This document provides an overview of a High Rate Anaerobic Digester (HRAD) system with polishing for wastewater treatment. It describes the HRAD process which uses alternating standing and hanging baffles to facilitate contact between wastewater and residual sludge, allowing for high treatment rates. The system can optimize anaerobic digestion by treating all types of wastewater for reuse or disposal. Additional tertiary treatment like disinfection and filtration provides polished effluent suitable for various reuse applications. The HRAD achieves high removal of contaminants like COD, BOD, TSS and pathogens. It requires relatively low maintenance and has advantages of being stable, efficient, and producing low sludge and biogas

1. High Rate Anaerobic Digester (HRAD)
1
With
Polishing “+” factor
Introducing

2. Contents
1. Concept
2. process Flow
3. how it can optimize AD+
4. design principals
5. treatment efficiency
6. operation and maintenance
7. Applicability
8. advantages and disadvantages
9. site photos, client list & References
2

3. Background and working principal (adapted from U.S. EPA 2006, SASSE 1998)
3
1. Concept & Process Overview
Cut-away view and longitudinal section of an ABR
Source: SANIMAS (2005), MOREL & DIENER (2006)
• physical and biological (anaerobic) treatment
of wastewater
• integrated sedimentation chamber for
pre-treatment of wastewater
• alternating standing and hanging baffles
• wastewater passes through the sludge to move
to the next compartment
• solid retention time (SRT) separated from hydraulic
retention time (HRT)
• high treatment rates due to enhanced contact of
incoming wastewater with residual sludge and high
solid retention
• low sludge production

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construction
industrial
use
production
process
cooling
tower
flushing
irrigation
processoverview

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2. How it can optimize AD+
• treatment of all wastewater (grey, black and/or industrial
sewage waste water) that it is fit (after secondary & tertiary
treatment) for reuse and/or safe disposal
• advance tertiary & water treatment makes this treated sewage
water suitable for potable & non-potable industrial use,
construction, irrigation, cooling tower, flushing etc.
• allows for recovery of biogas, which can be used as a
substitute to e.g. LPG or fuel wood in cooking

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3. Design principals – Core Primary & Secondary
Treatment
AD+ start with oil & grease trap & settling chamber for larger solids
and impurities (SASSE 1998) followed by series of at least 2 (MOREL & DIENER
2006), sometimes up to 5 (SASSE 1998) up-flow chambers & anaerobic
filter.
Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) is relatively short and varies from
only a few hours up to two or three days (FOXON et al. 2004; MOREL & DIENER 2006;
TILLEY et al. 2008)
up-flow velocity is the most crucial parameter for dimensioning,
especially with high hydraulic loading. It should not exceed 2.0 m/h
(SASSE 1998; MOREL & DIENER 2006).
organic load <3 kg COD/m3/day. Higher loading-rates are possible
with higher temperature and for easily degradable substrates (SASSE
1998)

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3. Design principals – Polishing Basic & Advance
Tertiary Treatment
polishing basic tertiary treatment uses disinfection & sediment
filtration.
advance tertiary treatment like ozonation, ultra filtration, ultra-
violet & reverse osmosis is used independently or in
combination to treat post AD water to suite reclaimed water
parameters.

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4. Treatment efficiency
Treatment performance of AD+ is in the range of
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal : 65% to 90%
• Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) removal : 70% to 97%
• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removal : 70 % to 90%
• Pathogen reduction : 100 %
Superior to BOD-removal efficiency of conventional septic tank (30% to 50%)

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5. Operation and maintenance
• inoculate („seed“) AD with active anaerobic sludge from e.g. septic
tank to speed up start-phase
• allow bacteria to multiply, by starting with 1/4 of daily flow, and then
increasing loading rates over 3 months
• long start-up time  do not use AD when need for treatment is
immediate
• check for water-tightness regularly and monitor scum and sludge
levels
• remove sludge every 1 to 3 years (preferably by vacuum truck or
gulper to avoid that humans get in direct contact with sludge)
• leave some active sludge in each compartment to maintain stable
treatment process
• take care of advanced treatment and/or safe disposal of sludge
Source: adapted from SASSE 1998, TILLEY et al. 2008, EAWAG/SANDEC 2008

10. Examples 1
10
Use of “straight handle” (left) and “Z-handle” (right) brushes for cleaning of down-ward pipes
Source: K.P. Pravinjith
5. Operation and maintenance

11. Examples 2
11
Measuring sludge levels
Source: K.P. Pravinjith
5. Operation and maintenance

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6. Applicability
• be installed in every type of climate, although efficiency is affected in colder
climates(TILLEY et al. 2008)
• suited for household level or for small neighbourhood as DEWATS (Decentralized
Wastewater Treatment System)(EAWAG/SANDEC 2008)
• suited for industrial wastewaters
• be designed for daily inflows in a range of some m3/day up to several hundreds of
m3/day(FOXON et al. 2004; TILLEY et al. 2008)
• in general, installed underground and therefore appropriate for areas where land is
limited
• been pre-fabricated from e.g. fibreglass and used as final step for emergency
sanitations(BORDA 2009)

13. Cont.
• Long life – at least 100 years
• needs expert design
• Biogas can be recoverd
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Advantages:
• extremely stable to hydraulic shock
loads
• high treatment performance
• simple to construct
• low operating cost
• low space required – being subsoil
• 60%-90% low electrical requirements
• low sludge generation
• No foul odour
7. Advantages :

14. Example 1
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Biogas settler as settlement compartment (near completion) at Pestalozzi School, Zambia
Source: http://www.germantoilet.org/
8. Concept

15. Example 2
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The AD under construction, down pipes and perforated slabs to support filter media in the Anaerobic Filter (AF)
sections, pouring AD’s concrete slab at Pestalozzi School, Zambia
Source: http://www.germantoilet.org/
8. Concept

16. Example 3
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AD (part of DEWATS) at Adarsh Vidyaprasarak Sanstha’s College of Arts & Commerce, India
Source: N. Zimmermann
8. Concept

17. Example 4
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AD (part of DEWATS) at Sunga Wastewater Treatment Plant, Kathmandu, Nepal
Source: N. Zimmermann
8. Concept

18. Example 5
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AD Tank at Vascon Engg Ltd for Labour Camp 45 CMD Sewage Treatment Plant, Mumbai, India
Source: Chemtronics
8. Concept

19. Example 6
19
Ozonator & Polishing Equipments at Vascon Engg Ltd for Labour Camp
45 CMD Sewage Treatment Plant; reclaimed water used for construction & concrete curing,
Mumbai, India
Source: Chemtronics
8. Concept

20. Example 7
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AD+ Tank with pipe grid & Advance tertiary plant , reclaimed water of potable quality, used in
industrial production -12 CMD Sewage Treatment Plant, Craftmann Automation , Indor, India
Source: Chemtronics
8. Concept

21. Example 8
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8. Concept
Manipal Hospital - Bangalore
Volume: 600m3/day
In use since: June 2008
Discharge standard: BOD <10mg/l
Reuse: Toilet flushing

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Model no. Capacity AD Tank Area Plant Room Power
AD+/STP-20 20CMD 50 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 6.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 1.0 kW
AD+/STP-35 35 CMD 90 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 7.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 1.0 kW
AD+/STP-50 50 CMD 150 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 8.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 1.0 kW
AD+/STP-75 75 CMD 180 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 10.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 1.0 kW
AD+/STP-100 100 CMD 230 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 15.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 2.0 kW
AD+/STP-140 140 CMD 310 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 18.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 2.0 kW
AD+/STP-200 200 CMD 450 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 20.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 2.0 kW
AD+/STP-250 250 CMD 550 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 22.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 2.0 kW
AD+/STP-300 300 CMD 660 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 25.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 2.5 kW
AD+/STP-375 375 CMD 830 m2 x 3.0 m (D) 27.0 m2 x 3.0 m (H) 2.5 kW
8. Available Models [with tertiary treatment]

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Cairn India Limited D G Infrastructure Vascon Engineers Essar Limited
Akash Developer Craftsman Automation Rhythm Realty
Lotus IT Park Yekshashree Beverages Hospital
10. Reference Sites

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11. References
BORDA (2009): EmSan - Emergency Sanitation. An innovative & rapidly installable solution to improve hygiene and health in emergency situations
(Concept Note). Bremen: Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association (BORDA)
EAWAG/SANDEC (2008): Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Lecture Notes. (=Sandec Training Tool 1.0, Module 4). Duebendorf: Swiss Federal
Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC)
FOXON, K.M., PILLAY, S., LALBAHADUR, T., RODDA, N., HOLDER, F., BUCKLEY, C.A. (2004): The anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR)- An appropriate
technology for on-site sanitation. In=Water SA Vol. 30 No. 5 (Special edition)
MOREL A., DIENER S. 2006. Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Review of different treatment systems for households or
neighbourhoods. Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag).
SANIMAS (2005): Informed Choice Catalogue. PPT-Presentation. BORDA and USAID
SASSE, L. (1998): DEWATS Decentralised Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries. Bremen: Bremen Overseas Research and Development
Association (BORDA)
SINGH, S., HABERLA, R., MOOG, O., SHRESTA, R.R., SHRESTA, P., SHRESTA, R. (2009): Performance of an anaerobic baffled reactor and hybrid
constructed wetland treating high-strength wastewater in Nepal- A model for DEWATS. In: Ecological Engineering 35. 654-660
TILLEY, E., LUETHI, C., MOREL, A., ZURBRUEGG, C., SCHERTENLEIB, R. (2008): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Duebendorf
and Geneva: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG) & Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC)
U.S. EPA (2006): Emerging Technologies for Biosolids Management. (=EPA 832-R-06-005). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Wastewater Management

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