Moral Essay

moral Essay
moral For nearly thirty years he has amplified his Cognitive–Developmental theory of moralisation
which has now become prominent in the field of moral development and its application to moral
education. Kohlberg proposed that moral difficulties motivated their own development through a
fixed sequence of increasingly adaptable kinds of moral reasoning. He conducted most of his work
at Harvard University and developed his stage model in 1969. Working through the 1950's and 60's
using longitudinal and cross sectional studies he proposed 6 stages of development (see Appendix 1)
identified through the responses of children presented with moral dilemmas. Piaget, his former tutor,
proposed only 2 stages of moral development these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus cultural background is expected to influence not just substantive moral values and the integrity
with which judgments are in fact acted upon ; it should affect the age norms for any particular
transition stages and the stage ceilling in adulthood. Eckensberger (1994), found that whilst stages 1
and 5 are rare (as is stage 6,) stages 2, 3 and 4 are found in many cultures. The highest stage scores
have been found in Israeli Kibbutzim, followed by Germany, together with upper class groups from
the US, Taiwan and India, the lowest scores are found in the Bahamas, Kenya, Papua and Turkey. In
all these studies, levels of moral reasoning were assessed using Kohlberg's interview method. In
recent studies an alternative method has been used in which 'pencil and paper' tests designed for use
with groups are used to present a number of predefined arguments from which participants are asked
to choose the one they prefer or think most appropriate. Using this alternative method, people from
South Korea, Taiwan and Greece score highest, while those from Belize, Sudan, Trinidad and
Tobago tend to score lower. Whilst there is substantial though by no means complete cross–cultural
support of the stages revealed through interviews, Kohlberg also claimed that the moral issues (or
content) contained in the dilemmas are
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Kohlberg's Stage Theory Of Moral Development
The manner in which we are able to distinguish right from wrong as we get older and mature is
referred to as moral development. Moral reasoning or rational judgment making is also a dependent
factor of one's moral development. According to Lawrence Kohlberg, "People move beyond their
current stage when they encounter a crisis that their current mode of thinking is unable to
satisfactorily resolve" (Boss 92). There are certain characteristics that a morally developed person
will have and that a non–developed person will be lacking, which is how they are differentiable
from one another. Based on many variables, there is a high possibility for moral development to
occur. I will explain my position by discussing all aspects of Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral
Development, the different types of defense mechanisms that could prevent a person from moving
on, which levels other theories might hold using the stage theory, and the purpose of studying ethics.
For a start, Jean Piaget was the first psychologist in the nineteenth century to research moral
reasoning, focusing mainly on children. Piaget noticed that children "go through distinct stages of
moral development." He labeled the first one "stage of heteronomy" and the second one "stage of
autonomy" (Boss 90). In the 1970's, Harvard psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, noticed that Piaget,
Socrates, Immanuel Kant and John Rawls shared a common trait. Their works demonstrated a
higher stage of moral judgment. Based on this reasoning

Advancing Through Kohlberg's Stages Of Moral Development
Advancing through Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development is something all individuals
experience. All individuals continue on through these stages at different paces and reaching different
levels. I have been able to advance through these moral stages relatively faster than other
individuals due to events and experiences in my life. I have been able to not only develop morally,
but also academically, being capable of learning and applying knowledge to everyday situations.
This development has been assisted to by Gardner's Intelligent Strengths and Kaplin's Habits of a
Scholar. As an infant I was unaware of my actions and cannot recall any events that occurred during
this 1st stage or moral development. This is typical of infants because this ... Show more content on
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I agree with the results of this test, I best complete assignments when I have a set list of guidelines
or rules on how to complete something and that appeals to my logical thinking. When I am taught
something that is more physical I learn it best by attempting to do it myself, hands on. With the last
learning type, I feel more confident about something when there is an actual person presenting
information to me rather than a computer program teaching me something or reading it straight out
of a book. I feel like that human interaction helps me better understand a concept because it is easier
to communicate ideas to one another that way.
The second part of this first phase in the third stage is where I believe that I currently stand as far as
moral development. If something benefits people, then it is to my greatest interest to help out how I
can. My religion has had a big influence on my thinking process in this stage. Since most churches
teach that you should be a positive part of society and things of that sort, I have tried to apply that to
my everyday situations. I try my best to act correctly and help people when I

Kohlberg 's Theory Of The Development Of Moral Judgement
"Critically Evaluate Kohlberg's Theory of the Development of Moral Judgement"
Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987) further developed the works of Piaget (1896–1980) on moral
development. This essay will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Kohlberg's theory in a critical
manner, looking at the positive aspects of his research and the disadvantages of the types of
situations he gave in his experiments, the universal accuracy of his results and the controversial
findings of sex differences in regards to morality. Kohlberg advanced Piaget's theory of moral
development by interviewing 10–13 year–old boys to find out how they would attempt to resolve
moral issues. These issues varied between situations that involved obeying the law, authority ...
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Although the universal support for Kohlberg's theory is impressive, it does not actually prove that
people went through all the stages in the same order that Kohlberg predicted they would. As these
participants were not monitored throughout every stage of their life we cannot be certain that they
all went through the same stages in the same order, all we can defer from this is that people seem to
be at the stages that Kohlberg predicted they would be at. However Ann Colby and Colleagues
(1983) did do a longitudinal study where they interviewed Kohlberg's original participants five
times over three to four–year intervals, lasting for twenty years in total. The results of the study
showed that all the participants went through the stages in the same order, never skipping a stage.
These findings offer strong evidence to support Kohlberg's theory of moral development as, unlike
the previous study mentioned, there is now longitudinal evidence to support that these stages happen
in the same order in many people, and not just assuming that it happened like in Kohlberg's original
study (Shaffer & Kipp, 2007).
However, there are limits to how far Kohlberg's theory of morality can be taken. When doing the
research to develop his theory Kohlberg only interviewed male participants, completely ignoring the
possibility that females could have a different outlook on morality to males. Carol Gilligan (1982,
1993) recognised that this was an issue with

What Is Kohlberg's Stages Of Moral Development
To the best of your ability, indicate which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development might explain
the moral reasoning involved in the following: a. Waging war to protect or further economic
interests. The moral reasoning for this, I believe, would be for self–interest indicating stage 2 of
Kohlberg's moral development. The decision to wage war in order to further ones economic growth,
clearly demonstrates the desire to personally benefit from the action taken. b. Engaging in a self–
defensive war, having been attacked by another country. Stage 4 of Kohlberg's moral development, I
believe, would be reason for engaging in war. Stage 4 is where the need for social order and respect
of the justice system is developed (Williams & Arrigo, 2012). By being attacked from another
country, our social order has been compromised and justice would be to defend our way of life. c. ...
Executing convicted murderers to serve vengeance. Stage 4 of Kohlberg's moral development
involves social order and maintaining the law (Williams & Arrigo, 2012). Executing convicted
murderers would serve to promote respect for law and order. I believe stage 4 explains the moral
reasoning in this example. e. Executing convicted murderers to protect the public from further harm.
Kohlberg's stage 5 of moral development offers the reasoning for executing convicted murderers to
protect the public. Stage 5 individuals want to uphold the rights of people and preserve a healthy
society (Williams & Arrigo, 2012). If executing convicted murderers will benefit the greater good of
society, than morally it is justified (Williams & Arrigo, 2012). f. Avoiding paying taxes to further
one's profits. Moral actions used to further ones self–interest is Kohlberg's stage 2 moral
development (Williams & Arrigo, 2012). This stages is where an individual try's to satisfy their own
desires (Williams & Arrigo, 2012). Not paying taxes for personal gain fits this stage well as the
moral actions were done on

Interview 02 Analysis Model
Interview 02 Analysis
For this next analysis, I will utilizing models of moral development to examine how Caleb has
developed. I will primarily be working with Lawrence Kohlberg's (1981) Stages of Moral
Development. Kohlberg's work built of off Piaget's (1977) research and was one of the earliest
theorists to examine the moral development of adolescents and college students.
About Selected Theory
Kohlberg's theory is a hierarchical, hard–stage model that is characterized by Walker (1988) through
three criterion. The first criterion is the structure criterion, which says that at a given stage all
individuals will show similar patterns of reasoning no matter the situation or contexts. The second
criterion is the sequence criterion, which explains ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By taking it, you take a lot away from them to where even in this instance, to where he's charging a
lot more than he should have, it still is his. It's like you shouldn't take things that aren't yours.
Although Caleb's thought process had elements of universal fairness and human rights, there was a
clear dependence on the law on deciding what was morally right for Heinz. This dependence on the
law and fixed rules that apply to everyone regardless of situation to determine morality is evidence
that he is likely in stage four.
In my surprise, I thought it would be prudent to dig deeper, I proceeded to ask him that for the sake
of argument that Heinz did steal it should he be arrested. He continued his reasoning by answering,
"Yes, technically he should be

Adolescence Is A Critical Time For A Human
Identity development is a fluid process throughout the human life cycle. Seemingly, adolescence,
development after the age of 12 through young adulthood, is the most difficult transitive period in
the life cycle. Adolescence is a critical time for a human, because it is the period when various
personal roles are examined and one tries to assimilate these roles into a perception of self.
Adolescents are struggling to identify different areas in their life such as religious preferences,
sexuality, future careers, and hobbies. According to Zastrow and Kirst–Ashman (2013):
Arriving at answers to such questions is among the most important tasks people face in life. Without
answers, a person will not be prepared to make such major ... Show more content on
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Each theory emphasizes different roles in human life development.
Presentation of the Seminal Points of Each Theory Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory consists of
eight distinct stages of human development; Stage 1: Basic Trust Versus Basic Mistrust, Stage 2:
Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt, Stage 3: Initiative Versus Guilt, Stage 4: Industry Versus
Inferiority, Stage 5: Identity Versus Role Confusion, Stage 6: Intimacy Versus Isolation, Stage 7:
Generativity Versus Stagnation, and Stage 8: Ego Integrity Versus Despair. Erikson asserts that each
stage of human development is a crisis and that successful coping in each stage allows the human to
advance to the next stage of life with mental health. For the purposes of comparison, the focus will
be on Stage 5: Identity Versus Role Confusion, as this stage addresses the crisis of the adolescent
years. Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development consists of three level and six stages that
a human progresses through in life, while gaining a deeper concept to their moral development.
Level 1: Pre–conventional; Stage1: Punishment and obedience orientation, Stage 2: Naïve
instrumental hedonism, Level 2: Conventional; Stage 3: "Good boy/girl morality", Stage 4:
Authority–maintaining morality, Level 3: Post–conventional; Stage 5 Morality of contract, of
individual rights, and of democratically accepted law, and Stage 6:

Lawrence Kohlberg´s Development and Moral Reasoning
Lawrence Kohlberg was greatly influenced by Piaget, which laid the foundation for the basis of his
theories of how moral and faith development is created. He hypothesized that there are six stage–
like positions for the development of moral reasoning. Piaget's focus consisted of a subject knowing
and interacting with a well versed environment. Where Piaget was concerned how the person knows
the world scientifically and mathematically, Kohlberg focused on how the person structured their
experiences and judgments about the social world. Kohlberg also says that the sequence of the
stages is universal and that the greater stages are truer than the earlier forms. According to
Kohlberg, moral choice is an interpretation of a moral dilemma situation, the construction of the
points of view of the various participants and affected parties, and the weighing of their respective
claims, rights, duties and commitments to the good and that they are all cognitive acts. Kohlberg's
hypothesis is that morality is more predictable and expected from people in the later stages of
Kohlberg's theory. Kohlberg's six stages are grouped in two's, making three main levels, which are
as follows: the Pre–Conventional stage, the Conventional stage, and the Post–Conventional stages.
Each stage is sequential and requires one to go through each phase before moving on to the next
phase. To begin with, Kohlberg's first level is the Pre–Conventional Morality level. In this level,
individuals do not fully

The Stages Of Moral Development In To Kill A Mockingbird
DID JEM REACH THE ULTIMATE LEVEL OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT? Lawrence Kohlberg,
a professor at Harvard, creates a theory of human moral development. Since his theory was an
expansion of Jean Piaget moral development of children, he elucidates of his theory to have series
of stages. Each stage were categorized into three levels: preconventional, conventional, and
postconventional. During each level there are 2 stages which are consequent for moral development
because they are action that manifest on who we are. In the novel: To Kill A Mockingbird, by
Harper Lee, the author introduces us to different characters that each resemble one of Kohlberg's
theory. Jem really stood out in this novel because the growth of his moral development was impact
throughout the adventure he had with his sister: Scout. Since Jem was the oldest he had to protect
his sister from any danger he really stimulate a moral development. In the beginning of the novel
Jem started on at the preconventional level of stage one where most children are at,but at the end of
the novel his moral development grows tremendously at the conventional level at the third stage.
First, Kohlberg's theory of moral development started at preconventional stage. Preconventional
stage is mostly found in children mindset where people follow the basic norms of obedience and
consequence. Basically, this stage children or anyone who's have this mindset accept and believe on
authority, such as; parents, teacher or anyone who's has jurisdiction over someone. Since this stage
is whoever follow the rules will get accolade; therefore, there will be consequences on people who
don't follow the authority rules. The preconventional stage has two sub–stages that clarify the
mindset children have. The first substage is: obedience and punishment; indeed it exemplifies that
anyone's behavior is motivated to avoid any kind of punishment. For example, there's a boy who
wants a new smartphone; but the only approach is that the boy can't get in trouble in school or at the
house. The possible manner the boys has is to behave and avoid any activity that can hurt his chance
of getting that new smartphone. This example, supports the claim where the boy avoids any activity
that can prevent

Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages Of Moral Development
Lawrence Kohlberg, an American author, generated a psychological theory that grasps the
understanding of moral reasoning. He specializes in child development and the perception of their
principles and the consequences they can face. This modification of Jean Piaget's theory of
cognitive development not only relates to logic and morality, but also connects to the idea of justice
in society. The stages that Kohlberg developed vindicates the choices humans make and different
mechanisms humans use to solve their problems. Many people involved in current events act at
Stage 5 because individuals distress about the liberties and rights of humans and the societal views
on unjust complications. The Flint water crisis is an engaging event that demonstrates ... Show more
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It proves that it's not morally defined to follow a straight set of rules but to apply logic and
reasoning when defending the rights of an individual in society. Justice needs to be served when a
decision made by an individual is wrong and unethical. Changes need to be made when an
inappropriate or unjustified act or deed is set up and established. Many people involved in current
events act at Stage 5 because individuals distress about the liberties and rights of humans and the
societal views on unjust

Comparing Piaget And Kohlberg's Stages Of Moral Development
The purpose of this essay is to identify the characteristics of 0–8 year old children's development of
moral thinking. The researcher will analyze a scenario that is applicable to parenting and moral
development. Specifically, the researcher will apply Piaget and Kohlberg's stages of moral
development to recommend a viable solution. Scenario One The researcher selected one of the
optional scenarios concerning the moral development of children. The researcher will address the
following scenario by applying Piaget and Kohlberg's views of moral development. The scenario
will be used to address parenting skills and moral development that is appropriate for the age of the
child. Jimmy, aged 2 1/2, throws himself on the floor and sobs when ... Show more content on
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Most important, as parents teach their children the appropriate moral behavior, they must consider
the child's age, disciplinary goals, as well as the parent's attitude (Goodman & Gurian, 2003). The
child's age is important based on the stages of children's moral development, which begins at an
early age. Even at 2 ½ years old, the disciplinary goal is for the mother to help the child develop
self–control during periods of frustration (Goodman & Gurian, 2003). Thus, it is imperative that the
parent demonstrate the proper attitude. To clarify, parents must understand that discipline is
necessary in order to protect children depending on their stages of development (Goodman &
Gurian, 2003). This will also help the child during further stages of growth and development, as
well as when the child is away from home. When the mother disciplines the child, she is teaching
the child how to behave and follow a set of

The Theory Of Moral Development In To Kill A Mockingbird
Scout's Moral growth
The Theory of Moral Development is a subject that derived from Jean Piaget's theory of moral
reasoning and this theory was developed by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg. This theory made us
conscious that morality starts from the early childhood years and can possibly be affected by several
factors such as society, but there are people in opposition to this theory. Kohlberg developed six
stages of moral development and it is divided into three levels of development. The three levels of
moral development are preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. As stated in
Kohlberg's theory, "moral development proceeds in a linear process; it also proceeds steadily from
one stage to the next in the order of moral development" ("Kohlberg's slide presentation"). Kohlberg
uncovered four stages after Jean Piaget's because he had only discovered two. The stages that
Kohlberg discovered after Jean flourish into adolescence and adulthood. He suggested that some
people reach the postconventional level. (Oswalt).
Jean Louise Finch (Scout) is the protagonist in the book "To Kill a Mockingbird". Scout is a young
girl that is very astute in many aspects and as a matter of fact she is confident. She learns to read
before she begins school because of her father. Scout develops her moral growth because of all the
challenges she faces. The solutions for Scout's problems were fighting that's how she let her anger
out. She lives with her father (Atticus Finch) and her

Kohlberg's Six Stages Of Moral Development
Lawrence Kohlberg spent a lot of years examining how an individual develops his or her own moral
principles. For his doctoral research, Kohlberg studied differences in children's arguments about
presented by him moral dilemmas. He hypothesized that moral difficulties stimulated their
development through a fixed order of increasingly flexible kinds of moral reasoning. Moreover,
Lawrence Kohlberg also managed to clarify the general cognitive–developmental views of changes
at different age stages. Subsequently, Kohlberg became a significant leader in the field of moral
education. Kohlberg was a psychologist who used the developmental approach of Jean Piaget in
order to the research the main changes in moral reasoning. Kohlberg's theory establishes six stages
of moral development, arranged in three levels. The purpose of this essay is to conceptualize and
explain Kohlberg's theory and research on moral stages. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout these six stages, there can be observed a progressive change in moral reasoning. In the
early stages of a judgment a person tend to rely on some external force such as the expected reward
whether punishment. At the latest higher stages of the moral judgment a personal, inner moral code
is already formed and it is virtually impossible to influence on it by other people's or public
expectations. Generally, Lawrence Kohlberg followed Piaget theory and came to the conclusion that
the rules, regulations and laws are created by people on the basis of mutual agreement and that they
can be changed if necessary. Consequently, an adult, going through all the stages of moral
development, comes to the realization that in the world there is no absolute right or wrong and that
moral action depends not only on its effects but on the person's initial intentions (Kohlberg,

The Article ' Moral Development Interventions Essay
The article "Moral Development Interventions in Early Adolescence," Robert Enright, Daniel
Lapsley Deborah Harris, and David Shawver discuss moral development of adolescent children
using the American psychologist, Lawrence Kohlberg's "Theory of Stages of Moral Development"
as a framework, and through the review of the "plus–one" model, Deliberate Psychological
Education and the Just Community Strategy. They begin with an explanation of Kohlberg's the
progression of moral stages which consist of six stages; the first stage is when the child takes the
perspective of an authority, believing to avoid punishment they should comply with the authoritative
individual. In the second stage, the child takes the perspective of themselves and others, believing
that both should benefit from social interactions. The third stage for the child is when a group
perspective is taken in which they follow group norms to be accepted by the group. Stage four is
when the child takes on a societal perspective, believes to maintain an orderly society they should
follow law. In stage five, moral behavior is guided by their own moral principles or theoretical rules.
Considered rare, there is a sixth stage which is not included Kohlberg 's recent scoring manuals.
Reviewing the "plus–one" model, which is when a cognitive uncertainty is generated by exploring a
child's reasoning one stage above their current developmental sequence, it is assumed by doing this
the child's development is facilitated, Out of

To Kill A Mockingbird Moral Development Essay
Kohlberg's Moral development in Kill a Mockingbird Lawrence Kohlberg created critical culturally
universal stages of moral growth which can be used to explain the behavior of characters in to kill a
Mockingbird book by Harper Lee. The book "Kill Mockingbird" tells a story of children growing up
stage by stage from a tender age and their lives changing so we can observe the moral development
through various events. Kohlberg believes that the morals of people develop at different levels
starting from one to six levels. However, from the Kill a Mockingbird the moral development is
illustrated using three main characters Atticus, Scout and Jem Finch. Kohlberg's' moral development
is divided into three stages; pre–conventional, conventional, and post–conventional morality, which
can be used to show the moral growth of the three characters from the book Kill a Mockingbird
(Barger 12). This essay, therefore, illustrate how Kohlberg's moral development stages are shown in
the book "Kill a Mockingbird's" characters. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is evident the two never show any tact in handling issues and were blunt in everything they do or
handle. This was witnessed when they met Dill for the first time in school. Scout treated Dill with
equal measures in a show of respect and obedience, and she treats everybody equally, this clearly
shows Kohlberg's first stage of obedience and instrumentalism in handling issues. Mostly the two
never meet many students at their age, and when they met Dill, they did not show any tact in the
kind of questions they were asking him about things such as his father and the rest. Scout sees other
people for the first time and treats them with respect and so lots of obedience. For instance, when
Scout meets Dill she treats him a similar way as she would treat any other

Lawrence Kohlberg 's Levels Of Morality
Running head: LAWRENCE KHOLBERG'S LEVELS OF MORALITY
Lawrence Kohlberg's Levels of Morality
And How We Can Relate Ourselves to his Theory
Sarah Blasco
Tri–County Technical College
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG'S LEVELS OF MORALITY
Abstract
This purpose of this is to describe Kohlberg's theory of morality in detail; I will describe each level
that pertains to this theory and how they have affected me personally. Lawrence Kohlberg theory of
moral development is divided into three different levels; the first level is the preconventional level
followed by the conventional level, and then the postconventonal level. Within each of these levels,
each level contains two different stages, resulting in six stages in all. Kohlberg's was influenced by
Jean Piaget's theory, his theory focused on cognitive development, but he was motivated Piaget 's
theory that described how a child develops moral understanding. It encouraged Kohlberg to research
deeper and develop his theory of moral development more in depth. For Kohlberg's research, he
decided to use the interviewing technique using moral dilemmas. Kohlberg used several different
techniques for his research strategies, but he had one famous dilemma, known as the "Heinz
dilemma", also defined as, pits the value of obeying the law (not stealing) against the value of
human life (saving a dying person)" (Berk, 2014 pg. 323).
Keywords: moral dilemmas, Heinz dilemma, preconventional, conventional,

Child Development Theories
Child Developmental Theories Ashford University PSY 104 Child and Adolescent Psychology June
29, 2009 Child Developmental Theories While theorists have different ideas and perspectives,
insight on child and adolescent development can assist teachers and parents in helping children
reach their full developmental and learning potential. Having knowledge about the development of a
child and adolescent provides clues in understanding behavior and what is "normal," or typical, in
growth and development in the early months and years of life. Three developmental theories are
broken down to understand the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conventional morality is the second level, reached after age 10. Maintaining mutual relations and
getting approval of others, wanting to please and help others happens at stage three. In stage four, an
individual begins social concern and having a conscience, and understanding the principles of
authority. In level three, post–conventional morality, development is in early adolescence, young
adulthood–or never. Stage five of level three describes a person developing, or understanding
morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepting the law. In this stage, people
are aware of principles and think rational deciding between human need and the law. Morality of
universal ethical principles is the concept of stage six. Piaget's Cognitive Development Stage
Theory Piaget's view Jean Piaget's theory focused on cognitive development as mental operations
mature based on "simple sensory and motor activity to logical, abstract thought" (Papalia, et al.,
2006). Piaget's view was that growth occurs as a child matures and interacts with his or her
surroundings; he looks at the human mind as a focal point and base for everything around it
(Heffner, 2004). Cognitive development occurs in three interrelated processes, according to Piaget.
The interrelated processes are organization, adaptation, and

Moral Development In To Kill A Mockingbird
Lawrence Kohlberg is known for his theory of moral development developed in 1958. His theory
was dependent on the thinking of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget and American philosopher John
Dewey. It consists of three levels of moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, and
postconventional. These levels are based on the degree to which an individual accommodates to the
conventional standards of society. Each level aquires two stages that serve as different standards of
sophistication in moral reasoning. Overall, Kohlberg affirms that moral development is a process of
maturing that emerges from thinking about about moral issues ("Kohlberg's Moral Development").
Jem Finch is one of the main characters in Harper Lee's novel To Kill A ... Show more content on
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Evidently, negative actions would result in some form of punishment. For example, a little kid at
school wouldn't steal someone else 's toy because they'd fear getting punished by the teacher. For
stage two, there is a minor difference in one 's reasoning. Stage two now has to do with mutual
benefits and focuses on individualism (Kohlberg 's Theory). Morals are now guided by what is seen
as "fair". This stage portrays that the "right" behavior means acting in one's own finest interest (A
summary of Lawrence). An example for this would be someone being rude towards another
individual because that same person was being rude earlier to them (Lawrence Kohlberg).
Kohlberg's second level from his theory is conventional moral reasoning. This is primarily people
following social norms and customs (Kohlberg's Theory). The laws and rule are sustained simply
because they are laws and rules that must be followed ("Kohlberg's Moral Development"). The
second level is generally found in society hence the name of this level being "conventional". Stages
three and four are included in the conventional level. Stage three focuses heavily on peer approval
(Lawrence Kohlberg). Individuals are merely trying to please others so they will follow rules or do
what others want them to do in order to gain their approval ("Kohlberg's Moral Development").
Many will follow

Similarities Between Antigone And King Creon
John F. Kennedy once said "A man must do what he must in spite of personal consequences, in spite
of obstacles and dangers and pressures...and that is the basis of human morality". But when
someone's ambition is to do something wrong, how does their actions reflect on their morality? In
the play Antigone by Sophocles, Antigone and King Creon's decisions and choices reflect on their
consequences and morality. One of the main characters in play, King Creon, makes some awful
decisions that make him reflect on his own moral values. Another character, Antigone has a
compulsive motive to bury her brother, Polynices, but she isn't allowed to transgress the king's
command and despite the consequences she still attempts to bury Polyneices. Lawrence Kohlberg
and Carol Gilligan are two psychologists that created the Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
and Gilligan's Ethics of Care Theory scales which show where one's morality may rank depending
on one's actions. Even though Creon and Antigone started with the same circumstances and
conditions, their morality causes them to stand on different levels and stages on Lawrence
Kohlberg's and Carol Gilligan's scales and as well as on other Moral scales. Kohlberg's theory
outlines six stages of moral development that ranks lowest to highest from obedience to universal
ethical principles. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Antigone ranks a six
because she has a justification to break the laws and she believes that having her rights means more
important than her own individual liberties. Antigone is shown in the play that she puts others
before herself when she says "I will bury him; and even if I must die/ I say that this crime is holy.../
With him in death, and I shall be as dear/ To him as he to me"(1.Prologue.55–58). Because Antigone
loves her brother so much and feels the need to respect him, love is the quality that makes her rank
so high on the Kohlberg scale compared to Creon. In the quote the word "will" shows her
determination to bury Polyneices and when she says "even if I must die" shows that burying
Polyneices is more important than her own life. Creon, however, ranks a two which is lower than
Antigone, because of his decisions to satisfies his

Carol Gilligan's Theory Of Care Ethics
It is widely known that some people possess personalities that have the natural ability to be more
empathetic and caring towards others compared to other people. Unfortunately, the stereotype and
generalizing of viewing women as automatically more empathetic than men is also prominent in
today's culture. This fundamental image of women and men possessing different views on morality
is discussed with Carol Gilligan's theory of "care ethics" which is more based on feministic views
compared to Kohlberg's "justice ethics" which focuses on the moral development of boys (Caputo,
2000). Kohlberg believes that when we are born we lack an understanding of justice and morality
and through experiences and expectations of society we shape our morality (Semerci, 2006). Justice
can be defined as treating everybody with dignity and base the decisions one makes on equal ...
Gilligan's moral development of "care ethics" is based on the findings that men tend to establish
their relationships in a ranked order and pledge to the morality of rights. Women in comparison are
more focused on the interpersonal relationships with people that include caring, sensitivity and
being connected (Skoe, 2014). Gilligan's "care ethics" differs from Kohlberg in that she believes
emotions, cognition and action are not separate and to really act upon morality one has to know that
they are intertwined. Knowing what moral actions to take therefore involves understanding the other
person and caring is expressed through emotions. Kohlberg sees moral reasoning directed by
principles of right actions and involves less emotions and more rationality (Blum, 1988).
Nevertheless, Gilligan stresses that the male "justice" and female "care" theory of moral
development are both equal and valid and by integrating the two forms the full potential of moral
development (Skoe,

Kohlberg's Three Stages Of Moral Development In To Kill A...
Lawrence Kohlberg, the author of three stages, was an American psychologist who is well known
for his theory on the stages of moral development. According to Kohlberg, there are three levels of
moral development:Preconventional (moral reasoning is based on external rewards and
punishments), Conventional (laws and rules are upheld simply because they are laws and rules), and
Postconventional (reasoning is based on personal moral standards)" (powerpoint). In the book, To
Kill a Mockingbird, Scout's brother, Jem, was always a good big brother and he also needed to
develop just as much as Scout needed to. Jem was as responsible as Dill's aunt. Until the end of this
book, Jem finally realizes that one can't judge a person unless they know what he or she has been
going through. Jem was appreciative that Boo Radley saved his life. Jem knows that Boo was not a
crazy man; he was just a shy guy who didn't want any attention drawn to him. During the
preconventional morality level, the person is not really aware of the various ethical standards; the
child is not fully conscious of his or her own actions (powerpoint). For example, a 5–year–old is
running around while the mother of the child is cooking. The mom tells the kid not to run while she
is cooking because he or she will get hurt; the little 5 year old runs anyway and gets burned and
starts crying. Now that it happened to the kid, they eventually learned their lesson and whenever
they are around

Bullying And Teen Bullying
Bullying in schools and teen suicide is a major issue that had in the school setting and it affect our
youth today in society. Bullying and teen suicide is explained below, and it will introduce to a
program that prevent bullying by providing service. My thoughts and feelings about bullying and
teen suicide as pathologies of moral development in middle childhood, will give inside on bullying
and teen suicide. It going to go over the Kohlberg's and Gillian model and how it applies to the
bullying programs in schools. Have a Macon program on bullying help and chance people thought
on bullying.
Bullying is something very serious it affects just not our youth, it affects any person who been bully
before. Bullying is describing as a superior strength another person have on a person. Bullying is
concerning to have an influence on a person in a negative way, which mean they intimidate that
person by force he or she to do something they don't want to do, but he or she do what the person
who are bullying say. Teen suicide is when the teen takes their own life due to a dramatically event
that they cannot handle, and they feel their no way out but just no being there. Teen suicide happen
more during the adolescent stage. It sad to report the third cause of death for a person 15 to 24 is
suicide. The Disease of Control and Prevention has mention that it has a least been 25 attempts are
made from every completed teen suicide, it points out there are a lot of teens that have experience a
dramatical event in their life and they turn to killing themselves because they could feel no way out
or no they could feel not love. Bullying has cause a lot of teen suicide, and that is sad. The city
where I live in Macon, it has launches Anti– Bullying Program, there have been numerous
volunteers has put series of summer program to help kids cope with bullying. June O'Neil the
executive project mentor director has offered bullying program in the beginning of summer because,
"a lot of children don't feel safe to get outside and on the street in their neighborhood". GPB Media
It upset me that bullying and teen suicide is rapid in our school system and it especially happen in
the middle of childhood, which they are adolescent. I feel the

Essay on Phil 1600 Ch 3 Questions
1. What Role does Inner conflict play in human moral development?
a. Inner conflict often plays the role of motivation in the human moral development. According to
the book, an addict has to "hit bottom" in order to begin the recovery journey. Another example
would be a college dropout who ends up struggling in the real world, unhappy with his life and
decides to go back to school to pursue a career.
2. What role does fear of change play in human moral development?
a. It plays a role of survival, in which what you are given is what's best for you. Often times, when
you don't experience an inner conflict you will have a fear of change. For instance, when our fear of
change outweighs our inner conflict we are unlikely to make life ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
An example would be a husband wife couple making any sort of decision that will impact their life.
d. Stage 4: Law and Order
i. Moral decisions made to maintain the orderly society.
e. Stage 5: Social Contract
i. Moral decisions made with regards to others rights. Example would be, women having the ability
to vote.
f. Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle
i. Similar to social contracts except that at this level person is willing to die for his or her principles.
E
6. In your own words, explain each of the author's problems (criticisms) with Kohlberg's theory.
a. The author mentions that he doesn't like how Kohlberg focuses too much on "why". The author
says that Kohlberg is narrow to focus on motivation rather the action itself. Another issue is how
flexible or rigid each stage are presented. In the text a question is raised stating that can a person in
stage 5 have a stage 1 morning. Basically the criticism here is that Kohlberg does not clarify
weather his rules are bendable or not. The Author goes to on another criticism where he asks if
justice is the most important ethical principle. He states that the sample size for someone to reach
stage 6 is very small so why is justice the most important factor? Finally, his last criticism is how
gender plays a different role in moral development. In Kohlberg's research, most of which were
young boys, he found the moral difference in young males. According the author Gilligan thought
that Kohlberg's research

The Theory Of Moral Development
The theory on Moral Development is credited to none other than Lawrence Kohlberg. Kohlberg was
a twentieth century psychologist dedicated his studies to research in moral development and
reasoning, especially on young people (Absolute Astronomy, pg. 38). His theory was highly
influenced by well–known swiss psychologist, Jean Piaget's, stages of cognitive development
(Absolute Astronomy, pg. 38). Jean Piaget's theory contained four stages of cognitive development
(Hart). Kohlberg's theory is actually six stages and could be considered an expansion of these
Piaget's four stages (Absolute Astronomy, pg. 38.) He placed people in these stages based on how
they react to moral dilemmas (Absolute Astronomy, pg. 38). Kohlberg's theory was less ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
39). Piaget's theory only extended through "adulthood," suggesting that development and growth
ends at some point (Hart). Kohlberg's stages suggest that development continues on all throughout
an individual's life (Absolute Astronomy, pg 39). One Kohlberg's most important ideas is that
correct moral reasoning will lead to ethical behavior (Absolute Astronomy, pg. 39). For this reason,
Kohlberg focused his studies on why people make certain decisions rather than the actual decisions
(Hart). By giving people dilemmas and having them determine what decision they would make in
that dilemma and why they would make that decision, allowed him to place people into one of his
six stages of development (Absolute Astronomy, pg. 39). As just mentioned, Kohlberg's theory
contains six stages of development (Hart). More specifically, there are three levels that contain six
stages altogether (Hart). Level one is known as Pre–Conventional (Hart). Level two is
Conventional, and level three is Post–Conventional (Hart). There are two stages in each level (Hart).
Stage one and two are in the Pre–Conventional level (Hart). Stage one is all about "obedience and
punishment orientation" (Hart). An individual in stage one mainly focuses on how they can avoid
punishment (Hart). For example, a child may make the decision not to hit another child just so they
won't have to sit in timeout

The Development Of Jem Moral Development In To Kill A...
Moreover, Jem moral development is gradually growing from preconventional level: stage one to
stage two. Jem in this novel is maturing at an early age and now can view what's right and fair. In
the novel, when Tom Robinson was put to Maycomb jail after the court; Atticus went to the jail to
stand by with Tom because he heard that a group of men will stop by the jail. Jem, Scout, and Dill
went to see what's going to happen at the jail; when Jem say a group of men going through the jail
and say that they were going to attack their father. Jem take the others with him and Atticus said to
Jem " Sons, I said go home" (Lee,152). At this point, Jem is refusing Atticus orders because he
realizing the right thing to do because if Jem, Scout, and Dill go home then the group of men will
attack Atticus. So by staying with Atticus; Jem felt that he leaves he will disappoint his father so his
mind understands that Jem knows what right and fair he should stand up. Jem is getting an
understanding of his maturity at this stage because the more mature he's got, the more he's realizing
what's the importance of rights and fair. Finally, Jem in this novel has grown so much that he's able
to believe in his own mind and truly follows his heart. At the end of the novel, Jem moral
development has gradually grown from the preconventional level to post–conventional level. Jem
minds in the post–conventional level place him in stage five because Jem is understood how the city
of Maycomb is on

Kohlberg 's Theory Of Moral Development
Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987) further developed the works of Piaget (1896–1980) in regards to
moral development. This essay will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Kohlberg's theory in a
critical manner, looking at the positive aspects of his research and the disadvantages of the types of
situations he gave in his experiments, the universal accuracy of his results and the controversial
findings of sex differences in regards to morality. Kohlberg advanced Piaget's theory of moral
development and interviewed 10–13 year–old boys to find out how they would attempt to resolve
moral issues. These issues varied between situations that involved obeying the law, authority figure
or rule and ones that would conflict these rules in order to serve a human need. From the answers
that were given Kohlberg devised three levels, each split up into two stages, that he believed were
universally found and that every person went through to advance their levels of morality (Shaffer &
Kipp, 2007).
One of the major advantages of using Kohlberg's theory of moral development over Piaget's is the
universal nature of the findings. Colby & Kohlberg, (1987) found a strong positive correlation
between age and maturity levels of moral reasoning in the United States, Mexico, the Bahamas,
Taiwan, Turkey, Honduras, India, Nigeria and Kenya. This research support does indeed suggest
that Kohlberg was right about the stages of moral reasoning being universal (Shaffer & Kipp, 2007).
Although the universal

Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages Of Moral Development Theory
Lawrence Kohlberg the author of three stages he was an American psychologist and he is known for
his stages of moral development theory. The three stages are Preventional moral reasoning is based
on external rewards and punishments, Conventional laws and rules are upheld simply because they
are laws and rules, and Postconventional reasoning based on personal moral standards (powerpoint).
Scout's brother Jem was always a good big brother and he also needed to develop just as much as
scout needed to. Jem was as responsible as Dill's aunt. Until the end of this book, Jem finally
realizes that you can't judge a person unless you know what he or she has been going through. Jem
was appreciative that Boo Radley saved his life. Jem knows that Boo was not a crazy man he was
just a shy guy who didn't want any attention drawn to him. Preconventional Morality and when
Kohlberg uses this stage the person is not much aware of the various ethical standards that this child
is not fully conscious of his or her actions(powerpoint). For example a 5–year–old run around when
the mother of the child is cooking the mom will tell the kid not to run when she is cooking because
he or she will get hurt; so the little 5 years old runs anyway and gets burned and starts crying so now
that it happened to the kid, he eventually learned his or her lesson and whenever he or she is around
their mother when she is cooking so the kid will remember what happened to them the

Describe Kohlberg's Stages Or Moral Development
Unit 1: Understand Child and Young Person Development
1.1 Describe Kohlberg's stages or moral development
Kohlberg's theory of moral development is an adaptation of the development theory of Jean Piaget.
Piaget studied many aspects of moral judgment, most of his findings fit into a two stage process of
moral development. Put into the simplest of terms, Stage 1: children younger than 10 or 11 years
think about moral dilemmas one way and Stage 2: older children consider them differently.
Kohlberg modified and expanded upon Piaget's work to form a theory that explained the
development of moral reasoning. He outlined the development in six stages, with three different
levels; he proposed that moral development is a process that occurs ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Kohlberg calls this type of thinking "preconventional" he believes that children are not speaking as a
member of society. They still see morality as something that "grown–ups" say they must do, it is
external to them.
Stage 2 – Individualism and Exchange
At this stage of moral development, children account for individual points of view and judge actions
based on how they serve individual needs. In the Heinz dilemma, children argued that the best
course of action was the choice that best–served Heinz's needs. Reciprocity is possible at this point
in moral development, but only if it serves one's own interests. Children at this stage also recognise
that there is not just one right answer, individuals have different viewpoints, ones that they have
developed for themselves, not the ones they have been told by a "grown–up". Some may argue that
children in this stage sound amoral, e.g. they may say something like "Heinz was right to steal the
drug because the druggist was unwilling to make a fair deal;

Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development Essay
Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
Lawrence Kohlberg laid the groundwork for the current debate within psychology on moral
development. He proposed that children form ways of thinking through their experiences which
include understandings of moral concepts such as justice, rights, equality and human welfare.
Kohlberg followed the development of moral judgment beyond the ages. He determined that the
process of attaining moral maturity took longer and was more gradual than other studies have
shown.
Kohlberg identified six stages of moral grouped into three major levels. Each level represented a
fundamental shift in the social–moral perspective of the individual. At the first level, the
preconventional level, a person's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within this level, individuals at Stage 3 are aware of shared feelings, agreements, and expectations
which take primacy over individual interests. Persons at Stage 3 define what is right in terms of
what is expected by people close to one's self, and in terms of the stereotypic roles that define being
good. Being good means keeping mutual relationships, such as trust, loyalty, respect, and gratitude.
The perspective is that of the local community or family. Stage 4 marks the shift from defining what
is right in terms of local norms and role expectations to defining right in terms of the laws and
norms established by the larger social system. This is the "member of society" perspective in which
one is moral by fulfilling the actual duties defining their responsibilities. One must obey the law
except in extreme cases in which the law comes into conflict with other prescribed social duties.
Obeying the law is seen as necessary in order to maintain the system of laws which protect
everyone.
Finally, the post conventional level is characterized by reasoning based on principles, using a "prior
to society" perspective. These individuals reason based on the principles which underlie rules and
norms, but reject a uniform application of a rule. While two stages have been presented within the
theory, only one, Stage 5, has received substantial

The Moral Development Theory Of Lawrence Kohlberg
Introduction Moral development "focuses on the emergence, change, and understanding of morality
from infancy through adulthood. In the field of moral development, morality is defined as principles
for how individuals ought to treat one another, with respect to justice, others ' welfare, and rights."
(Citation) Essential to the success of every society is moral development. Lawrence Kohlberg
cultivated and advanced the framework of Piaget's life's work in the area of moral development. He
theorized that we formulate ways of thinking through our experiences. Such experiences included
but weren't limited to an understanding of the moral concepts of human welfare, rights, equality and
justice. Through his research Kohlberg ascertained that we go through various stages of moral
maturity and cognitive–development. This paper explores the moral development theory of
Lawrence Kohlberg. With an overview of the three levels of Kolhberg's moral development as well
as insight into the various stages within each level, this paper familiarizes its readers with Kohlberg
and his life's work. Lawrence Kohlberg Lawrence Kohlberg was born in 1927 in Bronxville, New
York. At the age of twenty–one Lawrence enrolled at the University of Chicago where he obtained
his bachelors degree in a year. "Kohlberg asserted that children are moral philosophers whose ability
to formulate their own moral decisions develops with experiences." (Beauchamp, 2014) Anne
Beachamp goes on to state, "Lawrence Kohlberg

Moral Development In Antigone And Malala
Both Antigone and Malala Yousafzai stood for what they believed in for their moral values even
though they had harsh punishments. They both were in one of Kohlberg's "Laws of Conscience",
Malala in stage six, and Antigone also in stage six. Lawrence Kohlberg stated that moral
development begins in childhood, they start making decisions about whether or not to do what their
parents say, and as the child gets older, he grasps the concept of his belief of right and wrong, based
upon the rules of society and personal beliefs. Both Antigone and Malala are higher on the charts of
moral development. They both risked their lives for what they believed in was the best for them and
others. The fictional character Antigone was a very strong hearted person.

Stages Of Moral Development Essay
Different Stages of Moral Developments Lawrence Kohlberg is the author of different stages of
moral development. Kohlberg was a Harvard professor for many years. During his teaching years,
Kohlberg was highly interested about the way children developed their moral reasonings
(Kohlberg's stages of moral development). In the early 1970s, Kohlberg was becoming famous
thanks to his research about different stages of moral developments (Barger). In the research he did
about different stages of moral development, he created 3 levels, which are: Pre–conventional,
Conventional, and Post–conventional. Kohlberg's Experiment Process Kohlberg experimented on 72
boys, giving them all a moral dilemma. The situation was called "Heinz steals ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
However, in the end of the novel, Jem proved to be a grown up, mature, and logical individual.
According to Kohlberg's Stages of Development, this puts Jem at the level Post–Conventional, stage
5. Pre–conventional The first level that was mentioned in Kohlberg's research was the level of Pre–
conventional. This level defined the behavior of a person who is acting in a particular way to avoid
punishments or to receive rewards depending on their behavior; this behavior is mostly found in
children from the age of ten through thirteen. This level contains 2 stages: obedience and
punishments, and mutual benefits. Stage 1, Obedience and Punishments is the behavior that appears
when people, or children are thinking about the consequences that might happen if they did
something wrong. A good example that was selected from the interview was a kid's statement about
how Heinz was justifiable for stealing the drugs due to the fact that he didn't steal anything major.
The second stage is individualism and exchange; this is the stage where the consequences control
the behavior. An example of stage 2 would be a response that stated that he shouldn't steal it because
his kids might need a guardian, or another would be because he might go to jail for it (Crain). Stage
1 and stage 2 sounds similar but they are different in a way. The first stage is used just to "proves"
that defiance is wrong while the second stage is just taking a risk one naturally wants to avoid the

Kohlberg 's Stages Of Moral Development
For this week's assignment in our complete section, students were asked to identify two immediate
family members that vastly differ in age. We were asked to compare and contrast the moral
developments of each. For this exercise, I have chosen to compare and contrast my thirteen year old
autistic son, Matthew and my late grandfather, Merritt Cole who was 84 years old. Before delving
into the subject matter, I feel compelled to provide background information on the stages of moral
development according to esteemed psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg.
According to Williams and Arrigo (2008), Kohlberg suggested that morality and moral reasoning
proceed through a series of stages, more specifically, three levels with two stages in each. It is
believed that people progress through these stages at various points in their life, with and without
influences through everyday social interactions. Critics of Kohlberg's stages of moral development
felt as is Kohlberg's stages were specifically developed for men and did not include women. One
such critic was Carol Gilligan. Gilligan stated "that both men and women use two judgements from
time to time which are ethic of care and ethic of justice (Cam,Cavdar, Cok &Seydoogullari, 2012,
p.1223). Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development are (Williams &Arrigo, 2008, p. 123):
Level 1: Preconventional Morality Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Stage 2: Instrumental
Purpose and Exchange

Moral Development In To Kill A Mockingbird
Jem's Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg was an American psychologist and educator known
for his theory of moral development. He was a professor at Harvard University before he was a
developmental psychologist. He later moved into the field of moral education. Jean Piaget (Swiss
psychologist), John Dewey (American philosopher), and James Mark Baldwin (American
philosopher and psychologist) all influenced Kohlberg's theory of moral development, though Piaget
's work heavily influenced Kohlberg's. Kohlberg ran tests to prove his theory.He tested 72 boys from
middle and lower class families who were either 10, 13 or 16. Later in his research, he tested both
boys and girls from different states and countries other than Chicago. Kohlberg found ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stage 2 is a little more open minded, but not enough to look at the "big picture." Stage 2 of the
Preconventional level is based on mutual benefit. This is where their morals rely on what is and isn't
"fair" or "right." As previously mentioned, stage 2 is a little more opened minded than stage 1. They
see that there is not only one "right" way; they also realize that everything is relative. In other
words, if someone were to steal money to feed their hungry children, the child would say that was
"right." Kohlberg tested this theory by presenting children with scenarios such as the one
mentioned. In these scenarios, children often mentioned mentioned the consequences associated
with the action; they also mentioned why it might be "right" or "fair." KOHLBERG'S
CONVENTIONAL LEVEL 2, STAGES 3 & 4 The second level of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral
development is the Conventional Level. The Conventional level consists of stages 3 and 4. Stage 3
is based on interpersonal expectations. Those who are at this stage try to be a "good" boy or a
"good" girl and live up to others'––such as close friends and family's–– expectations. Stage 4 is
based on Law–and–Order. They are not only focused on what their family and friends say; they are
now focused on society. These stages are usually reached by early teens. They don't blindly follow
rules;

Theories And Research Of Educational Psychology
Select one area of applied psychology in this module. Discuss how theory and research in this area
has been helpful or unhelpful in addressing human problems.
Educational psychology has produced a vast array of theory and research that can be applied to
educational settings to address problems that may occur. This essay will discuss how helpful, or not
so helpful, research and theory has been in dealing with problems found in schools such as morality
and understanding how children learn in order to create a rounded curriculum.
Piaget was the first to create a systematic study of cognitive development, and although he did not
specifically relate his theory to education others have gone on to do so. This has had many
implications in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is support for this idea as according to Piaget practice on a task that you are not biologically
ready for should not improve performance until sufficiently mature. Research supports this
argument as it has been found that children aged 10 and 13 did not improve on formal operational
tasks when tutored, but 17 years olds did (Danner & Day, 1977) as Piaget's theory would expect.
Therefore, the concept of readiness may be helpful in understanding why children may not show
improvement on challenging tasks even with tutoring. If this is the case then teachers should revise
the material they are teaching to make sure their age group is biologically ready to interpret the
material.
On the other hand, there is research that also contradicts the idea that a child has to be biologically
'ready' to be able to learn something. Bryant and Trabasso (1971) showed that children in the pre–
operational stage could be trained to solve some logical tasks which, according to Piaget's theory
they should not be able to do. Instead, they argued that children's failure was due to memory
restrictions and not an absence of logical thinking that appears in the operational stage. They
showed that when given suitable training 4 year olds showed good performance on these tasks. They
then suggested that it is practice and not readiness that matters when children are learning new

Critical Review On Moral Reasoning
Literature Review
The purpose of this chapter of the dissertation is to present a critical review of the literature on
moral reasoning. The main focus of this literature review is to assess the understanding on moral
reasoning exhibited by participants in previous research.
The chapter is divided into three main sections. It begins with a critical review of the research and
theories presented in lieu of 'moral reasoning', and then the review focuses on the interrelationship
of education, accountants and moral reasoning. The final section of the chapter presents the
conceptual framework for the research. The focus of this chapter is to help in understanding the
influences of moral reasoning on accountants and accounting students.
An Introduction to Ethics
The interpretation of ethics is a subjective matter, and this is mostly due to disparities about its
understanding and implications in different societies, cultures and countries. The term ethics
includes a diverse array of items, which makes it an implicitly complicated topic. The dissertation
focuses on the sub heading of 'moral reasoning' in ethics, and this section of the dissertation presents
a critical review of the literature in relation to moral reasoning. The emphasis on moral reasoning of
accountants is still debated and as a result there is conflicting literature present on the issue. In
recent past, due to financial scandals, there has been an increased attention given to ethics and moral
reasoning and

Stigma Theory Of Smoking
During my childhood and adolescent years, I quickly realized the shame and stigma surrounding
smoking. Stigma is a concept which is derived from classic sociology, "whereby negative
differential treatment is experienced by groups with socially discredited identities (Goffman, 2015)."
In relation to smoking, stigma is often experienced as shame, self–judgement as well as judgement
from society. Many smokers have reported to have experienced some form of discrimination
whether it is a great divide between smokers and non–smokers such as; denial of work or housing or
a smaller insult such as; purposely coughing in their presence. This type of shame–based approach
often leads smokers to further isolation as the feelings of social rejection are often detrimental.
Adolescence represents a critical period of vulnerability for the ongoing issue of smoking and
understanding the factors that may lead to youth smoking can be complex. The causes of adolescent
smoking are many and interrelated and adolescent smoking has been proven to increase with the
joint contributions of both sociological and environmental factors as examined in this paper thus far.
At the age of 16, I was faced with this particular ethical dilemma and was challenged cognitively,
socially and morally while dealing with this stressor in my adolescent years.
Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development stems from the original theory by
Jean Piaget, however; he developed the theory further throughout

Examples Of Moral Development In To Kill A Mockingbird
Moral Stages In the book to To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, a young girl is being put through
a variety of challenges that have set her up to learn about aspects of life. Scout, the young girl is
being put through situations throughout the book, and is going through different moral
developments that have been set up into three levels by Kohlberg, a psychologist. Kohlberg
gathered this information by giving people of different ages, different questions that would identify
their moral stage ("Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development"). For example, some of the questions
would be; if you were trapped in a room full of innocent people and someone dying would be the
only way to save everyone else in the room would you risk yourself? On that ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
All things considering the trauma in which Scout had gone through throughout the book; gave
indication that she was at stage five, legal principles at the end of the book. This was presented
when she understood why Atticus and the sheriff did what they did to protect Boo. As stated in the
book she protected the rights of a person that had saved her life, although it wasn't morally right. To
begin with the level one preconventional stage that Scout was in the begin of the book is usually
associated with children, while they are being taught that bad actions have consequences. The
people that present this type of level conduct according to socially acceptable standards, because
they have been set by someone of a higher authority (Robert N. Barger,.) Between the beginning of
the book and the middle of the book she went through a series of different events like the trial of
Tom Robinson that directly impacted her dad Atticus which as a fact was his lawyer defending the
case. This situation had a huge impact on Scout because not everyone in that town thought the same
way Atticus did; in defending human rights. When a person is in this level the moral values that they
have at that moment of their life is more of the discipline action. They have been taught that bad
behavior will not be rewarded. In addition Scout knew that fighting would lead to Attius being
really upset with her, and she

Joan Erikson's Stages Of Psychosocial Development
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, as articulated by Erik Erikson, in collaboration with
Joan Erikson,[1] is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages, in
which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood. All
stages are present at birth but only begin to unfold according to both a natural scheme and one's
ecological and cultural upbringing. In each stage, the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new
challenges. Each stage builds upon the successful completion of earlier stages. The challenges of
stages not successfully completed may be expected to reappear as problems in the future.
However, mastery of a stage is not required to advance to the next ... Show more content on
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Child–centered classrooms and "open education" are direct applications of Piaget's views.Despite its
huge success, Piaget's theory has some limitations that Piaget recognized himself: for example, the
theory supports sharp stages rather than continuous development (décalage).
Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development constitute an adaptation of a psychological
theory originally conceived by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. Kohlberg began work on this
topic while a psychology graduate student at the University of Chicago in 1958, and expanded upon
the theory throughout his life.
The theory holds that moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable
developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its
predecessor.Kohlberg followed the development of moral judgment far beyond the ages studied
earlier by Piaget,who also claimed that logic and morality develop through constructive
stages.Expanding on Piaget's work, Kohlberg determined that the process of moral development was
principally concerned with justice, and

Moral Essay

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Moral Essay