of questions. The
answers are in the form of essay and the content may
vary depending on the respondents.

31. Interview
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 31
- It is a sense of an oral
questionnaire. instead
of writing the response,
the interviewee gives
the need information
orally and face to
face.

32. Checklist
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 32
- The simplest device, consist
of a prepared list of items.
The presence or absence
of the item may be
indicated by inserting the
appropriate word or
number.

33. Observation
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 33
- Perceiving data through
the senses: sight, hearing ,
taste, smell, and touch.
- Most direct way used in
studying individual
behavior.

34. Statistical treatment

35. Statistical treatment
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 35
- Is a way of removing researcher bias by interpreting the
data statistically rather than subjectively.
- Statistical treatment of data is essential in order to make
use of the data in the right form. Raw data collection is
only one aspect of any experiment; the organization of
data is equally important so that appropriate conclusions
can be drawn. This is what statistical treatment of data is
all about.

36. Data Analysis
• In Qualitative research, interpretations are made continuously
throughout the course of study.
Most types of qualitative data analysis share the same five steps:
1. Prepare and organize your data. This may mean transcribing
interviews or typing up fieldnotes.
2. Review and explore your data. Examine the data for patterns
or repeated ideas that emerge.
3. Develop a data coding system. Based on your initial ideas,
establish a set of codes that you can apply to categorize
your data.
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 36

37. Data Analysis
4. Assign codes to the data. For example, in qualitative survey
analysis, this may mean going through each participant’s
responses and tagging them with codes in a spreadsheet. As
you go through your data, you can create new codes to
add to your system if necessary.
5. Identify recurring themes. Link codes together into cohesive,
overarching themes.
There are several specific approaches to analyzing qualitative
data. Although these methods share similar processes, they
emphasize different concepts.
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 37

38. 03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 38
Qualitative data analysis
Approach When to use Example
Content
analysis
To describe and categorize
common words, phrases, and
ideas in qualitative data.
A market researcher could perform content
analysis to find out what kind of language is
used in descriptions of therapeutic apps.
Thematic
analysis
To identify and interpret
patterns and themes in
qualitative data.
A psychologist could apply thematic analysis
to travel blogs to explore how tourism
shapes self-identity.
Textual
analysis
To examine the content,
structure, and design of texts.
A media researcher could use textual
analysis to understand how news coverage
of celebrities has changed in the past
decade.
Discourse
analysis
To study communication and
how language is used to
achieve effects in specific
contexts.
A political scientist could use discourse
analysis to study how politicians generate
trust in election campaigns.

39. The way to get started
is to quit talking and
begin doing.
Walt Disney
03/15/2021 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 39